Lecture11 WCDMA Performance

Physical Layer Performance
(Chapter 11)
Harri Holma, Senior Research Engineer

IP Mobility Networks
Nokia Networks
1 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

Outline
• Coverage
• Capacity
• High bit rates
• Diversity gain (antenna, multipath, macro)
• Packet data
• Compressed mode

144 kbps Coverage / Capacity Trade-off
in Macro Cells
Downlink Coverage is
170
load curve uplink limited
Max. allowed path loss [dB
Better coverage
165
Capacity is
160 downlink limited
155
150
Uplink load curve with RX
145 diversity for 144 kbps
00
00
00
00
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
11
12
13
Load per sector [kbps]

Uplink Coverage

Uplink Coverage
Receiver Receiver Antenna Diversity:
Diversity:
Receiver Receiver Antenna Uplink
Uplinkcapacity
capacity
baseband RF-section solutions Bit
Bitrate
rate multipath,
multipath,
baseband RF-section solutions requirement
requirement antenna,
antenna,macro
macro
Mobile
Mobile
Receiver
Receiver Interference
Interference Processing
Processing Power
Powercontrol
control
transmission
transmission
sensitivity
sensitivity margin
margin gain
gain headroom
headroom
power
power
Maximum
Maximum
allowed
allowedpath
path
loss [dB]
loss [dB]
Required
Required Propagation
Propagationmodel
model
coverage
coverage (environment)
(environment)
probability
probability Mapping
MappingdBdBtotokm.
km.
Maximum
Maximum
cell
cellrange
range[km]
[km]
GSM Co-siting
GSM900 / GSM1800 / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA /
speech speech speech 144 kbps 384 kbps
M obile transmission power 33 dBm 30 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm
R eceiv er sensitiv ity 1 −110 dBm −110 dBm −124 dBm −117 dBm −113 dBm
2
Interference margin 1.0 dB 0.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
3
F ast fading margin 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
4
B ase station antenna gain 16.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi
5
B ody loss 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB — —
6
M obile antenna gain 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 2.0 dBi 2.0 dBi
R elativ e gain from lower frequency 11.0 dB 1.0 dB — — —
compared to U M T S frequency 7
M axim um path loss 164.0 dB 154.0 dB 156.0 dB 154.0 dB 150.0 dB
SRC : 158.5 dB SRC: 156.5 dB SRC : 152.5 dB
1
W C D M A sensitivity assumes 4.0 dB base station noise figure and E b/N 0 of 5.0 dB for 12.2 kbps speech, 1.5 dB for 144 kbps and
1.0 dB for 384 kbps data. G SM sensitivity is assumed to be –110 dB m with receive antenna diversity.
2
144 kbps full coverage
T he W C D M A interference margin corresponds to 37% loading of the pole capacity. A n interference margin of 1.0 dB is reserved
for G SM 900 because the small amount of spectrum in 900 M H z does not allow large reuse factors. with GSM1800 sites
3
T he fast fading margin for W C D M A includes the macro diversity gain against fast fading.
4
T he antenna gain assumes three-sector configuration in both G SM and W C D M A .
5
T he body loss accounts for the loss when the terminal is close to the user’ s head.
6
7
A 2.0 dB i antenna gain is assumed for the data terminal.
T he attenuation in 900 M H z is assumed to be 11.0 dB lower than in U M T S band and in G SM 1800 band 1.0 dB lower than in
Downlink coverage of
U M T S band. high bit rates is better
than uplink coverage
SRC = Nokia's Smart Radio Concept
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates
3.5
Continuous high bit rate
3 coverage in uplink is challenging
➪ Coverage solutions are important
2.5
Range [km]
1.5
0.5
0
32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps
Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability

