TOPIC

VACUUM MAGNETIC TRAIN

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. RAJEEV KUMAR SHEKHAR PATAKU

REDG.NO. 10902017

SECTION:- H4901

ROLL.NO.B-43

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 CONTENT

• ABSTRACT
• HISTORY OF VACUUM MAGNETIC TRAIN
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• EFFECTS OF HIGH SPEED TRAVLE ON HUMAN BODY

• G- FORCE

• DIRECTIONAL G- FORCE

• SAFETY OF VACTRAIN

• VACTRAIN COAST

• VACUUM COAST

• MATERIAL COAST

• PRICING OF VACTRAIN

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

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 ABSTRACT

In this research paper we planned to overcome the expenditure of energy

consumption’s on the train, as we know it coast allot if we calculate it annually. So we
designed a vacuum magnetic train which will not consume energy. So the magnetic train
which I designed generally work on the electromagnetism with the help of poles of magnets.
The electromagnets have two coils primary and secondary coils when the current passes from
the primary coil magnetic flux is produced which produces current in the secondary coils.
The train will run on the simple principle of the magnets so to have strong repletion between
the magnets we have to do this by switching the supply of electricity to the electromagnets. In
vacuum magnetic train firstly we have to built a vacuum tube which can we as per the
required distance and should have vacuum, the reason of using of vacuum is to avoid friction
and increase the speed of the train, with this speed you can travel from new York to London
within 45 minutes, the train should have to be emergency air-pressurization procedures for
passengers. So that if it fails the passengers must be safe.

By overcoming the frictional forces causes due to atmospheric pressure and due to
friction we can increase the speed of the train up to 5-6 times of the sound. The vacuum tube
will be built under ocean and under the earth surface, so it will face some forces which will
be exerted by the surroundings on it so to avoid these forces acting on the wall’s of the
vacuum tube we will make changes in it design’s as per the surrounding, The vacuum
magnetic train will have no friction or gravity in it so it is hard to stop it, so to overcome that
problem we can again use the electromagnet for attracting each other by reversing the current
follow in the coil’s of primary and secondary coil’s, but we need a regular switching to do so.
This future vacuum magnetic train can help to change the economy of the country where it
will be implemented to overcome the expenditure of energy resources.

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HISTORY OF VACUUM MAGNETIC TRAIN

The concept of Vactrains is not a recent one. Proposals have been made for a
nonevacuated transatlantic tunnel which would link the United States and Great Britain. This
idea was also highlighted in the German film, Der Tunnel which came out in 1933 and its
English version, the British film, Transatlantic Tunnel, which came out in 1935. The modern
concept of the Vactrain, as it is understood today, consisting of evacuated tubes and involving
maglev technology was first proposed by American engineer Robert Goddard. Robert
Goddard was an undergraduate at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. During his time in WPI,
he wrote a paper in which he proposed a method for balancing aeroplanes, which got
published in the Scientific American. After getting his B.S. in WPI, Goddard enrolled in
Clark University where he did his Masters and then continued his research at Princeton.
Robert Goddard launched the world’s first liquid fuelled rocket in 1926. He launched rockets
which could attain speed of up to 550 miles an hour. Even though his work was
revolutionary, he got little credit for his work. Along the years, he eventually came to be
called one of the Fathers of modern rocketry. His documents on Vactrains too were
discovered after his death Mag. As a university student he designed detailed prototypes of the
Vactrain. According to the train designs which were found after his death in 1945, his train
would travel from Boston to New York in 12 minutes at a speed of 1000 mph. 13 The first
time that Vactrains made headlines was in the 1970s when Robert F. Salter, who was a
leading advocated of the RAND corporation Research and Development, published
engineering articles in 1972 and in 1978 . As said by Robert Salter, in an interview by LA
times, the U.S. government could build a tube shuttle system with the technologies available
at that time fairly easily. He also said that such systems reduce damage done to the
environment by aviation and surface transportation. Although he said that underground Very
High Speed Transportation (tube shuttles) was the nation’s next logical step, his plan never
became a reality.
During the time these reports were being published, national prestige was of
consideration as Japan’s bullet train was in operation and research in Maglev trains was on.
Maglev or Magnetic Levitation Transport is a form of transportation that suspended, guided
and propelled vehicles using electromagnetic forces. Trans-planetary subway service would
be established by the American Planetran in the United States which could commute to Los
Angeles from New York City in one hour.

