Ақниет дипломка

Международный университет SILKWAY
Турсынбек Акниет Торебеккызы
Specificity of the translation of phraselogical units from English into Russian
ДИПЛОМНАЯ РАБОТА
Образовательная программа: «Иностранный язык; два иностранных языка»
Шымкент, 2021
Кафедра Иностранная филология
«Допущена к защите»
«____»________20___г.
Заведующий кафедрой
________
ДИПЛОМНАЯ РАБОТА
На тему: «Specificity of the translation of phraselogical units from English into

Russian»
по ОП
«Иностранный язык; два иностранных языка»
Выполнил Турсынбек А
Научный руководитель
к.ф.н., доцент _________________
Нормоконтроль ______________
Шымкент, 2021
1
Факультет Филологический
Специальность 5В011900 Иностранный язык; два иностранных языка
Кафедра Иностранная филология
«Утверждаю»
Заведующий кафедрой
_____________________
«___» ________ 20___г.
ЗАДАНИЕ
на выполнение дипломной работы (проекта)
Студенту Турсынбек А.
4 курс, группа 119-71, ОП Иностранный язык; два иностранных языка, очное.
1.Тема дипломной работы «Specificity of the translation of phraselogical units
from English into Russian», утверждена приказом ректора от «__» ___ __г. № ___
2. Срок сдачи студентом законченной работы «____» ___20__ г.
3. Исходные данные к работе (законы, литературные источники, лабораторно-
производственные данные)
1. Amosova N. N. Basics of English phraseology. –Moscow.: Nauka, 1989.
2. Dubrovin M. Illustrated collection of idioms in five languages. – Moscow, 1997.
3. Worrall J. English idiomatic expressions. – Moscow: Fiction Literature, 1999.
4. Weinreich U. Problems in the analysis of idioms: the nature and structure of
language. – Moscow, 1999. – P. 88 –120
5. Kunin A.V. English phraseology. – Moscow, 1970. – 235 p.
4. Перечень вопросов, подлежащих к разработке в дипломной работе (проекта)
а) Анализ английских идиом с лексическими компонентами «Colors».
б) Роль изучения английских идиом в расширении лексического запаса
школьников.
с) Методика практического применения фразеологических единиц в процессе
преподавания иностранного языка на старшем этапе обучения.
5. Перечень графических материалов (чертежи, таблицы, диаграммы и т.д.)
6. Перечень основной рекомендуемой литературы
1. Gurikova Yu. S. Idioms – Rostov. – Moscow: Phoenix, 2018. – 57p.
2. Galperin I. R. Text as an object of linguistic research. Moscow: Nauka, 1981. –
140 p.
3. Fedulenkova T. N. English phraseology: A course of lectures. – Arkhangelsk.
2000. –192 p.
4. Heinonen E. Popular English idioms. – Moscow: Eksmo Press, 2016. –140 p.
7. Консультации по работе (с указанием относящихся к ним разделов работы)
2
Сроки
Научный Задание Задание
Номер, название раздела, получения
руководитель, выдал принял
главы задания
консультант (подпись) (подпись)
1 Phraseology as an object of к.ф.н. Файзиева Ноябрь

study Л.Т. 2019
Декабрь
2019
2 Language units with к.ф.н. Файзиева Февраль
national-cultural semantics Л.Т. 2020
Март 2020
Conclusion к.ф.н. Файзиева Ноябрь
Л.Т. 2019
Декабрь
2019
8. График выполнения дипломной работы (проекта)

Сроки
Этапы работы выполнения
№ Примечание
этапов
работы
1 Утверждение темы дипломного проекта Октябрь 2019
2 Сбор материалов для подготовки Ноябрь 2019
дипломного проекта
3 Подготовка теоретической части Январь 2020 До отъезда на
дипломной работы (проекта) (Глава 1) практику
4 Подготовка аналитической части Февраль 2020 Во время практики
дипломной работы (проекта) (Глава 2-3)
5 Завершение чернового варианта полного Март 2020 На первой неделе
текста дипломной работы (проекта) после окончания
практики
6 Предоставление дипломной работы Апрель 2020
(проекта) на предзащиту
7 Предоставление дипломной работы Май 2020
(проекта) на рецензию
8 Предоставление окончательного варианта
дипломной работы (проекта) с отзывом
научного руководителя и рецензией
9 Защита дипломной работы В соответствии с
(проекта) расписанием АК
Дата выдачи задания «____» _______________ 20___г.

Научный руководитель ______________________________.
Задание принял: студент ______________ Турсынбек А.
3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………6
1 THEORETICAL SECTION. Phraseology as a linguistic
discipline……………………………………………………………………………..9
1.1 Charles Bally's phraseology theory ………………………………………...9
1.2 Formation of phraseology as a linguistic discipline ……………………….9
1.3 Equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word …………………………….11
1.4 The volume of phraseology in the concepts of domestic scientists ………..13
1.5 Stability of phraseological units …………………………………………16
1.6 Phraseological semantics …………………………………………........... 21
1.7 Origin of phraseological units ……………………………...................... 26
2 ANALYTICAL SECTION.
Features of the transfer of proper names as part of PU …………………… 34
2.1 Features of the signification of a proper name …………………………. 34
2.2 Phraseologisms of the English language with an IP component …….… 43
2.3 Tasks of translation onomastics ………………………………………….46
2.4 Principles of onomastic correspondence formation ……………………. 47
2.5 Analysis of phraseological units with a proper name ………………….. 51
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PART.
2.6 Translation of proper names in phraseological units …………………… 53
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 63
List of used literature …………………………………………. 65
4
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the study is due to a comprehensive approach to the problem

of translating proper names in phraseological units.
The paper analyzes the linguistic concepts of proper names, sets out the
foundations of a new direction in the theory of translation - translation onomastics, as
well as issues of bilingual onomastic lexicography. The features of various categories
of names and titles, the difficulties of their interlanguage transmission are also
considered. The principles of the translator's strategy in the transfer of proper names
as part of phraseological units are formulated.
The object of the research is proper names in phraseological units.
The subject of the research is the English phraseological units obtained by the
method of continuous sampling, as well as the English-Russian phraseological
dictionary with a total volume of 942 pages, which includes about 20,000
phraseological units.
The aim of the study is to analyze the translation patterns of the transfer of
proper names into Russian, which are part of phraseological units.
In accordance with these goals, the following tasks were solved:
• review and analysis of the main works of domestic and foreign authors devoted
to the translation of phraseological units and proper names;
• formation of the research base by the method of continuous sampling of
phraseological units with a proper name component from the English-Russian
phraseological dictionary;
• semantic classification of phraseological units with a proper name component;
• identification of connotative meanings of phraseological units with a proper
name component;
• comparative analysis of the regularities of translation of proper names in
phraseological units, depending on the method of transmission of phraseological
units;
To implement the set tasks, the following research methods were used in the
work: the method of continuous sampling, the method of comparative analysis,
dictionary definitions, a descriptive method based on the analysis and classification
of the studied layer of vocabulary.
The method of comparative analysis was used to identify ways of translating
proper names from English into Russian. At the same time, when selecting the factual
material, the method of quantitative analysis was used to calculate both the total
number of analyzed phraseological units and the regularity of the use of certain
methods of translating proper names that are part of them.
The material for the study was 260 English phraseological units obtained by the
method of continuous sampling. The study analyzed the English-Russian
phraseological dictionary with a total volume of 942 pages, which includes about
20,000 phraseological units.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the general theoretical
and special works of domestic and foreign specialists in the theory of translation
5
(translators): V.V. Vinogradova, A.V. Kunina, N.N. Amosova, D.I. Ermolovich, S.
Bally [1; 2; 3; 4; 5].
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it for the first time
analyzes the problems of translating proper names in phraseological units, the
specifics of their transfer from English into Russian using the material of the English-
Russian phraseological dictionary.
The theoretical significance of the work is determined by an integrated
approach to the study of translation transformations using the example of
phraseological units, which include proper names. The work contributes to the further
development of the problems of translation equivalence in the transfer of national and
cultural vocabulary from one language to another.
The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the main
provisions of the work can be used in classes on the practice of translation, as well as
in other courses of the translation cycle.
The main provisions and conclusions for the defense:
1. According to the nomenclature concept, a proper name is an asemantic means
of nomination, its purpose is not a description, but an individualization of an extra-
linguistic object, i.e. it does not imply a characteristic of an object, but serves as a
symbol that directly identifies an individual. The asemantic nature of a personal name
is one of its main paradoxes, which makes some difficulties in translation. After all, if
we turn to the origin, to the etymology of names, it will be found that almost all
personal names were not invented arbitrarily, but had at their core some meaning,
another thing is that this meaning, or "internal form", is not always realized by native
speakers , but is the property of special dictionaries or reference books.
2. All proper names can be divided into anthroponyms, zoonyms, mythonyms,
toponyms and ethnonyms. Thus, the nature of a proper name is determined by many
factors: the geographic environment (affects toponyms, ethnonyms, astronyms, etc.),
the culture of the people and religion (affects theonyms and anthroponyms), the
history of the people (affects all categories of onyms), the social environment, and its
changes (fashion for names, changes in their composition, the emergence of new
names and models). All proper names in the language of a given people, calling any
real, hypothetical and fantastic objects, are "onomastic space, which is a continuous
series of changing types."
3. Translation onomastics is designed to deal with the comparative study of texts
using IP, generated as a result of interlanguage communication (translation) in two
(or more) languages, and the problem of the formation of interlanguage onomastic
correspondences. The main principles of the formation of onomastic correspondences
can be distinguished, which include: transliteration, transcription, transposition and
tracing.
4. The problem of transferring proper names in interlanguage and intercultural
communication is as old as communication itself between peoples. When translating
phraseological units with a proper name component, it was noted that the choice of
the IP transfer option directly depends on those translation transformations that are
used to translate the entire phraseological unit. So, when using a descriptive
6
translation or an analogue to convey a phraseological unit, proper names that are part
of it are not transferred into Russian at all.