Multipath Diversity Gain for Coverage
• Simulation parameters
• Required received Eb/N0 shown
• 2 branch receiver diversity assumed in the base station
• FER=1% with speech
• Full constant power (at the cell edge)
• ITU Vehicular A has more multipath than ITU Pedestrian A
E b/N 0
I T U P edestrian A (less multipath div ersity ) 11.3dB
I T U V ehicular A (more multipath div ersity ) 8.5dB
M ultipath div ersity gain 2.8dB
• Multipath diversity gain in this case 2.8 dB gain in uplink

coverage
• The amount of multipath diversity depends on the chip rate
• ITU Vehicular A with WCDMA may be equal to ITU
Pedestrian A with narrowband CDMA
Macro Diversity Gain for Coverage
• 2 branch receiver diversity assumed in the base station
• Two cases:
• the same average attenuation to both base station (best case)
• 3dB difference between the base stations
E b/N0 I T U Pedestrian A I T U V ehicular A

Single link 11.3 dB 8.5 dB
Macro diversity result 7.3 dB / 8.6 dB 6.3 dB / 7.7 dB
Best case / 3 dB difference
Macro diversity gain 4.0 dB / 2.7 dB 2.2 dB / 0.8 dB
Best case / 3 dB difference
• Macro diversity gain for uplink coverage

• ITU Pedestrian A: 2.7 - 4.0 dB
• ITU Vehicular A: 0.8 - 2.2 dB
BS Antenna Diversity Gain for Coverage
E b/N0 I T U Pedestrian A I T U V ehicular A

With one receiver antenna 18.8 dB 12.8 dB
With receiver antenna diversity 11.3 dB 8.5 dB
A ntenna diversity gain 7.5 dB 4.3 dB
• With antenna diversity

• 3dB gain because coherent combining for signals and non-coherent for
noise
• +diversity gain
• Antenna diversity gain
• ITU Pedestrian A: 7.5dB
• ITU Vehicular A: 4.3dB
Example Performance Verification
in Field Measurements
- Four Branch Antenna Diversity
Suburban, urban, dense urban

Field Measurements
• Measurements done with Nokia WCDMA experimental system in Espoo /
Finland and in Singapore
• Environment: urban / sub-urban in Espoo and dense urban in Singapore
Antenna separation ~1.0 m
2 x polarization diversity ±45°

Field Measurements
• What is the coverage gain of 4-branch diversity over normal 2-
branch receiver diversity?
• We measured the reduction of WCDMA mobile transmission
power with 4-branch reception compared to 2-branch reception
2 x Dual (±45°) polarized antenna
(1) Record mobile tx power with (2) Record mobile tx power with
2-rx base station reception 4-rx base station reception
Measurements Parameters
Bit
Bitrate
rate 88kbps
kbps
FER
FERtarget
targetininthe
theouter
outerloop
loop 1%
1%
Channel
Channelestimation
estimationand
andRake
Rakeallocation
allocation From
Frompilot
pilotsymbols
symbols
Number
Numberof
ofRake
Rakefingers
fingersper
perconnection
connection 88
Interleaving
Interleavingdepth
depth 10
10ms,
ms,11radio
radioframe
frame
Espoo:
Espoo:±45°
±45°with
with15.5
15.5dBi
dBigain
gain(Aerial)
(Aerial)
Base
Basestation
stationantennas
antennas Singapore:
Singapore:±45°
±45°with
with1818dBi
dBigain
gain(Kathrein)
(Kathrein)
Mobile
Mobilestation
stationantenna
antenna Within
Withinmeasurement
measurementvan,
van,vertical
vertical