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 Alignment was to be taken care of by using lasers and tungsten probes would be used to
melt through igneous rock formations. Partial vacuum was to be maintained so that drag
could be minimized. Passengers would experience forces up to 1.4 times that of gravity and
the speed of the trip would be 3000 mph. This would require using gimbaled compartments.
A gumball is a mechanical device which allows the rotation of an object in multiple
directions. It is made up of two or three pairs of pivots mounted on axes at right angles.
Construction costs estimated 14 were magnanimous, around US$ 1 trillion which was why
Salter’s proposal was not executed . There have been recent proposals on Vactrains by Frank
Davidson, a pioneer of the Channel Tunnel project and Yoshihiro Kyonati, a Japanese
Engineer, who tackled Trans oceanic problems by floating a tube above the ocean floor,
anchored with cables. This tube was proposed to be at a depth of 100 feet from the ocean
surface to avoid water turbulence Mag.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is based on the research of magnetic vacuum train which can we made. I got this
idea to design a magnetic vacuum train because our recent subways and trains consume lot of
power and energy which worth allot. If we calculate it’s worth annually and it also includes it
maintenance coast. So The magnetic train which I designed generally work on the
electromagnetism with the help of poles of magnets as we know that north pole and south
pole attracts each other were as north pole and north pole repels each other by doing this
regularly we can provide motion to the train which will in result provide force to the train to
move and move fast as compare to other trains. The electromagnets have two coils primary
and secondary coils when the current passes from the primary coil magnetic flux is produced
which produces current in the secondary coils which in result produces electricity which can
be used in the train for different purposes and produces a magnetic effect which can act as a
north pole of the magnet and if we give the current in the other electromagnet which attached
near to it, it will work as a north pole which will repel each other. So we need very powerful
effect to run this future train. So we have to increase the number of coil in the electromagnets
so that they have a strong repletion between them which will run the train faster and the
electricity produced can we consumed for other means in the train.

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 There will be a long chain of electromagnets in the train to run it and produce
magnetic effect. We need electricity so we will attach a step-down transformer which will
increase the energy and full fill the need of electricity and it will be stored in inverters so that
it can be used again and again and also to give energy to the electromagnets as per their
demands. But the train will run on the simple principle of the magnets so to have strong
repletion between the magnets. We have to do this by switching the supply of electricity to
the electromagnets which are attached near to each other and the switching of electricity
supply can be from micro to nano seconds as per the speed required by the train. This is the
general working of the magnetic train but the train which we have designed is future vacuum
train and my magnetic train design and its working is also different as you can read up.

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 In vacuum magnetic train firstly we have to built a vacuum tube which can we as per
the required distance and should have vacuum, the reason of using of vacuum is to avoid
friction and increasing the speed of the train which cannot be imagined. It can be 1000km/hr
to 6000km/hr with this speed you can travel from newYork to London within 45 minutes.
The train should have to be emergency air-pressurization procedures for passengers. So that if
it fails the passengers must be safe. The vacuum tube can be built under the sea and it should
be have enough space for two tracks for coming and going and emergency track which in
failure can remove the passengers safely but it is a safe and fast journey as compare to
airways.

This can have great effect in energy consumption of energy and lot of money can be
saved annually in Europe by doing this and many other places as the electricity consumption
is quite high in Europe as you can see below. Prices are in euro’s per kilowatt-hour
(€/kWh).'0.29-0.46' is a price range from 0.29 €/kWh to 0.46 €/kWh, depending on the
amount produced.

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Table: Comparison chart of electricity charges of various countries in Europe:

Wind Wind
Member state power 'On- power Solar PV Biomass Hydro
shore' 'Off-shore'
Austria 0.073 0.073 0.29 - 0.46 0.06 -0.16 n/a
Belgium n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Bulgaria 0.07 - 0.09 0.07 - 0.09 0.34 - 0.38 0.08 - 0.10 0.045
Cyprus 0.166 0.166 0.34 0.135 n/a
Czech Republic 0.108 0.108 0.455 0.077 - 0.103 0.081
Denmark 0.078 0.078 n/a 0.039 n/a
Estonia 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.051
Finland n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
France 0.082 0.31 - 0.58 n/a 0.125 0.06
Germany 0.05 - 0.09 0.13 - 0.15 0.29 - 0.55 0.08 - 0.12 0.04 - 0.13
Greece 0.07 - 0.09 0.07 - 0.09 0.55 0.07 - 0.08 0.07 - 0.08
Hungary n/a n/a 0.097 n/a 0.029 - 0.052
Ireland 0.059 0.059 n/a 0.072 0.072
Italy 0.3 0.3 0.36 - 0.44 0.2 - 0.3 0.22

Latvia 0.11 0.11 n/a n/a

So to overcome the energy consumption we designed a vacuum magnetic train which

will not require any energy to run it. This can be done by overcoming the frictional forces
causes due to atmospheric pressure and due to friction. By doing this we can increase the
speed of the train up to 5-6 times of the sound. So to design this future technology which will
be unaffected by the surrounding’s or any other forces according to “NEWTON”, so we have
designed a vacuum tube in which the magnetic train will run without any resistance.