5. In translation studies, there is an opinion of scientists who believe that in the
meaning of English personal names, in most cases, all three signs are present, in the
meaning of surnames - only the first and second signs. Since the set of possible
features is very limited, it turns out that at the general linguistic level, many
anthroponyms have a generalized objective meaning, therefore, these features are
differentiating not only for individual names, but also for extensive groups of
anthroponyms. However, in the speech practice of translation, anthroponyms
gradually acquire the ability to more accurately identify a person. Therefore,
individual and group anthroponyms are distinguished [7].
Approbation of work. The results of research on this topic were discussed in the
International Scientific and Practical Conferences.
The publication of the main materials of the work is reflected in the following
articles:
1. "Features of the signification of a proper name"
2. "Features of the translation of proper names in phraseological units"
The structure of the work is logically determined by the goals and objectives set
in it. It consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and
sources of examples. The total amount of work is 78 pages.
The introduction substantiates the choice of the topic and the relevance of the
research, the scientific novelty, the theoretical and practical significance of the results
obtained, sets the goal and formulates specific tasks of studying the methods of
translating proper names that are a component of phraseological units, lists the
research methods used in the work, gives the quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of the material. research.
The first chapter "Phraseology as a linguistic discipline" consists of 7 points of
presentation, which consistently highlight issues related to the scientific
understanding of phraseology as a linguistic science.
The second chapter "Features of the translation of proper names in phraseological
units" consists of 6 points. It consistently highlights issues related to the scientific
understanding of phraseology as a linguistic discipline. The following basic
provisions are subject to consideration: the theory of phraseology, the equivalence of
a phraseological unit to a word, the volume of phraseology in the concepts of
domestic scientists, namely, various classifications of phraseological turns,
phraseological stability. phraseological semantics, as well as the origin of
In the second chapter, we dwell in more detail on the problems of translation
onomastics, consider the peculiarities of the signification of proper names, the
principles of creating onomastic correspondences, give an analysis of proper names
as part of phraseological units and directly turn to the practice of transferring proper
names, which are a component of phraseological units
7
The basic methods of their translation are taken as a basis for describing the
principles of creating onomastic correspondences: 1. transliteration 2. transcription 3.
transposition 4. tracing.
In the conclusion, the results of the study are summed up, and the conclusion is
made that the problem of transferring proper names in interlanguage and intercultural
phraseological units with a proper name component, it was noted that the choice of a
proper name transfer option directly depends on the translation methods that are used
to transfer the entire phraseological unit into Russian. So, when using a descriptive
translation or an analogue to convey a phraseological unit, the proper names that
make up it are not transferred into Russian at all. This is due to the fact that proper
names well known to the English reader do not say anything to the Russian reader, as
a result of which the translator has to refuse to transfer the proper name into Russian.
In the presence of a phraseological equivalent and tracing translation of
phraseological units, proper names into Russian are transmitted using transcription
and transliteration. When comparing various methods of translating nationally
colored phraseological units, it is necessary to take into account that the literal
translation conveys the national flavor of the original well, although sometimes a note
may be needed due to the fact that the scaled image may not be clear enough.
Knowing well the advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible translation
methods, the translator in each case chooses the one that best suits the conditions of
the context.
8
1 Phraseology as a linguistic discipline
1.1 Charles Bally's phraseology theory

The founder of the theory of phraseology is the Swiss linguist of French origin
Charles Bally (1865-1947). Bally first systematized word combinations in his books
Essay on Stylistics and French Stylistics [Bally Ch., 1905, 1909]. Bally included a
chapter on phraseology in his style books. In the first book, he singled out four
groups of phrases: 1) free phrases, i.e. combinations devoid of stability, decaying
after their formation; 2) the usual combinations, i.e. phrases with relatively free
linkage of components, allowing some changes; 3) phraseological series, i.e. groups
of words in which two adjacent concepts merge almost into one; 4) phraseological
unity, i.e. combinations in which words have lost their meaning and express a single
indecomposable concept. Thus, Balli distinguishes combinations of words according
to the degree of stability: combinations in which there is freedom of grouping of
components, and combinations deprived of such freedom. Balli only sketched these
groups, but did not give them any detailed description.
In his later work "French stylistics" Bally considers the usual combinations and
phraseological series as intermediate types of word combinations and distinguishes
only two main groups of combinations: 1) free combinations and 2) phraseological
unity, i.e. whose component phrases are constantly used in these combinations to
express one and the same thought, have lost all independent meaning. The whole
combination as a whole acquires a new meaning, unequal to the sum of the values of
the constituent parts. Bally points out that such a phrase can be compared with a
chemical compound, and emphasizes that if unity is used enough, then, obviously, in
this case the combination is equal to a simple word. Balli put the phraseology of a
phrase in dependence on the presence of an identifier word. These thoughts of Balli
later formed the basis for the isolation of phraseological mergers and the
development of the theory of the equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word.
Since the time of Bally, the study of phraseology has progressed far ahead. But the
work of a great scientist, written at the dawn of the study of phraseology, contributed
to the further development of phraseological research.
1.2 Formation of phraseology as a linguistic discipline
In the English and American linguistic literature, there are few works specially
devoted to the theory of phraseology, but the existing basic works do not raise such
fundamental questions as scientifically substantiated criteria for the selection of
phraseological units, the ratio of phraseological units (hereinafter phraseological
units) and words, the systematic nature of phraseology, phraseological variance,
phrase formation , the method of studying phraseology, etc. Also, English and
American scientists do not raise the question of phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
This explains the lack of a name for this discipline in English.
9
Charles Bally introduced the term phraseologie [Bally Ch., 1905: 68] in the sense
of “a section of stylistics that studies related phrases,” but this term did not acquire
citizenship rights in the writings of Western European and American linguists and
was used in three other meanings: 1) choice of words, form of expression, wording;
2) language, syllable, style; 3) expressions, phrases. This is confirmed by definitions
of the word phraseologie in English and American dictionaries:
The choice of arrangement of words and phrases in the expression of ideas;
manner of style of expression; the particular form of speech or diction which
characterises a writer, literary production, language, etc. [The Oxford English
Dictionary. Oxford, 1933: 251].
Choice of words; wording [Hornby A.S. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English, 1974: 456].
Manner of using and arranging words [Longman Modern English Dictionary,
1976: 347].
Questions of phraseology in England and the USA are treated mainly in works on
semantics and grammar, as well as in prefaces to phraseological dictionaries.
The question of phraseology as a linguistic discipline was first raised by the
outstanding Russian linguist prof. E. D. Polivanov. He believed that phraseology
"will take an isolated and stable position (like phonetics, morphology, etc.) in the
linguistic literature of the future - when, in a consistent formulation of various
problems, our science will be devoid of random gaps" [Polivanov ED, 1928: 61 ].
B.A. Larin was the first scientist after Polivanov to again raise the question of
phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
“Phraseology as a linguistic discipline is still in the stage of“ latent development
”... but it has not yet taken shape as a mature fruit of preparatory works. ... And we
already need the allocation of such a discipline, because everyone understands the
amateurish helplessness, inconsistency and unsuccessfulness of the accompanying,
random analysis of this material in lexicography, stylistics, syntax ”[Larin BA, 1956:
200 - 201].
V.V. Vinogradov's works contributed to the emergence of many works on the
phraseology of different languages. This accumulation of systematized facts is one of
the prerequisites for the creation of phraseology as a linguistic discipline.
Thus, the priority in identifying phraseology as a separate linguistic discipline
belongs to Russian science.
10
1.3 Equivalence of phraseological units to a word
The theory of complete equivalence of phraseological units to a word deserves

special consideration. It goes back to the theory of identification of expressive facts,
developed by S. Bally, who pointed out that the most common feature of a
phraseological turnover that replaces all others is the ability or impossibility to
substitute one simple word instead of a given turnover. Balli called such a word an
identifier word. Balli considers the presence of such a synonym as an internal sign of
the integrity of phraseological units.
This point of view is objectionable. The semantic integrity of a phraseological
unit cannot be established in this way. It can be established by comparing its meaning
with the meaning of its components as separate words, as well as identifying its
features in the context.
The term equivalent to the word was created by L.V. Shcherba. He emphasized
that such a group of words denotes one concept and is and is a potential equivalent of
the word [Shcherba LV, 1915: 45]. Some supporters of the theory of complete
equivalence consider phraseological units as lexical units that do not need a special,
specific classification peculiar only to them. However, in the structural and semantic
respect, a phraseological unit is a separately formed unit of language, much more
complex than a word, and this affects its actualization in a written and oral context.
The hypertrophy of the grammatical commonality of phraseological units and
words is just as precarious. Indeed, completely rethought phraseological units with
the structure of a phrase perform the function of individual members of the sentence,
i.e. phrasal subjects, phrasal predicates and phrasal additions.
The generality of grammatical functions should not be understood as their
obligatory coincidence. So, in English, functions in a sentence of adjective
comparisons like (as) dark as pitch, (as) white as snow, etc. only partially coincide
with the syntactic functions of the corresponding complex words pitch-dark and
snow-white, since adjective comparisons, in contrast to complex adjectives, are not
commonly used as attributive definitions, but only as predicative definitions.
The differences between phraseological units and words are so significant that the
hypertrophy of the similarities they have, which is so characteristic of the supporters
of the theory of equivalence, complicates the formation of phraseology as a linguistic
discipline.
Therefore, it is advisable not to use the word "equivalent" and replace the theory
of complete equivalence of phraseological units with a word with the theory of
correlation of certain types of phraseological units and words, which is based on
completely different principles. When considering phraseological units with the
structure of phrases and words in the paradigmatic plan, an integrated approach is
required, which objectively takes into account the semantic, stylistic, structural,
grammatical and accentological features of phraseological units and words, as well as
phraseological and derivational structures. At the same time, special attention is paid
to words that are dictionary identifiers of phraseological units. When analyzing the
11
ratio of phraseological units and words in syntagmatics, it is important to take into
account the usual and occasional features of their functioning in the text.
