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TheAligarh Movement 1858-1902 The War of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster
for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the
war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless punishment and mercil
ess revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies bec
ause they had ousted them from power. With the war of 1857 this feeling was inte
nsified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Thu
s the Mughal rule came to an end and the sub- continent went directly under the
British crown.
Sir SyedAhmadKhanmademodern education theway to progress After the Muslim rule,
the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic c
hanges. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools
and made English as the only medium of instruction as well as the official lang
uage in 1835. A
wrong attitude of everything modern and Western, and disinclination to make use
of the opportunities opening under the new regime was created among the Muslims.
This tendency, had it continued long, would have proved disastrous for the Musl
im community. Such were the days of despair and despondency when Sir Syed appear
ed on the horizon of Muslim India to rescue them. Sir Syed had the conviction th
at regeneration of the Indian Muslims had not at all visualized that mankind had
entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e. an era of science and lea
rning which was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore
, modern education became the pivot of his movement for the regeneration of the
Indian Muslims, which brought a complete orientation in their lives. He tried to
transform Muslim minds from medieval outlook to a modern one.
Hali and Shibli were also associated with the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syed’s first a
nd foremost objective was to modernize the Muslims following the Western cultura
l valuesthat
could create friendly atmosphere for the two communities. He motivated his commu
nity to learn the Western philosophy and English literature to get along with th
e ruling people.
Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement. He h
ad two immediate objectives in view:
1) To remove the state of tension between the Muslims and the British government
, and 2) To induce them to get jobs and other facilities under the new governmen
t. To him, this was the only way for the Muslims to prosper. The ideas of Sir S
yed may be summed up as following: 1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understa
nding between the British government and the Muslims
2. To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education
3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from agitational politics
Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract a number of sincere friends who
shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-known figures like Nawab
Mohsin ul Mulk, Nawab Viqar ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Moh
ammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. All these personalities advocated the cause set by S
ir Syed Ahmad Khan. Some English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arno
ld also contributed greatly in building up the Aligarh college into a first rate
institution.
Syed Ahmad launched his educational movement by setting up Gulshan School at Mur
adabad - 1859; Victoria School at Gazipur in 1863; Scientific Society for the tr
anslation of English works in the native language, Urdu, at Aligarh in 1864; Ali
garh Institute Gazette imparting information on history -
ancient and modern, science of agriculture, natural sciences, physical sciences
and Advanced Mathematics in 1866; Committee Striving for the Educational Progres
s of Muslims - 1870; Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875 a
t the pattern of English public schools and later raised to the level of college
in 1877 and university in 1920; Mohammedan Educational Conference (1886), which
met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to
persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics; it later became
a political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and the forerunner of the All Indi
a Muslim league.
Besides his prominent role in the educational uplift of the Muslims, Syed Ahmad
Khan’s writings played important role in popularizing the ideals for which the Ali
garh stood. His Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind in 1858; and other writings as Lo
yal Mohammedans of India; Tabyin-ul-Kalam
and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya rooted out the misunderstandings about Islamic teachings
and helped create a cordial relation between the British Government and the Indi
an Muslims and also helped to remove the misunderstanding about Islam and Christ
ianity.
It was this platform from where Syed Ahmad Khan strongly forbade the Muslims to
join the Hindu dominated political party, the Indian National Congress. He regre
tted the Urdu- Hindi controversy initiated by Hindus and predicted that both the
Publications of the Aligarh nations could no longer live together. He stood for
reserved Movement theory. seats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hind
us and Muslims are two distinct nations, which led to the Two Nation Syed Ahmad
Khan’s Aligarh Movement played a significant role to bring about an intellectual r
evolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving
its major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the real
status of nation.
Sir SyedAhmadKhan and His Contributions The great emancipator of the Indian Musl
ims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born at Delhi in 1817. This is the period when the g
reat Mughal Empire was close to a complete collapse. Sir Syed’s family had already
joined the East India Company and his maternal grandfather served in Iran and B
urma under the British government. Sir Syed got interest in English from his mat
ernal family. SM Ikram writes, “For this insight into the affairs of the state and
first contacts with Western learning and civilization he was indebted to his ma
ternal grandfather…” (S. M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India, p.18). Sir Syed was very hea
lthy by birth and his grandfather remarked: “A Jat has been born in our family.” (Ib
id., p. 19) The death of Sir Syed forced him to join the British as head clerk i
n 1839. The death of his brother made him serious and energetic to face the neur
oses of life courageously. Another event that changed him entirely was the War o
f Independence in 1857. In 1841, he passed examination and became sub-judge. At
the eve of the War of Independence he was performing the duties as sub-judge in
Bijnore. He established educational institutions and after coming at Aligarh he
rejuvenated his aspirations to work for the depressed Muslims of the Subcontinen
t. He devoted his entire life for this purpose to bring the Muslims close to the
British. He died on March 27, 1898 and was buried in Aligarh.