But the vacuum tube will be built under ocean and under the earth surface so it will
face some forces which will be exerted by the surroundings on it. So to avoid these forces
acting on the walls of the vacuum tube we will make changes in it design’s as per the
surrounding, which can face every type of surrounding changes. In vacuum tube there will be

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three compartments. One of them will be of regular use and other two for any accidental
causes or any damage to the working tube.

Effects of High Speed Travel on the Human Body

The Vactrain is a mode of transportation with a speed like a streak of lightening. We

have already seen how cost of creating a vacuum is a constraint on its design, as it limits its
speed. Another major constraint on the Vactrain’s design is passengers’ comfort. It is
essential to make sure the passengers are at ease throughout their journey. We cannot have
the Vactrain travelling at soaring speeds and accelerating fast if the human body cannot
withstand it. Therefore, it becomes an issue of utmost concern to uncover what physiological
changes occur in a passenger’s body, on board the Vactrain. The Vactrain can be built once
we are completely aware of human endurance levels. Once that is known, we can work our
way around such that the passengers are comfortable, the manufacturing cost is at its
minimum and the Vactrain moves as swiftly as possible, thus satisfying its goal. . The human
body can tolerate any speed in the earth or space. What matters is, the time taken to reach that
speed, in other words, the acceleration. For example, airplanes travel at high speeds and so do
the crew and the passengers inside. The airplane is the reference plane for the passengers. As
the passengers and their frame of reference are travelling at the same speed, no forces are
acting on them. However, the passengers experience forces during takeoff or landing as the
plane is accelerating to a high speed or decelerating back to ground speed in a few seconds.

G-Force

G-Force is a term used commonly by aviators, astronauts and race-car drivers. Though
not very rigorously defined, a G-force usually is a measure of force expressed as a proportion
of the nominal gravitational force experienced in free-fall. In other words, it is the measure of
the net effect of the acceleration that a body experiences and the acceleration that gravity is
trying to impart to it. The ‘net effect’ can be best described as the vector difference between
the acceleration due to gravity and the acceleration the body is actually experiencing. In our
daily lives we experience accelerations of various kinds. In a car, we experience vertical
acceleration due to bumps or irregularities in the road. We lean over when the car turns
because we tend to continue in the same direction because of inertia . The forces experienced
by accelerating objects are referred to as g forces. G forces are actually units of acceleration

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and 1 g represents the acceleration experience by a stationary object at sea – level due to the
earth’s gravity. These forces are undergone by jet pilots or on roller coasters as they are
accompanied by changes in speed and direction.
A person feeling a force of 4gs feels 4 times as heavy as his normal weight . The
proposed velocities for the Vactrain are as high as 5000 m/hr. At such high speeds, the safety
and comfort of the passengers is definitely a key factor to be considered. In 42order to
quickly achieve its maximum speed, the Vactrain will have to accelerate at a high rate. This
section considers some cases of acceleration for the Trans-Atlantic route and tries to quantify
the effect of the acceleration, i.e. the G-force, on passengers travelling in the train.
A research team led by Colonel Stapp showed that the human body could endure high
forces in small amounts of time. Persistent and varied effects of g forces can have dangerous
physiological implications. Effects of high acceleration forces are evaluated by studying
flight situation, crash dummies, centrifuges and computer simulations. These forces have
different effects depending on the magnitude of the acceleration, duration, where on the body
they are applied, the posture and the axis of the body they act against Voshell. For example, a
hard slap on the face may impose a force of several hundred Gs locally but may not cause any
real damage. On the other hand, a sustained force of 15gs is fatal. The soft tissues of the
human body are particularly flexible and deformable

Directional G-Forces

G-Forces are vectors and can be applied to the human body in any orientation on the XYZ
plane. As such, we use the term Directional G-Force to denote the components of the G-force
in the X, Y and Z directions. The g forces impact us differently in the three axes, namely the
vertical, transverse and the lateral axis Voshell. In each directional axis, the body can be
affected both positive or negatively.