The semantic structure of the phraseological unit and the semantic structure of
the word are by no means exhausted only by their meanings. The most important
elements of the semantic structure, in addition to meaning, are the construction of the
entire education as a whole, its grammatical design and systemic linguistic
connections. The discrepancy between the semantic structure of a phraseological unit
and the semantic structure of a word gives grounds to distinguish between
phraseological and lexical meanings.
The discrepancy between the phraseological and lexical semantic structures can
also be verified by comparing the phraseological and lexical synonyms in the
composition of any lexico-phraseological series. So phraseological synonyms of the
verb to die are phraseological units go over to the (great) majority, go the way all the
flesh, go up the flume, etc. The verb to die is the dictionary identifier of these
Comparison of the elements of this synonymous series reveals significant
systemic differences between phraseological units and their lexical synonym.
1. PU has one meaning - to die.
The verb to die is polysemantic: 1) die; 2) (colloquial) to want to death (I am
dying to see him); 3) end, disappear, be forgotten (his fame will never die).
Hornby's Dictionary registers these three most common meanings of the verb to
die. The Big Oxford Dictionary contains 12 meanings of this verb.
2. PU go over to the (great) majority - a playful turn with the figurative meaning
"to go to a better world." PU go the way of all flesh - a book turnover with a
figurative meaning "to test the lot of all earthly things." PU go up the flume is a
colloquial American phrase like “give oak”, “play in the box”.
The meaning of the verb to die - to die - is not figurative and stylistically neutral.
The meaning of the above phraseological units is the result of a complete or partial
rethinking; the lexical meaning can be either literal or reinterpreted.
3. phraseological units are separately formed formations, consisting of two or
more components, and the verb to die is a whole-formed formation.
4. PU go over to the (great) majority; go away of all flesh and go up the flume
cannot be combined with postverbs like away, down, off, out. The verb to die is
combined with them: die away - to freeze (about the sound); die down - die out
(about fire); weaken (about excitement); die off - die off, die one by one; die out - die
out; fade away (about fire).
In general, the compatibility of the verb to die is wider than that of its
phraseological synonyms, which is explained by the wider scope of the meaning of
the verb. Examples are die natural death - to die a natural death; die a violent death -
die a violent death; die a hero’s death - die the death of a hero and many other turns
with the so-called "internal addition".
5. Phraseological synonyms of the verb to die cannot be included either in
phraseological units or in compound words.
12
The verb to die occurs as a component of a number of phraseological units: die a
dog’s death - die like a dog; die in the last ditch - stand to death; never say die - one
should not despair, etc.
6. The verb to die is also part of complex words, for example: die-hard -
stubborn, conservative (formed by conversion from the phrase die hard - slowly die
off, be tenacious).
7. PU, being separately formed formations, allow individual stylistic updates:
The spare furniture has gone the way of all superfluities [Huxley A., 1935: 65]. This
phraseological unit is occasionally used in relation to furniture, and the last
component of the phraseological unit - the word flesh - is replaced by the word
superfluities. The verb to die cannot be used for furniture and does not allow for any
structural innovation.
8. The verb to die has a word-formation nest: dying - dying; the dying - dying.
Phraseological units, synonymous with the verb to die, are not substantiated and do
not have a derivational paradigm.
Naturally, consideration of only one phraseological synonymous series cannot
reveal all the features of the semantic structure of phraseological units and the
semantic structure of a word. But even a brief consideration of three phraseological
units and their lexical synonym both in a paradigmatic sense, i.e. regardless of their
functioning, and in terms of syntagmatic, i.e. when comparing the functioning of
these units, it shows that the semantic structure of phraseological units and the
semantic structure of the synonymous word do not coincide in terms of the main
quantitative and qualitative indicators.
1.4 The volume of phraseology in the concepts of domestic scientists
The turning point in the study of the phraseology of languages was the well-
known works of Acad. V.V. Vinogradov, dedicated to Russian phraseology.
V.V. Vinogradov identified three types of phraseological units:
1. Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, are unmotivated units that act as
equivalents of words, for example, prick up skis, sloppy sleeves, a deck through a
stump, like a cranberry, no matter how it is, etc.
2. Phraseological unity - motivated units with a single integral meaning arising
from the fusion of the meanings of lexical components. Phraseological unity allows
the components to move apart by means of a substitute "packing material and act as
potential equivalents of words", for example, hold a stone in your bosom, float
shallowly, the first pancake is lumpy, swim against the current.
V.V. Vinogradov includes verbal groups that are terms, for example, rectum,
question mark, rest house, ambulance carriage, struggle for existence, in
3. Phraseological combinations - turns, in which one of the components has a
phraseologically related meaning, manifested only in connection with a strictly
defined range of concepts and their verbal designations. Such combinations are not
13
equivalents of words, since each of their components has different meanings, for
example, fear takes, longing takes, envy takes, laughter takes, etc. But one cannot
say: joy takes, pleasure takes, etc.
The views of V.V. Vinogradov in the field of phraseology aroused critical
remarks by a number of scientists. Vinogradov is often reproached for the lack of a
unified principle of PU classification. The first two groups - adhesion and unity - are
separated from each other on the basis of PU motivation, the third group -
phraseological combinations - on the basis of limited word compatibility.
To these three types of FE N.M. Shansky added one more - phraseological
expressions. By phraseological expressions we mean phrases that are stable in their
composition and use, which are not only semantically segmented, but also consist
entirely of words with a free meaning, for example, to be afraid of wolves, not to go
into the forest, not all that glitters is gold, etc. ... [Shansky N.M., 1964: 201-202].
Phraseological expressions are only phrases with the literal meaning of the
components. The inclusion of figurative proverbs in the composition of
phraseological expressions is inappropriate, since in this case the composition of
phraseological expressions will be as heterogeneous as the composition of
A.I. Smirnitsky distinguishes between phraseological units and idioms.
Phraseological units are stylistically neutral phrases, devoid of metaphoricity or have
lost it. Smirnitsky refers to phraseological units phrases like get up, fall in love, etc.
Idioms are based on the transfer of meaning, on a metaphor clearly recognized by the
speaker. Their characteristic feature is a bright stylistic coloring, a departure from the
usual neutral style, for example, take the bull by horns - to act decisively; take the
bull by the horns; dead as doornail - no signs of life, etc. Phraseological adhesions,
phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions are not included in the
Smirnitsky classification.
N.N. Amosova distinguishes two types of phraseological units - phrasemes and
idioms. A phraseme is a unit of constant context in which the indicative minimum
required to actualize a given meaning of a semantically realizable word is the only
possible one, not variable, i.e. constant, for example, beef tea - strong meat broth;
knit one's brows - frown; black frost - frost without snow, etc. The second component
is an indicative minimum for the first. It should be noted that a single collocation in
many phrasemes is extremely unstable and they easily turn into variable
combinations of words. N.N. Amosova admits that phrasemes constitute the most
fluid part of the phraseological fund, that the expansion of compatibility destroys the
stability of their constituent context and thereby takes them beyond the limits of
phraseology [Amosova NN, 1964: 139].
Idioms, in contrast to phrasemes, are units of constant context in which the
indicative minimum and the semantically realizable element constitute an identity
and both are represented by the general lexical composition of the phrase. Idioms are
characterized by a holistic meaning, for example, red tape - red tape, bureaucracy;
play with fire - play with fire, etc.
14
With regard to the volume of phraseology, scientists adhere to different points of
view. This is due to the exceptional complexity of the object of research and the
existence in the language of a number of transitional cases between classical
phraseological units and free, or, as they are now called, variable, combinations of
words. It is also of great importance from what angle of view the scientist approaches
the classification of PU. For Smirnitsky, one of the most important parameters of
phraseology is the equivalence of phraseological units to a word, for Amosova it is a
type of constant context.
Phraseology consists of three sections: idioms, ideophraseomatics and
phraseomatics. This division is based on different types of meaning of phraseological
units: from more complicated to less complicated.
This classification includes and complements the classification proposed by
Vinogradov. The need for a new classification arose due to the fact that English
phraseology does not fit into the three classes identified by Vinogradov.
The idiom section includes phraseological units proper, or idioms, i.e. stable
combinations of lexemes with a fully or partially rethought meaning. These
phraseological units are of various structural types and can be both motivated and
unmotivated.
The idiophraseomatic section includes idiophraseomatic units, i.e. stable phrases,
in the first phraseosemantic variants, of which the components have literal but
complicated meanings, and in the second idiomatic variants - completely rethought,
for example, chain reaction - 1) chain reaction (scientific term); 2) chain reaction
(completely rethought idiomatic version). The second option is to rethink the first,
which is its prototype. Rethinking is metaphorical.
The phraseomatics section includes phraseological units, or phraseological units
of a non-idiomatic nature, but with a complicated meaning.
In traditional phrases like fail in one’s duty - not to fulfill your duty; hope for the
best - hope for the best, etc. the semantic structure is not complicated, and such
phrases are not objects of study of phraseology. Apparently, it is advisable to leave as
an object of study of phraseology only technical phrases with both literal and fully or
partially rethought meanings, which are not formed according to the generating
model of a variable phrase.
1.5 Stability of phraseological units
Definition of phraseological stability. The most important issue in the theory of

phraseology is the question of the stability of phraseological units.
For a correct understanding of stability, the statement of W. Ross Ashby, who
argues that all meanings of the word "stability" are associated with the basic idea of
invariance, is of great importance, which is that despite the successive change of the
system as a whole, some of its properties (invariants) remain unchanged [19, 88].
