S.K.

UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR::SYLLABUS
III B.Com. (Computer Applications) E.M.
Paper:315. Paper – XXIII : Relational Data Base Management Systems
(Revised regulations with effect from 2010–2011)
Theory periods per week : 3Theory Maximum Marks : 100 Time : 3 Hrs.
Unit-I : Introduction : Database-System Applications – Purpose of Database Systems –
View of Data – Database Languages – Relational Databases – Database Design –
Object-Based and Semistructured Databases – Data Storage and Querying – Transaction
Management – Data Mining and Analysis – Database Architecture – Database Users and
Administrators – History of Database Systems
Relational Model : Structure of Relational Databases – Fundamental, Additional and
Extended Relational-Algebra Operations – Null values – Modification of the Database
Unit-II : SQL : Background – Data Definition – Basic Structure of SQL Queries – Set
Operations – Aggregate Functions – Null values – Nested Subqueries and Complex
Queries – Views – Modification of the Database – Joined Relations
Advanced SQL : SQL Data Types and Schemas – Integrity Constraints – Authorization
– Embedded and Dynamic SQL – Functions and Procedural Constructs – Recursive
Queries – Advanced SQL Features
Other Relational Languages : The Tuple Relational Calculus – The Domain Relational
Calculus – Query-by-Example – Datalog
Unit-III : Database Design and the E-R Model : Overview of the Design Process – The
E-R Model – Constraints – E-R Diagrams, Design Issues – Weak Entity Sets – Extended
E-R Features – Database Design for Banking Enterprise – Reduction to Relational
Schemas – Other Aspects of Database Design
Relational Database Design : Features of Good Relational Designs – Atomic Domains
and First Normal Form – Decomposition using Functional Dependencies – Functional
Dependency Theory – Decomposition using Functional and Multivalued Dependencies –
More Normal Forms – Database-Design Process – Modeling Temporal Data
Unit-IV : Query Processing : Overview – Measures of Query Cost – Selection
Operation – Sorting – Join Operation – Other Operations – Evaluation of Expressions
Query Optimization : Overview – Transformation of Relational Expressions –
Estimating Statistics of Expression Results – Choice of Evaluation Plans – Materialized
Views
Unit-V : Transactions : Transaction Concept – Transaction State – Implementation of
Atomicity and Durability – Concurrent Executions – Serializability – Recoverability
Concurrency Control : Lock-Based Protocols – Timestamp-Based Protocols –
Validation-Based Protocols – Multiple Granularity – Multiversion Schemes – Deadlock
Handling – Insert and Delete Operations – Weak Levels of Consistency
Recovery System : Failure Classification – Storage Structure – Recovery and Atomicity
– Log-Based Recovery – Recovery with Concurrent Transactions – Buffer Management
– Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage – Advanced Recovery Techniques – Remote
Backup Systems.
(Scope and standard as in chapters 1 to 7, 13 to 17 in Book No.1 referred below)
1. Explain about the three levels of Data Abstraction.
Ans. 1. Physical Level – Describes how the data is stored in database
2. Logical Level - Describes what data to be kept in the database
3. View level – Describes user view of data in the database.

2. Define (a) Primary Key and (b) Foreign Key.

Primary Key:- It is a field or collection of fields that uniquely identity a record in a
table.
Foreign key:- It is used to link two tables together. It is also called reference key.
3. Write about any five Aggregate functions of SQL with examples.
Functions that take a collection of values as input and return a single value.
1. Average (avg) ex. Select avg(balance) from customer;
2. minimum(min) ex. Select min(balance) from customer;
3. maximum(max) ex. Select max(balance) from customer;
4. total(sum) ex. Select sum(balance) from customer;
5. count(count) ex. Select count(empno) from customer;
4. Write about Entity Sets, Relationship Sets and Attributes.
Entity : An entity is a thing or object that exists in the real world and is differ from
other objects. An entity is a set of properties and the values may uniquely identify an
entity. Ex. Employee entity describes one employee particulars.
Entity Set:- It is a set of attributes of the same type that share the same properties or
attributes. Ex Employee entity set.
Attributes:- An entity may be represented by a set of attributes. These are descriptive
properties contained by each member of an entity set.
5. Discuss about Atomic Domains and First Normal Form.
6. Write in brief about Query Optimization.
7. Explain the importance of Transaction Management.
8. Discuss about Recovery with Concurrent Transactions.

Write about Database Users and the role of Database Administrator.

10. Define Integrity Constraints. Explain the types of Integrity Constraints.

11. Define E-R diagram. Construct an E-R diagram for a hospital with a set of patients
and a set of medical doctors. Associate with each patient a log of the various tests
and examinations conducted.

12. What is Normalization ? Explain about 1NF, 2NF and 3NF with suitable examples.

13. Write about different Join operations while processing a Query.

14. Write in detail about optimizing Nested subqueries.

15. Discuss about Validation-Based Protocols under Concurrency control.