Vertical axis

As indicated in Figure 19, the vertical G-forces are associated with acceleration in the zaxis.
This would affect someone ascending/descending rapidly in altitude. This component would
most affect aircraft pilots, astronauts and aviators in general.

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Positive g (gz)

The body experiences this force when it is accelerated in the head ward position. As a
result of this acceleration, the body is pushed into the seat, draining the blood from the head
to lower parts of the body. As air is also pulled down from the lungs, it becomes difficult to
breathe. Prolonged acceleration leads to unconsciousness Voshell.

Negative g (-gy)

This condition is similar to one in which an individual stands upside down. This
acceleration results in the opposite effects compared to the positive g acceleration, as the
blood is forced away from the lower extremities to the head. It leads to the slowing down of
the heart and eventually unconsciousness Voshell. Since a Vactrain never lifts from the
ground, the passengers are not likely to experience these effects. Hence we do not have to be
concerned of these effects while designing the train.

Lateral axis – gy forces

These forces act from one side of the body to the other. The y-axis component would
affect travelers negotiating turns/banks. They can affect the supporting muscles of the neck
and the head. These forces are also not of much concern to us as the passengers are unlikely
to experience these Voshell

Transverse axis

Transverse forces are directed at the body in either front to back or back to front
directions. The levels of tolerance are higher for transverse forces than vertical forces Voshell

Positive g (gx)

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 These forces are directed at the back of the body towards the front. The body can with
stand higher magnitudes of positive g transverse forces as compared to negative g transverse
forces. Transverse forces of magnitudes greater than 20gs can produce respiration and lung
inflation problems Voshell

Negative g (-gx)

These forces are not tolerated well by the body and can create difficulty in breathing.
Transverse forces are of the most importance as these are the forces which the passengers of
the Vactrain are most likely to experience. Effects of transverse acceleration need to be kept
in mind while designing the interior of the Vactrain. The seating arrangement should be such
that all the passengers and the crew can only experience positive transverse force and never
the negative force Voshell. Given the Vactrain model, it would be best if G-forces on
passengers could be minimised. By designing a straight line path between destinations, it
would be easy to eliminate lateral and vertical G-forces. Thus, for the purposes of this model,
we will assume that lateral and vertical forces are negligible.

Safety of a Vactrain

Safety of a Vactrain will be an important factor which will come into play when
passengers consider using it. A Vactrain needs to achieve a certain standard to be considered
safe. As it is impossible to determine the safety of a Vactrain before it is started, we
approached this problem by determining the safety of an airplane and setting that as a
yardstick for Vactrain safety. We chose airplanes for comparing Vactrain safety because,
airplanes are currently the most superior modes of transportation and a Vactrain being more
superior in terms of saving time could replace airplanes in the future. Safety is a subjective
concept; its definition differs from person to person. Each person looks at a different aspect
while considering the safety of an airplane or a Vactrain. We quantified safety of an airplane
by calculating the death rate per passenger miles. For this, we looked at the statistics of the
number of fatal accidents in the world over the past twenty years.

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Vactrain Costs

Estimating the cost of such an enormous project is a difficult task. So that we may
obtain a general idea of the costs involved, this section is aimed at determining the cost of a
Vactrain as applied to the transatlantic tunnel model. Some major cost areas in this project
will include - material costs, construction costs, energy costs etc, transportation costs

The Channel Tunnel Model

Very briefly, the Trans-Atlantic tunnel model proposes a tube tethered about 150-300
feet below the ocean floor using cables. Due to the obvious construction challenges given the
nature of the project, it is proposed that the design be made in prefabricated sections which
can be assembled on-site by employing immersion pontoons for transportation. In the case of
the channel tunnel, the idea was to have two main tunnels of diameter 3.8m and one service
tunnel of diameter 2.4m. Now, assuming the same specifications for the transatlantic tunnel,
we have
Tunnel Volume = (volume of 2 main tunnels) + (volume of service tunnel)

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Vacuum costs

The proposed approach for evacuating the tube is to use an array of heavy duty vacuum
pumps. These pumps operate on the principle of using a column of liquid as a piston to
control airflow. There is great diversity in industrial vacuum pumps based on design,
rating, vacuum level, power consumption and capacity. In the absence of a set of more
specific customer requirements, we decided to go with the SK Water Ring Vacuum Pump
designed for industrial purposes.