15
Phraseological stability is the volume of invariance inherent in various aspects of
phraseological units, which determines their reproducibility in a ready-made form
and identity with all common and occasional changes.
This definition is based on the understanding of the stability of phraseological
units as a dynamic phenomenon, since it makes it possible to distinguish different
degrees of stability. The maximum degree of stability is characteristic of
phraseological units that do not allow any regulatory changes. Such turns include, for
example, adverbial phraseological units of the after all type - in the end, in the end,
after all; as the crow flies - straight, by the shortest way, by heart - by heart; once
upon a time - once, once; intensifiers like they come - exclusively, extremely,
extremely rare; like the devil - damn, devilish; substantive phraseological units with a
compositional structure: enough and to spare - more than enough, more than
necessary; Jack and Jill - boy and girl; proverbs: if you run after two hares, you will
catch neither - you will chase two hares, you won't catch a single one, etc. A number
of factors contribute to the high stability of phraseological units, for example, the
presence of outdated words in them: spick and span - dandy; = with a needle; tit for
tat - tit for tat; expressive rethinking: come, come - well, well !, fullness, what are
you doing !, right !; hold your horses - quieter !, don't worry !, = easier on turns;
condensation of thought in proverbs, etc. When determining the degree of stability,
maximum stability can serve as a standard taken as 100% [20, 65].
E.G. Belyavskaya quite rightly notes that the study of the dynamic aspect of
stability is of exceptional interest both in terms of defining the boundaries of the
phraseological fund of the language and developing objective criteria for identifying
different types of stable combinations of words, and in terms of a clearer
understanding of the patterns of formation of the phraseological system of the
language and the processes occurring in it [21 , 55].
The main indicators of phraseological stability:
Various classes of phraseological units are characterized by both general and
particular indicators of stability, as a result of which they are reproduced in finished
form. Four general stability indicators form the minimum phraseological stability:
1. Stability of use is an indicator that a phraseological unit is a unit of language, a
public domain in a given linguistic community, and not an individual phrase used by
one or another author.
2. Semantic complexity. Semantic complexity manifests itself differently in the
phraseological units of different classes. Various types of semantic complications
include: complete or partial rethinking of meaning, non-descriptive transformations
of meaning, the presence of archaic elements in the phraseological unit.
3. Separate formation
4. The impossibility of education according to the generative structural-semantic
model of a variable combination of words.
Potential phraseological units, going beyond the framework of a single use and
acquiring the elements of stability that are missing for them, for example, the stability
of use, leading to the emergence of phraseological abstraction in them, become units
of the language. A potential phraseological unit can become a unit of language only if
16
it becomes a regularly reproducible formation in the speech of the entire population
or its part, thus receiving social approbation.
Depending on what material formed the basis of the future phraseological unit,
the turnover goes through certain stages of development. This is the regularity of the
phrase-formation process. So for phraseological units formed from variable
combinations, a three-stage development path is usually characteristic:
1) burn one’s fingers - to burn fingers - a variable phrase formed according to the
generative structural-semantic model burn one’s hand, leg, nose, etc.
2) a potential phraseological unit - to get burned on something. The first
individual author's use of this turnover. The turnover is rethought: a metaphor based
on the similarity of action:
I do not care for burning my fingers in a quarrel.
3) phraseological unit - burn yourself on something:
"After all, you must admit that my advice was good!"
"Very good."
"And the wretched boy ought to have burnt his fingers."
“Well, he hasn’t” [Maugham W.S., 1972: 205].
For phraseological units that go back to potential phraseological units, i.e. having
no other prototypes, a two-stage development path is characteristic: a potential
phraseological unit - phraseological unit. Such phraseological units include, for
example, proverbs such as an idle brain is the devil’s workshop = idleness is the
mother of all vices; an unfortunate man would be drowned in a tea-cup = when you
are unlucky, you can drown in a spoonful of water, etc. This group also includes
phrases and sayings based on fantastic images, for example, (as) drunk as a boiled
owl ( razd.) - to smithereens, intoxicated drunk; = drunk as a lord; (as) pleased as dog
with two tails - very pleased; = rad-radeshenek, etc. Similar models explain the
mechanism of phrase formation.
The prototype of a phraseological unit is a motivating base with which a
phraseological unit is connected by derivational relations in synchronicity and
diachrony.
Thus, the prototype is not only linguistic units or variable combinations of words,
but also “various kinds of associative relations: historical, folklore, textual, that is, a
fund of general knowledge related to historical traditions, facts, realities, religious
beliefs and their attributes ... "[Grigorieva GS, 1985: 56].
The meaning of a variable prototype is a potential element of the semantic
structure of phraseological units with a living internal form. This statement is proved
by the use in the text of the widespread stylistic technique of double actualization,
based on double perception: on playing on the meaning of one, two or three of its
components.
Bread and butter - livelihood (lit .:
"bread and butter")
“One manages to earn one’s bread and butter” - as usual he could not keep up
and he winked - “and a little piece of cake”.
17
The words and a little piece of cake bring together the meaning of phraseological
units and the meaning of its variable prototype, which gives the statement a playful
character.
Thus, the internal form of PU is determined by its prototype. The path that the
turnover takes, which has become a phraseological unit, is the formation of its
stability.
The morphological stability of many phraseological units is expressed in the fact
that all their components or some of them have a zero paradigm, i.e. are words with a
meaningless lack of paradigm. The zero paradigm is observed in cases when all or
some of the components of phraseological units are single word forms, and these
words have a paradigm as part of variable phrases, for example, how do you do? If
not, how did he do? or how does he do ?. The second indicator of the morphological
stability of phraseological units is the presence in their composition of components
with a limited paradigm in comparison with the same words in variable combinations
of words. So, the turnover it (or that) goes without saying (colloquial) - of course,
allows the only change in the verb: it (or that) went without saying. A similar
exception is observed in many phraseological units: as the day is (or was) long -
exclusively, extremely; it stands (or stood) to reason - quite obviously, etc.
Semantic stability of phraseological units:
Semantic stability, expressed in the complexity of the semantic structure of
various types of phraseological units, manifests itself in them in different ways.
Idioms include idioms and idioms, i.e. stable combinations of lexemes with a
fully or partially rethought meaning with a high specific weight of the connotative
aspect, i.e. its expressive-evaluative, emotive, figurative and other components.
Idioms include both phraseological unity (burn one's fingers - to get burned on
something; all is not gold that glitters - not all that glitters gold, etc.), and
phraseological adhesions (kick the bucket (colloquial) - to bend, die; = stretch your
legs; send smb. to Coventry - boycott someone, stop communicating with someone,
etc.), the imagery of which can be restored diachronically.
A whole series of phraseological units are partially rethought. These are adjective
and verbal comparisons, in which the first component is used literally. In the
composition of many phraseological units there are archaisms that are not used
anywhere else: at bay - hunted down, in a hopeless situation; be at smb.’s beck and
call - be always ready for services; = to run errands, etc. Cf. Russian "To beat the
thumbs up", "stumbling block", "not to be seen", etc.
Some phraseological units are widely used as various members of the sentence,
For example, phraseological units a white elephant - burdensome property, burden; a
gift that you don't know how to get rid of can be used as a phrasal subject, a part of a
compound nominal predicate, a phrasal direct or indirect addition, etc. But some
phraseological units have a constructively determined meaning, ie associated with a
specific design. An example is the phraseological unit my (or your) foot = so I
believed it !; = hell with two !, bald devil !. This phraseological unit expresses a
strong disagreement with the previous statement and requires the repetition of a word
or words from this statement. Very often it is followed by an explanatory sentence.
18
Judith: It’s so silly to get cross at criticism - it indicates a small mind.
David: Small mind my foot [Coward N., 1899: 246].
"But it’s a serious matter for you!"
“Serious my foot! Why should I worry ”[Bates H.E., 1769: 358].
The absence of a semantic invariant, which is a sign of mutability, will destroy
the identity of phraseological units. The widespread phraseological unit be born with
a silver spoon in one’s mouth = in a shirt to be born takes the following form from J.
Galsworthy:
He was staring at a silver spoon. He himself had put in her mouth at birth!
[22.77].
Meaning warping relies on lexical warping. PU is divided into two parts, one of
which is in the first sentence, and the other in the second. In addition, be born with is
replaced by put it, which completely changes the meaning.
As a result of such a structural-semantic deformation, phraseological units in this
context disintegrates, although the connection with the prototype is not completely
lost.
Many phraseological units retain their meaning for centuries. But from this it is
by no means necessary to conclude that the stability of a meaning means the
impossibility of changing it, the formation of new meanings or the obsolescence of
some meanings. Let's give just one example:
PU there is no love lost between them (or us), which appeared in the 17th
century, until the first half of the 19th century. meant they (or we) love (love) each
other, and was also used in the opposite sense:
Tony:… we grumble a little now and then to be sure. But there’s no love lost
between us.
In modern English, the first meaning is obsolete. The phrase is used only in the
meaning they (or we) hate (hate) each other, they (or we) disliked each other.
Elizabeth: It has struck me that whenever they started flipping you took a
malisious pleasure in goading them on.
C.-C .: I don’t think there’s much love lost between them now, do you?
Phraseomatics include phrases with a complicated meaning - the result of an ugly
transformation.
1. Turns with a transformed meaning, the semantic complication of which lies in
the fact that their values are not the sum of the values of their components, but new
values, god morning, good afternoon, good night, etc.
2. Turns with a surplus-clarifying meaning, for example, an affair of honor - a
matter of honor, a duel; first night - premiere, etc.
3. The so-called phraseological alignments, i.e. turns with a surplus-clarifying
meaning, meaning symbolic gestures, for example, knit one's brows - frown; nod
one's head - nod; shake ones' head - shake your head, etc.