Measurement Routes in Espoo
Route
RouteAA up
upto
to40
40km/h
km/hininLeppävaara
Leppävaara//Lintuvaara
Lintuvaara
Route
RouteBB up
upto
to70
70km/h
km/hon
onRing
RingI I
Route
RouteCC below
below10
10km/h
km/hininMäkkylä
Mäkkylä
drive 1
120 drive 2
drive 3
drive 4
Example mobile speeds Mobile s pe e d [km/h] 100
on Route B
80
60
Differential GPS is used
to make the iterations 40
comparable
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
D is tance along route [mete rs ]
Measurement Results in Espoo
Route A
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 6.95
6.95dBm
dBm 4.44
4.44dBm
dBm 2.5
2.5dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 6.95
6.95dBm
dBm 4.83
4.83dBm
dBm 2.1
2.1dB
dB
Route B
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 7.90
7.90dBm
dBm 4.59
4.59dBm
dBm 3.3
3.3dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 7.90
7.90dBm
dBm 4.86
4.86dBm
dBm 3.1
3.1dB
dB
Route C
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 5.63
5.63dBm
dBm 2.54
2.54dBm
dBm 3.0
3.0dB
dB
Measurement Results in Singapore
• Singapore measurements are done in China town
• Measurement environment is dense urban
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 17.26
17.26dBm
dBm 14.56
14.56dBm
dBm 2.7
2.7dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 17.26
17.26dBm
dBm 14.76
14.76dBm
dBm 2.5
2.5dB
dB

Simulations vs. Measurements
Simulation
Simulation Measurement
Measurement
Reduction
Reductionof
ofMS
MStxtx 2.9
2.9dB
dB 2.5-3.3
2.5-3.3dB
dB
power
powerwith
with1.0
1.0mmseparation
separation
Reduction
Reductionof
ofMS
MStxtx 0.5
0.5dB
dBless
lessgain
gain 0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4dB
dBless
lessgain
gain
power
powerwithout
withoutany
anyseparation
separation
• These results are with fast power control

• The gain is slightly higher at the edge of the coverage area
where the mobile is transmitting close to its full power, up to
0.5 dB more gain in simulations

Downlink Capacity

Downlink Orthogonal Codes
-8
Vehicular A has more P e d e s tria n A
-1 0 multipath than Pedestrian A V e h ic u la r A
-1 2
connection compared to
Power for one speech
BS total power [dB]
-1 4
-1 6
-1 8 Close to BS
-2 0
-2 2 Cell edge
Intra-cell
-2 4
interference
-1 0 -5 0 5 10 15 2 0 due to 2multipath
5
Own cell interference / (other cell interference + noise) [dB]

Capacity in Macro vs. Micro
Environments
• Packet data throughput, calculated with CDMA capacity formulas
Assumptions Micro cell:
M acro cell M icro cell higher orthogonality
D ownlink 0.6 0.95
orthogonality
O ther-to-own cell 0.65 0.2
interference ratio i
U plink E b/N 0 1.5 dB 1.5 dB Micro cell: higher
U plink loading 60% 60%
isolation between cells
D ownlink E b/N 0 5.5 dB 8.0 dB
D ownlink loading 80% 80%
Results
These figures without
Macro cell Micro cell
transmit diversity
U plink 1040 kbps 1430 kbps
D ownlink 660 kbps 1440 kbps
• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of

orthogonal codes (other cell interference affects more downlink)
• Micro cells provide a higher capacity due to less multipath
Downlink Transmit Diversity
• More need for downlink capacity than for uplink capacity
• Asymmetric capacity requirements, with bias in downlink
• Terminal complexity to be minimized

• Receiver diversity can be used in base station, not feasible
in mobile
➪ Transmit diversity used in WCDMA (2) Gain
against
fading
Different Transmission from

fading two antennas
Two downlink channels
signals combine
coherently
(1) Coherent
combining Feedback from
gain mobile to control
transmission phases

Downlink Capacity Enhancement with
Transmit Diversity
170 Downlink 20 W Downlink with TX diversity,
no diversity 20 W per branch
165
Max. allowed path loss [dB]
160 60-70% increase

in capacity
155
Uplink
150
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Load per sector [kbps]

High bit rates (2 Mbps)