SK Water Ring Vacuum Pump

Gettering Rate 1.5 - 120 (m3/min)

Vacuum Limit -0.091 - 0.093 (MPa)
Pump Power 3 - 185 (KW)
Compressor Power 4 - 75 (KW)
Water Consumption 10 – 260 (L/min)
In order to get an energy cost estimate for this operation, we used the current US
national energy cost average of $ 0.10120 per KWH and arrived at a bill of USD 2,657,200
for going from normal pressure to full vacuum capacity in 21 days. This analysis assumes
that there is no leakage in the vacuum levels after the initial evacuation process. However, in
the actual design, some leakage may occur and this would require the vacuum pump array to
be used periodically in order to ensure the desired vacuum levels. Another approach that was
being considered was to see if it would be feasible to operate at a lower vacuum level (and
therefore a lower maximum velocity for the Vactrain such that the costs for maintaining the
vacuum levels be reduced. However, after conducting the above analysis, it seems that the
energy bill for creating the vacuum is not as high as what was anticipated. Thus, the
optimization of this parameter does not affect the overall Vactrain bill significantly. With an

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estimated total cost of 1 trillion dollars , the electricity bill for evacuation purposes alone is a
mere 0.000266 %.

Material Costs

HRC Steel Coil

For a project of this magnitude, it is expected that material costs will be considerable.
One of the major costs will be that of the sheer tonnage of steel required to build the tube
tunnel. It is estimated that about 1 billion tons of steel will be required to for the Vactrain. As
of January 2007, the cost of per metric ton of Hot-Rolled-Coil steel is USD 747 The Steel
Index. Ignoring the effects of inflation, the current cost estimate for the required steel is a
whopping USD 747 billion. In estimating the cost of building such a tunnel, there are a
multitude of other materials that need to be considered - power lines and power transmission,
outer super buoyant foam coating, tether cables and how deep they need to go till they hit the
ocean floor, temperature regulation systems and miscellaneous material costs. It will be
difficult to reach a reasonably accurate figure without first coming up with a detailed design.

Pricing of the Vactrain

The pricing of a transportation system is a critical factor that generally has a huge impact
on its success. There are a number of objectives for setting a good fare price:
• Attracting the maximum number of passengers
• Generating the maximum revenue for the transportation agency
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• Recovering the initial investment in a practical period of time
• Achieving specific goals such as improving the mobility of students.
It is not possible to fulfill all the objectives mentioned above to the fullest as there are
definitely going to be conflicts. For example, the first and the second objectives are mutually
conflicting. To attract the maximum number of passengers, the transportation costs need to be
really low. However doing that might severely dampen the revenue that would be generated.
Hence, equilibrium needs to be found that would generate high revenue without losing out on
a lot of passengers and that would be the biggest challenge while pricing the Vactrain.
Recovering the initial investment would also be tied up with these two objectives, as there
would be massive initial investment involved and they would aim to get it back in span of 10-
15 years. As the main clientele for the Vactrain would be business executive for whom time
is of paramount importance, the Vactrain has to be priced accordingly. In other words, it
would be more appropriate to compare the possible Vactrain prices with Executive class
aircraft prices rather than with the Economy class prices.

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 CONCLUSION

We hope that this train could be the future train which can help us in saving
electricity. As it works with the help of magnets and vacuum which provide it a great speed
and avoid consumption of electricity. This train in future will save allot of time as we say
time is money and money is time. So it will avoid waist-age of time as a result it is beneficial
and can be made for the humanitarian welfare. This train is completely depended on the
electromagnetism and vacuum, as we know that electromagnets can produce electricity which
can be used for the other needs of train. It can bring a great economical change for the
countries.

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 REFERENCES

• Europe's Energy Portal, Natural Gas Prices, Electricity Rates, Diesel & Unleaded Fuel
Costs.

• Freeman, Richard. The Science of Maglev.

1993.<www.//american_almanac.tripod.com/maglev.htm>.

• Home.no. World's Longest Railway Tunnels.<http://home.no.net/lotsberg/data/rail.html>.

• International Conference on Magnetically Levitated Systems. 20th January

2007<http://www.maglev2006.de/139_Tielkes/139_Tielkes_ok.pdf>.

• Keating, Oliver. High Speed Rail. 15th January 2007 <http://www.o-keating.com/hsr/>.

• The Steel Index. The Steel Index. <http://www.thesteelindex.com/?cid=10>.

• Tunneling,Japan.JapanTunneling<http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jta/nttj/statistical_data/index2.
html>.

• Tunnle.no. Norwegian Technique of Tunneling . <http://www.tunnel.no/>.

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