The surplus-clarifying meaning differs from the figurative one in that it arises in
non-descriptive verbal groups and does not appear as a result of rethinking the
meaning of the turnover, but its clarification. In this case, the literal meaning of the
components is included in the meaning of phraseomatism as a whole and is usually
19
fixed in the definition, for example, wring one's hands - squeeze them together
(indicating despair, sorrow, etc.).
4. Proverbs with a literal meaning, for example, a friend in need is a friend indeed
- friends are known in trouble; a good beginning makes a good ending = a good
beginning is half the battle; better late than never - better late than never; so many
countries, so many customs - so many countries - so many customs, etc. Proverbs are
generalized. In the above proverbs, the generalizing meaning is expressed by a binary
structure based on the identification or opposition of the values of the components.
This expresses the complexity of the semantic structure of this type of proverb.
5. Turnovers with phraseomatically related meaning. In such phrases, the value of
the leading component is inferred only from those entities in which this component is
used: pay a call (a visit) - to make a visit; pay attention - pay attention; bear smb. a
grudge - to harbor grudge against someone. Bear kindness, love, sympathy, etc. are
unacceptable. According to the classification of V.V. Vinogradov, these are
phraseological combinations. In such turns, there is a tendency to expand the
compatibility of the leading component, therefore, to expand the scope of use of the
phraseomatically related component. A similar process leads to the approach of turns
with phraseomatically related meaning to variable phrases. As a result, the boundaries
between them are unstable.
In traditional phrases like come to an end - come to an end; fail ones' duty - not to
fulfill your duty; hope for the best - hope for the best, etc., as well as in descriptive
names such as a book of reference - there is no complication of meaning in the
reference book, and they are not an object of study of phraseology. It is controversial
to transfer all terminological phrases to the conduct of phraseology, since many of
them are formed according to generative structural-semantic models of variable
phrases and are variable-stable phrases. All of the above phrases should be studied in
lexicology and approaches them from a purely lexicological standpoint.
1.6 Phraseological semantics
Types of values in the field of phraseology. The complexity of lexical semantics

and the variety of semantic classes of words do not exclude the selection of lexical
meaning, which made it possible to establish varieties of this meaning. A similar
situation is observed in phraseology. Isolation of phraseological meaning makes it
possible to establish its main varieties: idiomatic meaning, idiophraseomatic meaning
and phraseological meaning in accordance with three classes of phraseological units
(idiomatics, idiophraseomatics, phraseomatics). These meanings are included in the
phraseological microsystem of the language and make it possible to distinguish their
varieties in accordance with the structural and semantic features of the phraseological
units included in each class.
Phraseological meaning cannot be realized outside certain structures. There are
seven basic structural types of phraseological units in the English language.
20
1. One-vertex phraseological units, i.e. turns, consisting of one significant and
one service lexeme or one significant and two or three service lexemes (at large - in
general, the whole; by the way - by the way; out of the way - distant). The spoken
phraseological unit fine (good, nice, or rare) and… quite, extremely, very belongs to
this structural type. By service lexemes are meant that do not function as independent
members of a sentence and serve to connect words in a sentence (prepositions,
conjunctions), as well as to characterize the number, definiteness or indeterminacy of
nouns (articles).
2. PU with the structure of a subordinate or compositional phrase (burn one's
fingers - to get burned on something; high and mighty - the mighty of this world).
3. PU with the structure of a subordinate clause: when pigs fly - "when the pigs
fly", never; when the cancer hangs on the mountain.
4. PU with a partial predicative structure (ie lexeme + subordinate clause): ships
that pass in the night - fleeting encounters (cf. ships dispersed like in the sea).
5. Nominative-communicative phraseological units, i.e. verb turns with the
structure of the phrase with the verb in the infinitive and the structure of the sentence
with the verb in the passive voice (break the ice - the ice is broken).
6. phraseological units with the structure of a simple or complex sentence (birds
of a feather flock together a fisherman sees a fisherman from afar; do you see any
green in me eye? - do I seem so gullible to you?; God damn it! - damn it !, damn it! ,
ugh, abyss!; if you run after two hares? You will catch neither - you will chase two
hares, you will not catch one).
7. sentence equivalents, i.e. some structural types of interjection turns that have
the force of utterances and are characterized by independent intonation (by George! -
God knows !, honestly!; my foot - so I believed it !, damn it! hell of a bald man!).
The assignment of interjections of a given structural type to sentence equivalents is
not indisputable, as evidenced by Vinogradov's statement: “The question of whether
or not interjections form and can form sentences, whether they are“ words-sentences
”, is still the subject of lively debate among syntaxists. "[20,76].
Some interjection phraseological units are reduplicated, i.e. consisting of two
identical tokens. These phraseological units include hear, hear !, come, come !, there,
there !.
As a rule, the specificity of the meaning of phraseological units is established on
a purely semantic basis without due regard for their structural features. Although
phraseological meanings exist within certain structures, the entire specificity of
phraseological meanings cannot be reduced only to the relationship between the
meaning of phraseological units and its structure. It is known that single-structure
revolutions can significantly diverge in value and, conversely, different-structure
revolutions can be close in value. Phraseological meaning has a certain degree of
semantic independence, which should not be dissolved in these relations, which can
easily happen when the structure is absolutized: “... in any case of the existence of a
structure, the latter covers only some individual connections and relations of its
constituent elements, but on the other hand, these connections and relations become
21
organically inherent in these elements precisely in this communication structure ”[24,
66].
The main contradiction inherent in phraseological units is the linguistic
contradiction between the integrity of meaning and the separate formulation of
phraseological units. The lexical meanings of the components and the integral
meaning of the phraseological unit are in inverse proportionality: the more weakened
the lexical meaning of the components, the more integral the meaning of
phraseological units, which is not distributed among its components. This
contradiction is partly distinguished, on the one hand, by the loss of phraseological
units separately formed and, as a consequence of this, the transformation of
phraseological units into a word (cf. goodbye - originally God be with you; Russian
thanks - initially God save, etc.), and on the other hand, by the high weight of specific
internal form in the semantic structure of phraseological unity, which leads to the
motivation of the lexical meanings of the components and, accordingly, to the
weakening of the integrity of the meaning of the phraseological unit.
Analysis of various aspects of the content plan, the expression plan and the
functioning plan of phraseological units and words gives all the grounds for
highlighting phraseological meaning as a linguistic category along with lexical
meaning.
To determine the phraseological meaning, the concept of "information invariant"
is important. I.S. Narskiy understands by the invariant of information “that which is
stably preserved during the transformation of information” [Narskiy IS, 1969: 39].
As applied to phraseological units and words, information is a generalized form
of reflection by consciousness of objects of reality, expressed in linguistic signs.
Phraseological meaning is an invariant of information expressed by semantically
complicated, separately formed language units that are not formed by generating
structural-semantic models of variable word combinations.
This understanding of the phraseological meaning makes it possible to determine
its three main varieties: idiomatic meaning, idiophraseomatic meaning and
phraseological meaning.
Idiomatic meaning is an invariant of information expressed by separately formed
units of a language with a fully or partially rethought meaning.
Idiophraseomatic meaning is an invariant of information expressed by separately
formed language units, some of the phraseosemantic variants of which have a literal
but complicated meaning, while others, which are their derivatives, have been
completely rethought.
Phraseomatic meaning is understood as an invariant of information expressed by
separately formed units of a language with an unintelligible but complicated
meaning.
The study of types of meaning in the sphere of phraseology is important not only
for the theory of phraseology, since no language is impossible without semantics, but
also for the progress of the science of language as a whole.
Aspects of phraseological meaning
22
As part of the phraseological meaning, there are three aspects: significative,
denotative and connotative. Some linguists believe that the identification of these
aspects is possible only theoretically, since in real speech activity they are all fused
together. This opinion is correct, but it should also be borne in mind that the bright
elements of the connotative aspect, for example, exoticism, jargon, etc., are by no
means leveled to the meaning of phraseological units, but give it a different stylistic
coloring and that phraseological units with a fully or partially rethought meaning are
characteristic high proportion of the connotative aspect. The highlighting of one or
another aspect of meaning is especially vivid when using the occasional use of
The signifying aspect of the phraseological meaning is the content of the concept,
realized in this meaning. The content of a concept is understood as "a set of
properties, attributes and relations of objects displayed in our consciousness, the core
of which is the distinctive essential properties, attributes and relations" [Kondakov
NI, 1975: 537].
The denotative aspect of the phraseological meaning is the scope of the concept
realized on the basis of isolating the minimum of generalizing signs of the denotation,
i.e. a whole class of homogeneous objects, unique objects or abstract meanings. In
this, not identity is manifested, but the indissoluble unity of language and thinking.
Thus, the denotation, in contrast to the denotative aspect of meaning, is an
extralinguistic category, an object of people's cognitive activity.
The subject correlation of phraseological units is potentially embedded in its
semantic structure and is realized only in the context, i.e. in a concrete act of
communication, the Subject correlation of phraseological units ultimately reflects the
objective connections of objective reality.
In phraseological units denoting a single extra-linguistic entity, for example. The
Swan of Avon - "a swan from the banks of Avon" (as Ben Johnson called
Shakespeare, who was born and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon), the significative and
denotative aspects coincide. Without close interaction with the significative aspect,
denotation would be impossible, since the general exists only in the separate, and the
separate is closely related to the separate. The dialectic of the abstract and the
concrete is an inseparable feature of the semantic structure of both phraseological
units and words.
Separate formulation of phraseological units affects their value. The components
that make up the phraseological units, in their totality, not only designate "pieces of
reality", but also describe them. Descriptive representation is characteristic of this
type of phraseological unit.
"Connotation is a semantic entity that is usually or occasionally included in the
semantics of linguistic units and expresses the emotive-evaluative and stylistically
marked attitude of the subject of speech to reality when it is designated in a
statement, which receives an expressive effect on the basis of this information"
[Teliya V.N., 1986 : five].
Thus, connotative is the information embedded in linguistic and speech units, in
addition to their subject-logical content.