His Services He took responsibility of the Indian Muslims when they had been thr
own in backwardness, depression andn humiliation. The British held them criminal
of the War while the Hindus had won the British being anti-Muslim force. In suc
h environment, Sir Syed guided his community to rejoin the life. To Dr Qalb-i-Ab
id, “Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was among a very few leaders produced by Muslim India, wh
o like Mohammad Ali Jinnah made a tremendous contribution in guiding the destini
es of the Indian Muslims.” (Dr Q. Abid, Muslim Struggle for Independence, p. 11.)
Sir Syed and Politics In the political arena, Sir Syed carved numerous successes
; he eradicated misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British infused du
e to the past particular incidents. Awakening among the Muslims about the politi
cal ups and downs and co-existence in the presence of other nations in India was
another contribution of Sir Syed. He motivated the Muslims to absorb the modern
education of the West because this was the very motive of the Western expansion
in the world. He visualized the bright future of the Muslims if they engaged th
emselves in the Western learning.
Sir Syed won the British confidence and cordial relationship by saving their liv
es during the War of Independence. He utilized this relationship for the betterm
ent of the Muslims. It was a subtle situation because the government had put the
War crimes on the Muslim shoulders and assaulted their every aspect of life: “The
se events were a trauma for the Muslims; …the methods used by them shocked the civ
ilized world. The detestation of Delhi as a centre of Muslim culture was horrend
ous; Bahadur Shah Zafar…was exiled to Rangoon; Lt. Hodson shot three Mughal prince
s and later 24 princes were tried and executed; a vast ocean of blood there was;
Some Muslims were shot dead and their dead bodies were thrown into the river Ja
mna…” (Ibid., p. 14). All Muslims were ousted from land, property and employments th
at made them third class citizens of India. This created revengeful sentiments a
mong the Muslims who detested British, their culture and civilization. Sir Syed
was of the view that British were a civilized, educated, wise and disciplined na
tion and occupied India with the new war strategy and munitions that could not b
e matched by the locals and particularly by the Muslims. Therefore at the junctu
re the Muslims should mould themselves according to the pace of time to avoid mo
re disaster.
Sir Syed published Loyal Mohammedans of India and Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind
that helped both the nations to redress their grievances. In 1885 the Indian Na
tional Congress was founded but Sir Syed warned the Muslims from the sinister as
pirations of the Hindus. Another factor was that he intended the Muslims to abst
ain from the politics that could result in friction with the ruling nation.
Urdu-Hindi Controversy Urdu grew as common language of all the Indians regardles
s of origin or religion but in 1867 the Benarsi Hindus started campaign to repla
ce Urdu by Hindi. To gain the objectives, they declared numerous organizations,
which discouraged Sir Syed who said to Shakespeare that since now both the natio
ns could not live together. Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level be
st to save Urdu language. Mohsin ul Mulk was the outstanding person who organize
d the Muslims in defense of Urdu.
Muslims-as a Nation Sir Syed used the word ‘nation’ for the Muslims. Some writers cr
iticize that he declared Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a matter of fact,
he advocated the Hindu-Muslim unity that meant
‘the working relationship’ between the two nations as once he said: “Hindus and Muslim
s should try to be of one mind in matters which affected their progress.” He favor
ed separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would ov
erride the interests of the minority. (P. Hardy, pp. 136-37)
United Indian PatrioticAssociation In 1888, he set up the Patriotic Association
to meet the propaganda of the Congress. Muslims and Hindus joined the Associatio
n. It advocated the Muslims’ emotions. Mohammedan DefenseAssociation In December 1
893, Sir Syed founded the Association. Its main purpose was to protect the polit
ical, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was great because he
contributed greatly to the Muslim struggle for identity. Otto von Bismarck serve
d the German nation with the help of all government sources but Sir Syed did the
 same without all this. To Khalid Bin Sayeed, “Many tributes have been paid to Sir
Sayyed, particularly by modern educated Muslims for being daring enough to put
forward such views in an age which was by no means liberal or tolerant.” (Dr Khali
d Bin Sayeed, Pakistan, the Formative Phase, p. 17).
The Aligarh Movement
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i like it
04 / 11 / 2010
Reply ..M O L A Ileft a comment
Nice work....congrate
10 / 24 / 2008
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