Link Level Performance of High Bit
Rates (1)
• For low processing gain (high bit rates) inter-symbol
interference (ISI) causes degradation in multipath channels
• 2 Mbps / 3.84 Mcps ➪ Processing gain < 3 dB
FER vs. received Eb/N0 FER vs. average transmitted power
• degradation due to ISI • multipath diversity gain
0 0
10 10
-1 -1
10 10
-2 -2
FER
FER
10 10
1-path 1-path
2-path,a=(0,-10) 2-path,a=(0,-10)
2-path,a=(0,-5) 2-path,a=(0,-5)
2-path,a=(0,0) 2-path,a=(0,0)
-3
10 3-path,a=(0,-5,-10)
-3 3-path,a=(0,-5,-10)
10 3-path,a=(0,0,-5)
3-path,a=(0,0,-5)
3-path,a=(0,0,0) 3-path,a=(0,0,0)
3-path,a=(0,0,-15) 3-path,a=(0,0,-15)
4-path,a=(0,-5,-10,-15) 4-path,a=(0,-5,-10,-15)
-4 -4
10 10
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
E b/No, re ce ive d (dB ) E b/No, trans mitte d (dB )

Link Level Performance of High Bit
Rates (2)
• 2 Mbps packet data works with WCDMA even with a simple
Rake receiver
• Some degradation due to inter-symbol interference
• required received power in 2-path channel was about 1.8
dB higher than in 1-path channel
• Multipath diversity gain is still higher than inter-symbol
interference
• transmitted power in 2-path channel was about 2.3 dB
better than in 1-path channel
• Performance improvements possible with ISI cancellation in
the receiver (~equalizer)

Downlink Coverage of 2 Mbps
• How large is 2 Mbps packet data coverage compared to 144
kbps speech coverage in downlink?
• Assumptions
• Power allocation assumption: 1 W power is allocated for 144
kbps users, more power can be allocated for 2 Mbps, let's
assume 10W
• Results
• Difference from bit rates 10*log10(144/2000) = -11.4 dB
• Difference from power allocation 10*log10(10/1.0) = 10.0 dB
• Total = -1.4 dB
➪ Good coverage of high bit rates is possible in downlink with

GSM1800 sites
• But, 2 Mbps in every cell (also cell edge) at the same time
requires high capacity
Handovers

Macro Diversity Gain in Uplink
• Mobile tx power can be reduced during macro diversity since there are 2 or
more base stations receiving the signal
• Gain in mobile tx power against fast fading shown below
Gain in uplink transmission power
3
2
1
[dB]
0
-1
-2
-3
-10 -6 -3 0
Relative path loss to BS1 compared to BS2 [dB]

Macro Diversity Gain in Downlink
• Macro diversity in downlink
• provides more diversity
• requires two transmission links
• If the path loss to both base stations is the same, macro diversity reduces
the total required transmission power in downlink
Gain in downlink transmission power
3
2
Both transmission 1
links are taken
[dB]
0
into account -1
-2
-3
-10 -6 -3 0
Relative path loss to BS1 compared to BS2 [dB]

Packet Data

Packet Data, Link Level Performance
• Link level 32 kbps packet data in uplink
performance: FER vs. 1 3 km/h

20 km/h
Eb/N0 120km/h
FER
0.1
W 1 − FER
Throughputcell =
k Eb / N 0 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Received Eb/N0
Eb / N 0
f capacity = • What is the optimum FER
1 − FER operation point for packet data
when we take into account
retransmissions?
Eb/N0 including • The smaller fcapacity, the larger the
retransmissions capacity
Packet Data, Link Level Performance
• Optimal FER operation point 10-30 % to maximize the capacity
32 kbps packet data in uplink
3 km/h 7
20 km/h 6.5
6
f_capacity
120km/h 5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
1 0.1 0.01
FER
Optimum
FER point