23
The connotation usually includes emotive, expressive and evaluative
components. I.V. Arnold also includes a stylistic component in the connotation
[Arnold IV, 1973: 105]. All four components of connotation can appear together in
different combinations or be absent. The fifth component is imagery. The lack of
connotation is typical for some types of phraseological phrases like touch one's cap
(or hat) to smb. - greet someone.
Let us briefly dwell on the characteristics of the emotive, expressive (non-
evaluative and evaluative), figurative and functional-stylistic components of the
connotation:
1. Emotions are one of the forms of reflection of reality and knowledge of it.
Emotions are expressed by linguistic means, only being reflected by consciousness.
Interjections, which are highly emotive phraseological units, usually do not lend
themselves to dictionary definition, but instead their mental content is given.
(God) bless me! (or my soul) - an expression of surprise.
God bless his soul (heart)! - an expression of fondness, gratefulness, kind
feelings, etc.
Emotions - a form of a person's relationship to reality - are always accompanied
by an assessment.
Emotiveness is emotionality in linguistic refraction, i.e. sensory assessment of an
object, expression by linguistic or speech means of feelings, moods, human
experiences.
Since emotions are divided into two classes - positive and negative, their
designation in the language can be reduced to positive-emotive and negative-emotive.
An example of phraseological units expressing a positive emotion is a sight for
sore eyes - a pleasant sight (especially about a welcome guest).
"Well, you are a sight for sore eyes, my boy!" said John's aunt? Welcoming him
with a kiss.
An example of an interjection phraseological unit with a positive assessment is
the already cited phrase (God) bless his soul (heart).
Many phraseological units contain a negative emotive charge, for example, damn
your eyes! - damn you!
Many interjection phraseological units can be used with both positive and
negative evaluations.
2. Expressiveness is the expressive-pictorial qualities of a word or phraseological
unit conditioned by imagery, intensity or emotiveness.
Imagery, intensity and emotiveness can generate expressiveness both individually
and in various combinations.
There is no emotiveness without expressiveness, and it is almost impossible to
distinguish between them. This is confirmed by many phraseological units in modern
English.
Figurative expressive-non-judgmental turns: the ball is in someone’s court - it is
someone’s turn to take action; follow suit - to do what another person, group,
organization, etc. is already doing or has already done.
24
Some verbal phraseological units, which are expressive-non-judgmental turns,
express the intensity of the action - beat someone to a pulp - to beat and hit someone
with hard blows; work like a horse or work one's fingers to the bone - to work very
hard, etc.
Many adverbial phraseological units, including comparative intensifiers, convey
the intensity of syntactically related verbs or enhance features that are components of
the meaning of syntactically related adjectives. Examples of such phraseological units
can serve as intensifiers as the day is long - exclusively, extremely; as they make
them - extremely, terrible; hell for leather - at full speed, with all his might; like a
house on fire - quickly and easily, energetically; like mad - like crazy; desperately,
furiously, etc.
Thus, intensity is the property of a word or phraseological unit to enhance the
features of the objects they designate.
3. The functional-stylistic component of the connotation is the stylistic affiliation
of the phraseological unit, and the communicative-stylistic component is the potential
possibility of using phraseological units in a particular sphere of communication.
Due to the connotation, phraseological units are expressive means of the
phraseological system of the language. In written and oral speech, in the presence of
a communication situation, phraseological units can be used both usually and
occasionally.
1.7 Origin of phraseological units
The sources of the origin of phraseological units in modern English are very
diverse. By origin, English phraseological units can be divided into two classes:
native English phraseological units and borrowed phraseological units. Borrowed
phraseological units, in turn, are subdivided into interlingual and intralingual.
Borrowings in a foreign language are distinguished into a special group. Thus, four
groups can be distinguished:
1) native English;
2) interlanguage borrowings, i.e. PU, borrowed from foreign languages by one or
another translation;
3) intra-lingual borrowings, i.e. PU, borrowed from the American version of the
English language (phraseological units borrowed from other options are few).
4) PU, borrowed in a foreign language.
1.7.1 Original English phraseological units
Phraseologisms in the English language, for the most part, are originally English
phrases, the authors of which are unknown. Examples of such widespread popular
turnovers are:
bite off more than one can chew - "take in your mouth more than you can
swallow", ie take on an impossible task; do not calculate your strength; the nut is too
tough, it is too much for the shoulder;
25
in for a penny, in for a pound - "risked a penny, risked a pound"; Gruzdev called
himself get in the body; took up the tug, do not say that it is not hefty;
pay through the nose - pay big money, pay exorbitant prices and many others.
Originally English phraseological units are associated with traditions, as well as
with realities, legends, historical facts.
1. Phraseological units reflecting the traditions and customs of the English
people:
by (or with) bell, book and candle - finally, irrevocably; throughout the form (one
of the forms of excommunication ends with the words: Doe to the book, quench the
candle, ring the bell;
baker's dozen - a devil's dozen (according to an old English custom, bread traders
received thirteen loaves from bakers instead of twelve, and the thirteenth went on
account of the merchants' income).
2. Phraseological units associated with English realities:
a strange bedfellow - a strange acquaintance (part of the proverb adversity makes
strange bedfellows - in need you will not lead anyone. In England in the Middle
Ages, as well as in the 16th and 17th centuries, separate beds were rare. Persons of
the same sex often slept together);
put smb. In the cart - put someone in a difficult situation (the word cart was the
name for the carriage in which the criminals were delivered to the place of execution
or drove around the city in disgrace);
play fast and loose - play unfair; act irresponsibly; to play with someone's
feelings (the expression is associated with an old folk game, which was played at
fairs in England. A belt was wound tightly and then unraveled on a stick, and the
audience could not catch the clever manipulation and invariably lost).
3. Phraseological units associated with the names of English writers, scientists,
kings, etc. Within this group, three subgroups can be distinguished:
a) phraseological units containing surnames:
according to Cocker - "as according to Cocker", correctly, exactly, according to
all the rules (E. Cocker - the author of the English textbook of arithmetic, which was
widespread in the 16th century).
b) phraseological units containing names:
King Charles’s head is an obsession, an object of insanity, a “fad” (an expression
from Dickens’s novel “David Copperfield, associated with the fascination of the
crazy Mr. Dick Charles I).
c) phraseological units containing names and surnames:
a Florence Nightingale - Florence Nightingale, nurse (Florence Nightingale is an
English nurse, organizer and leader of a squad of nurses during the Crimean War
(1853 - 1856).
4. Phraseological units associated with beliefs:
lick into shape - give shape, look; make a person out of someone;
a black sheep - a black sheep, a shame in the family (according to the old belief, a
black sheep is marked with the seal of the devil).
5. Phraseological units taken from fairy tales and fables:
26
the whole bag of tricks - the whole arsenal of tricks, tricks;
Fortunatus's purse is an inexhaustible wallet (Fortunatus is a fairy-tale character)
6. Phraseological units associated with legends:
halcyon days - calm, peaceful days; calm time (halcyon - kingfisher; according to
ancient legend, a kingfisher hatches chicks in a nest floating on the sea during the
winter solstice, and during this period, about two weeks, the sea is completely calm);
7. Phraseologisms associated with historical facts:
as well be hanged (or hung) for a sheep as a lamb - "if you are destined to be
hanged for a sheep, then why not steal a lamb" (an echo of the old English law,
according to which theft of a sheep was punishable by death by hanging).
Many of the above phraseological units are no longer associated with the
phenomena that gave rise to them, as a result of which their meanings cannot be
deduced from the literal meanings of their components, and the internal form can
only be established by etymological analysis.
8. Shakespearianisms
In terms of the number of phraseological units that have enriched the English
language, Shakespeare's works rank second after the Bible. There are over 100 of
them. Most Shakespeareisms are found in Shakespeare's works only once, and their
form is fixed. An example is the following well-known phraseological units:
the be-all and end-all [Shakespeare W. “Macbeth”, 1606: 236] - that which fills
life, everything in life;
a fool's paradise [Shakespeare W. “Romeo and Juliet”, 1595: 178] - ghostly
happiness, a fantasy world;
give the devil his due [Shakespeare W. “King Henry V”, 1597: 247] - to give due
to the enemy;
midsummer madness [Shakespeare W. “Twelfth Night”, 1603: 159] - insanity,
pure madness;
9. Biblicalisms
The Bible is the most important literary source of phraseological units.
Biblical phraseological units are fully assimilated borrowings:
at the eleventh hour - at the last minute, at the very last moment;
beat swords into plow shares - forge swords into plowshares, go to peaceful
labor;
can the leopard change his spots? - "can a leopard change its spotted skin?" (cf. a
humpbacked grave will fix it);
cast pearls before swine - throw pearls in front of pigs.
Phraseologisms of biblical origin often differ in many respects from their biblical
prototypes.
a) the biblical prototype is used in a literal sense, the corresponding
phraseological unit is created as a result of rethinking it.
The phrase kill the fatted calf in the parable of the prodigal son is used in the
literal sense of "slaughter the fatted calf." Later, this turnover acquired a new
meaning to treat the best that is at home.
27
b) a variant of the biblical prototype becomes a phraseological unit. So, for
example, the turnover live on the fat of the land - to live in luxury, to live happily
ever after (cf. skating like cheese in butter) displaced the biblical prototype of eat the
fat of the land, which has not entered general use.
c) changing the form of the figurative biblical turnover.
Phraseologism a drop in the bucket - a drop in the sea is a modified biblical
expression: Behold the nations as a drop of a bucket ...
d) the components of phraseological units are used in the Bible in their literal
meanings, but do not form a variable combination.
Phraseologism loaves and fishes means earthly goods. Loaves - loaves and fishes
- fish are used in the Gospel tradition about how Christ fed hundreds of people who
gathered to listen to him with five loaves and two fishes. The Bible uses loaves and
fishes, but not loaves and fishes.
e) some phraseological units go back to the biblical plot, in which only one
component of the phraseological unit is mentioned. For example, the expression a
doubting Thomas - Thomas the unbeliever arose from the Gospel legend about how
one of the apostles, Thomas, when he was told about the resurrection of the crucified
Christ, did not believe it.
f) the creation of a phraseological unit as a result of a play on words.
PU the land of Nod - the kingdom of sleep arose as a result of a play on words
based on the same sounding of the English words nod - drowsiness and Nod - the
name of the biblical land of Nod, where Cain was exiled after the murder of Abel.
The expression was created by Swift: go into the land of Nod - go to sleep.
Interlanguage borrowings.
1. A large number of English phraseological units are associated with ancient
mythology, history and literature. Many of these phraseological units are
international in nature, as they are found in a number of languages.
For example, the following phrases go back to ancient mythology:
Achilles 'heel (or the heel of Achilles) - Achilles' heel;
the apple of discord - an apple of discord;
Augean stable - Augean stables.
2. Phraseological borrowings from the French language:
after us the deluge - after us even the deluge (fr.après nous le deluge)
appetite comes with eating - appetite comes with eating (fr.l'appetit vient en
mangeant)
the fair sex - the fair sex (fr.le beau sexe)
gilded youth - golden youth (fr. jeunesse doree);
it goes without saying - it goes without saying (fr. cela va sans dire);
punctuality is the politeness of princes - accuracy - the politeness of kings (fr.
l'exactitude est la politesse des rois).
It is easy to see that in the examples given, the English phrases are full tracings
from French.
3. Phraseological borrowings from the German language are few:
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blood and iron - "iron and blood", the merciless use of force (German: Blut und
Eisen);
speech is silvern, silence is golden - "the word is silver, silence is gold";
storm and stress - “storm and onslaught” (current in German literature in the 70-
80s of the 18th century); a period of anxiety, excitement; tension, impetuous
onslaught (German Sturm und Drang).
4. In the English language there are only a few phraseological units borrowed
from the Spanish language:
blue blood - blue blood, aristocratic origin (Spanish sangre azul);
fifth column - the fifth column, secret accomplices of the enemy (Spanish quinta
columna);
tilt at windmills - "to fight with windmills", quixotic (Spanish acometer molinos
de viento).
In English, there are borrowings from other languages.
Phraseological units of American origin
A lot of PUs came to England from the USA. They refer to intra-lingual
borrowings. Some of them have become so assimilated that in English dictionaries
after them the label has been removed, indicating their American origin. Such
"Americanisms" include, for example:
bark up the wrong tree - "bark at a tree over which there is no game", attack on a
false trail, make a mistake, contact the wrong address;
cut no ice - have no influence, meaning;
face the music - endure troubles steadily, pay off; to fix the mess;
in the soup - in a difficult situation, in trouble;
sell like hot cakes - bloom like hot cakes, snapped up;
spill the beans - give out a secret, blab out, let it slip.
Phraseologisms borrowed in a foreign language
In English, a significant number of borrowings are used in a foreign language.
Many of them are international turnover. Most of them are characterized by a two-
component structure, but there are three-component revolutions:
ad hoc - for this case;
bel spirit - witty person, witty;
bon ton - good tone, good manners;
status quo - status quo, the state of affairs that existed or exists at the moment;
terra incognita - something unknown, unexplored, unknown area and many
others.
In English, Latin and French phrases starting with prepositions are especially
numerous:
per capita - per person, per soul; per interium - in the meantime;
sub rosa - secret, secret;
en masse - en masse, as a whole, as a whole.
Among foreign language expressions, there are expressions as a more general
type, for example:
eau de Cologne - Cologne water;
29
embarras de richesses - difficulty from excess;
enfant terrible - a person who puts others in an awkward position with his tactless
immediacy;
object de'art - an object, a work of art,
and turnovers common in special fields of knowledge and are terms:
argumentum a contrario - argument from the opposite (the term of logic);
corpus delicti - corpus delicti (legal term);
persona (non) grata - "persona (non) grata" (diplomatic term)
Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Phraseology is the science of phraseological units, ie. about stable
combinations of words with complicated semantics, which are not formed by
generating structural-semantic models of variable word combinations.
2. With regard to the volume of phraseology, scholars have different points of
view. This is due to the exceptional complexity of the object of research and the
existence in the language of a number of transitional cases between classical
phraseological units and free combinations of words. So V.V. Vinogradov identified
three types of phraseological units:
1) phraseological adhesions
2) phraseological unity
3) phraseological combinations
To these three types of FE N.M. Shansky added one more - phraseological
expressions.
3. Phraseological stability is the amount of invariance inherent in various aspects
of phraseological units, which determines their reproducibility in a ready-made form
Four general stability indicators form the minimum phraseological stability:
1) Sustainability
2) Semantic complexity
3) Separate formation
4) The impossibility of education according to the generating structural-semantic
model of a variable combination of words.
4. Phraseological meaning is an invariant of information expressed by
semantically complicated, separately formed language units.
This understanding of the phraseological meaning makes it possible to determine
its three main varieties: idiomatic meaning, idiophraseomatic meaning and
phraseological meaning.
Idiomatic meaning is an invariant of information expressed by separately formed
units of a language with a fully or partially rethought meaning.
Idiophraseomatic meaning is an invariant of information expressed by separately
formed language units, some of the phraseosemantic variants of which have a literal
but complicated meaning, while others, which are their derivatives, have been
completely rethought.
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Phraseomatic meaning is understood as an invariant of information expressed by
separately formed units of a language with an unintelligible but complicated
meaning.
5. By origin, English phraseological units can be divided into two classes: native
English phraseological units and borrowed phraseological units. Borrowed
phraseological units, in turn, are subdivided into interlingual and intralingual.
Borrowings in a foreign language are distinguished into a special group. Thus, four
groups can be distinguished:
1) native English;
2) interlanguage borrowings, i.e. PU, borrowed from foreign languages by one or
another translation;
3) intra-lingual borrowings, i.e. Phraseological units borrowed from the
American version of the English language (phraseological units borrowed from other
versions are few);
4) PU, borrowed in a foreign language.
31
2 Features of the transfer of proper names as part of phraseological units
In this chapter, we will dwell in more detail on the problems of translation

onomastics, consider the principles of creating onomastic correspondences and turn
directly to the practice of transferring proper names as part of phraseological units.
2.1 Features of the signification of a proper name
Words and phraseological phrases are collectively called lexical units, or word
signs.
Since one of the most important goals of communication is the transmission of
information, in the analysis of linguistic units used in speech, the content plan plays
the most important role from a communicative point of view, i.e. semantics.
Proper names (hereinafter IS), being verbal signs, also have a content plan. But
due to the difficulty of describing and interpreting it, the content plan of the IP and its
relation to the plan of expression (form) are considered by scientists from various
positions, often mutually exclusive.
How justified is it to speak of signification in relation to proper names? After all,
as you know, even medieval scholastic logicians separated the purpose of common
appellative names - meaning, description (signification) - from the function of
individual names - the actual naming (indication). In this sense, a proper name is
secondary in relation to the appellative, it is not directly related to the concept, does
not describe the denotation, but specializes in its representation, regardless of class
and characteristics. Nevertheless, this problem gave rise to many controversies and
the question of whether a proper name has any meaning, conceptuality, or whether it
is a label that has no semantic structure and can only distinguish objects, has been
reflected in many concepts and continues to be intensively discussed not only in the
field of onomastics, but also in semantics, pragmatics, linguistic and cultural studies
and sociolinguistics [25,55].
According to the nomenclature concept, a proper name is an asemantic means of
nomination, its purpose is not a description, but an individualization of an extra-
linguistic object, i.e. it does not imply a characteristic of the object, but serves as a
symbol that directly identifies an individual [26,43]. In the terminology of J.S. Mill,
and his research, the proper name is not connotative, that is, it does not carry any
information. The polar concept of the above-stated existence of the meaning of a
proper name finds support in the works of many linguists [27,23], moreover, the
opinion is expressed that the proper name has infinite and much more important than
common nouns.
The existence of such diametrically opposite opinions about the semantics of a
proper name is explained by the fact that representatives of these two directions
interpret the meaning of the verbal sign differently. The first talk about the linguistic
meaning, about the connection of the word with the concept, and the second about the
speech meaning, about the ability of the name to convey information about the object.
32
The discussion about the semantics of a proper name, therefore, is connected with the
question of identity / non-identity of meaning and information volume, which can
include linguistic, speech, encyclopedic, background, group, individual and other
types of information.
Turning to the linguistic meaning in this work, we will assume that an individual,
untyped denotation called a name, of course, has an infinite number of features and
attributes, but this information in no way can be equated with the meaning of a proper
name, which ideally “Intended for denotation of the singular, but not for signification.
Significative meaning as a primary function is not peculiar to it ”[Nikitin MV, 1997:
135]. However, like the solution of the ancient sophism "Is it possible for a seated
man to walk?", Which implies that it is really possible, but nominally it is impossible,
a proper name, being nominally asemantic, really definitely has some meaning, since
it is able to bring a single object under any general class, while maintaining binding
to its carrier and outside the reference use. The question lies in the status of such a
meaning, which does not have a single interpretation and is defined either as
denotative, or as significative or an element of the signification.
The semantics of a name is largely determined by its nominative properties: they
determine the nature of the concept of the named subject, which underlies the
meaning of the classifying word. Of course, not every concept of an object can be
considered the meaning of the word used to name it. The meaning of a word as a unit
of language reflects the main features of an object that are necessary for its
identification and for the correct use of its name. In the philosophy and logic of
language, some researchers distinguish between substantive and formal concepts.
The meaningful concept corresponds to the level of our knowledge about the
subject and strives for the fullest possible coverage of all its aspects, properties and
connections with other subjects. Substantive concepts about the subject are individual
for each speaker.