WCDMA Compressed Mode

WCDMA Compressed Mode
WCDMA
WCDMA IS-95A
IS-95A GSM
GSM
For
Forinter-frequency No
Why inter-frequency
Why inter-frequency
inter-frequency NoIF-
IF- For
Forall
allhandovers
handovers
&&inter-system
inter-system measurements
measurements?
measurements? measurements
handovers =>
handovers =>utilization
utilizationofof
multiple Simple
How to make IF- Compressed multiple Simplesince
since
How to make IF- Compressed frequencies
frequencies discontinuous
measurements mode discontinuous
measurements mode difficult
difficult txtx&&rxrx
Measurement
Measurementgap
gap
Compressed
mode
Normal frame Normal frame
• More power is needed during compressed mode

=> affects WCDMA coverage
• Power control cannot work during compressed frame => higher Eb/N0
=> affects WCDMA capacity
Performance of Compressed Mode :
Capacity
Assumption
Assumption Effect
Effectto
tothe
thecapacity
capacity
Required
RequiredEb/N0
Eb/N0isis1.5
1.5dB
dB 1.5
1.5dB
dB==41%
41%more
moreinterference
interference
higher
higherduring
duringcompressed
compressedframes
frames
Every
Every3rd
3rdframe
frameisiscompressed
compressed 41%
41%/3/3==14%
14%more
moreinterference
interference
10%
10%ofofthe
theusers
usersare
are 14%
14%/10
/10==1.4%
1.4%more
moreinterference
interference
measuring
measuringatatthe
thesame
sametime
time
Capacity degradation <2%
Exact
Exactincrease
increaseininEb/N0
Eb/N0depends
dependsononservice,
service,multipath
multipathdiversity,
diversity,antenna
antennadiversity,
diversity,
mobile
mobilespeed,
speed,uplink
uplinkorordownlink,
downlink,measurement
measurementgap gaplength,
length,compressed
compressedmodemode
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents a typical value.
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents a typical value.

Performance of Compressed Mode :
Coverage
Effect
Effectto
tothe
thecapacity
capacity
Assumption
Assumption of
ofreal
realtime
timeservices
services
Required
RequiredEb/N0
Eb/N0isis1.5
1.5dB
dB 1.5
1.5dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
higher
higherduring
duringcompressed
compressedframes
frames
10*log10(15/8)
10*log10(15/8)
7-slot
7-slotgap
gapisisused
used ==2.7
2.7dB
dBreduced
reducedcoverage
coverage
Every
Every2nd
2ndframe
frameisiscompressed
compressedwith
with 4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
20 4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
20ms
msinterleaving
interleaving(speech)
(speech)
Total coverage
reduction 2.1 dB 2.7 dB + 1.5 dB more power is
needed during compressed mode
Mobile max. power
Compressed
mode
Frame error if mobile hits • Non-real time services can reduce the bit rate during
its maximum power compressed frames → no effect to coverage
• Speech connection can switch to a lower AMR mode

Lecture11 WCDMA Performance

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Lecture11 WCDMA Performance

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Physical Layer Performance

Harri Holma, Senior Research Engineer

1 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

2 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

3 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

4 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

Suburban area with 95% outdoor location probability

7 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

• Multipath diversity gain in this case 2.8 dB gain in uplink

E b/N0 I T U Pedestrian A I T U V ehicular A

• Macro diversity gain for uplink coverage

E b/N0 I T U Pedestrian A I T U V ehicular A

• With antenna diversity

11 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

Antenna separation ~1.0 m

2 x polarization diversity ±45°

12 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

2 x Dual (±45°) polarized antenna

14 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

17 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

• These results are with fast power control

18 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

19 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

BS total power [dB]

Own cell interference / (other cell interference + noise) [dB]

20 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

• Downlink capacity is more sensitive to the environment because of

• Terminal complexity to be minimized

Different Transmission from

22 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

160 60-70% increase

23 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

24 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

25 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

26 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

➪ Good coverage of high bit rates is possible in downlink with

28 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

Gain in uplink transmission power

29 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

Gain in downlink transmission power

30 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

31 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

performance: FER vs. 1 3 km/h

32 kbps packet data in uplink

33 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

34 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

• More power is needed during compressed mode

Capacity degradation <2%

36 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000

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