The formal concept includes the minimum of the most general and at the same
time the most characteristic distinctive features that are necessary for the isolation
and recognition of an object. The meaning of a word in its contextual content
corresponds to a formal concept.
It is appropriate to single out the conceptual components in the analysis of the IP
content plan. Such components can be mono-feature (i.e., allowing equivalence to
semes) and multi-feature (i.e., corresponding to complex concepts similar to the
meaning of common nouns), and their specific composition can vary from one IS
subclass to another.
All ISs have the meaning of objectivity, i.e. part of their content (meaning) is, as
it were, an implicit message about the existence of a certain object (or an entity that
we imagine as an object). This component of meaning is common to all subject
verbal signs - common nouns and proper ones. However, the objectivity of such an
object is conditional, it cannot be considered completely independent of reflection by
consciousness, but its existence (whether it is objectively reflected or mental reality)
is a prerequisite for designation by a name. Based on this, the existential, or
introductory, component should be distinguished in the meaning of IP.
33
Further, most IPs designate some class of objects, among which one object stands
out. In the language system, from a logical point of view, individualizing nomination
is possible only among objects that have already been somehow classified. It would
be strange to talk about "anthroponyms", "toponyms" and other categories of IP, if
they were not associated, respectively, with the concept of "person", "territorial
object", etc. or if this connection was something entirely dependent on the context or
the personal desire of the speakers.
The classifying component establishes a link between an individual referent and a
generalized denotation. “Each name is associated with a generic identifiable (city,
river, youth). Without connection with the concept of which it cannot function in
speech. The connection with this concept in a proper name is mediated through a
thing, and in a common noun it is direct. The ability to carry out and transmit this
connection is the main meaning of any word, including a proper name
”[Superanskaya AV, 1973: 266].
Based on the foregoing, it is possible to distinguish in the meaning of IP a
classifying component indicating that an object belongs to a certain class (people,
animals, geographical objects, celestial bodies, companies, works, etc.). The
corresponding class will be called the IS denotatum.
According to the types of features covered by the classifying component of the
significate, names are combined that are related to the same category of referents.
Therefore, whole groups of names may have the same classifying components of the
significat. For example, the names Peter, Ivan, Fedor and many others designate
males, Russians. They can be considered "synonyms" in a sense. Especially when
choosing a name that precedes the act of naming.
In addition, in the meaning of IP, there is a certain agreement, an agreement to
use it to name not just any, but a certain individual subject in a given class, to
“assign” a name to the subject that is relatively independent of the changing
conditions of the subject environment and the communicative situation. This feature
is present in the semantic structure "as an obligatory semantic-conceptual correlate of
the special sounding of a name and its indispensable correlation with an individual
object" [Ermachenko V.I., 1970: 7].
Based on this, an individualizing component is distinguished in the meaning of
IP, marking the special purpose of the name for the individual naming of one of the
objects within the denotation.
The meaning of the name, despite the presence of an individualizing component
in it, retains its abstract-conceptual character even when it is referred to a completely
specific referent of speech. By distinguishing a person, IP “unites various states and
aspects of his activity. Various periods of his physical and spiritual development.
Generalization in this case receives a different direction than in generic names. But
this only implies that the type of generalization presented in generic words is not
universal ”[Katsnelson SD, 1965: 10].
The conceptual nature of the individualizing component of the meaning of IP is
clearly emphasized by the possibility of its concretization with the help of qualifiers
34
and articles in English: Looking in the mirror, he saw another Thomas looking back;
You are not the Charles Brown I have always known.
In these proposals, the IS names the referent, not uniting, but dismembering his
various psychophysical states, presenting them as a particular in relation to the
general. A Thomas refers to Thomas in much the same way a table refers to the
generalized table.
Below we will try to consider this specificity of the semantics of a proper name,
using as an illustrative material English anthroponyms - personal names of people
(further, speaking about anthroponyms, we will mean a given name as opposed to a
surname).
According to their semantic structure, anthroponyms fall into two large groups:
ambiguous and unambiguous [Schweitzer AD, 1979: 28]. Ambiguous names like
John are concretized only in a certain context, where they receive a clear
(unambiguous) referential reference. Unambiguous names like Napoleon have a
denotative content associated with the singularity of the referent and out of context,
carry a cognitive attitude. These are names with individual event connotations; they
implicitly contain encyclopedic information and those additional information that is a
reflection of the associative links of the name. Can such names be considered to have
a significative meaning?
Apparently, in these cases it is more appropriate to speak not about the meaning,
but about the background information, or the lexical background of the name, by
which in linguistic and cultural studies they mean “the whole set of non-conceptual
semantic parts related to the word” [Vereshchagin E.M., 1990: 43] , which is
comparable with the concept of implication accepted in lexical semantics. And
although there are proposals to use a special term to define the semantics of
anthroponyms of this kind, for example, "background-connotative meaning", which
contains all the boundless number of features of the bearer of the name [Anikina S.A,
1988: 245], it is obvious that this meaning reveals a connection with an extra-
linguistic object and the associations caused by it, and not with a concept and
therefore does not have a significative content.
The asemantic nature of a personal name is one of its main paradoxes. After all, if
we turn to the origin, to the etymology of names, it will be found that almost all
personal names were not invented arbitrarily, but had at their core some meaning,
another thing is that this meaning, or "internal form", is not always realized by native
speakers , but is the property of special dictionaries or reference books. Thus,
referring to data, for example, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of English Language
[CEEL, 1995: 150] and The Random House Dictionary, allows us to highlight some
typical etymological meanings of English proper names. The internal form of a
personal name can convey:
occupation, relationship, gender: George (farmer), Enoch (teacher), Thomas
(twin), Charles (man), Colleen (girl), Martha (lady);
borrowing elements from various names of God, Jehovah (Jehovah): John,
Josephine, Joan, Gabriel, Jeremy, Emanuel, Elisabeth, Elisha, Samuel, Christopher;
35
indication of origin: Barbara (foreign), Francis (Frenchman), Brett (Briton),
Norman (Northman);
expression of parental feelings: Amy (loved), Abigail (father rejoices), Benjamin
(son of my right hand), Nathan (gift), David (beloved);
a description of any personal or physical characteristics: Agnes (pure), Alexander
(defender of men), Clement (merciful), Hilary (cheerful), Kevin (handsome at birth),
Linda (pretty), Maurice (dark-skinned, Moorish ), Adam (red complexion), Linus
(with flaxen hair), Rufus (red-headed);
comparison with any animal, flower, gem or other objects of the natural world:
Leo (lion), Lowell (little wolf), Rachel (lamb), Erna (eagle), Susan (lily), Fern, Holly,
Rosemary, Daisy , Camellia, Beryl, Ruby, Crystal, Peter (rock), Stella (star);
connection with a geographical object, which most often indicates that this name
is used or was previously used as a toponym: Clifford (ford near a slope), Clyde (for
the name of the river), Sabrina (for the name of the river Severn), Lynn (Welsh. "
lake "), Douglas (the Celtic name of the river" dark water "), Shirley (bright clearing),
Clayton (claytown).
However, despite the presence of an etymological meaning, the name is not used
to convey this meaning (with the exception of special stylistic devices) and is not
assigned only to those who have the qualities reflected in its semantics. A person
named Thomas does not have to have a twin, and Maurice may not be swarthy, and in
this sense, the name is really used as a meaningless label, its existence is justified
only by the ease of use in communication.
Nevertheless, some proper names may have a connection with a concept and, as a
result, abstract-generalized significative signs. In such cases, they speak of partial or
complete appeal of the name. The most striking example of this kind (in a number of
different cases of metonymic and metaphorical signification based on a proper name)
can be the so-called representative names, when a personal name is used to express a
generalized concept of a typical representative of a certain class of objects, in other
words, it is hyperonymization based on typification.
Such names can represent different nationalities: for example, John Bull (typical
Englishman); serve as symbols of the professions: Jack Tar (sailor), G.I. Joe
(American soldier), Tommy Atkins (British soldier) and others; serve as substitutes
for personal names both in everyday speech: Jack and Jill (any guy and girl), Tom,
Dick and Harry (first comer), and in official documents: John Doe (Jane Doe) and
Richard Roe (plaintiff and defendant) ... The indicative individualizing function of
proper names of this kind is weakened to a minimum, they are devoid of connection
with the idea of a specific person. As a result, representative names are able to
describe a typed denotation and acquire a significative virtual meaning.
However, representative names constitute a marginal area of onomastics, as they
come closest to common nouns. The ideal proper name is specialized in the
individualizing function, no generalization or description of the designated object is
characteristic of it. But, as already noted, this is the nominal picture, but in reality it
turns out that not only representative names, but also many traditional personal names
can be capable of signification - of description. Commenting on this provision, M.V.
36
Nikitin writes that “In practice ... there is a tendency to assign different proper names
to different classes of things, so that, knowing this distribution, it is already possible
to form a certain idea about the designated thing, about its class and characteristics
"[Nikitin MV, 1988: 24]. So, there is, although not always a strict, division of
personal names into male and female, anthroponyms differ from zoonyms, and the
latter, to a certain extent, are assigned to various species of animals (for example, the
nicknames Rover, Fido, Bowser, Toby and Spot are so firmly entrenched for dogs,
Whiskers, Boots, Tigger or Tiger - for cats, Polly - for parrots, Pokey, Stardust - for
horses, that their mention often does not even require specifying what kind of pet we
are talking about).
As for anthroponyms, the name can convey the concept of class-forming
characteristics due to its attachment to a particular nation, culture and gender
determinism. So, the names, although they are subject to fashion, retain a more or
less clear division into women and men. It is a rare case when a name is universal in
both its form and sound (e.g. Leslie), usually, even with the same sounding, the
female and male variants of the name differ by spelling: Frances (female) and Francis
(male), Vivien (female. ) and Vivian (male). Most often, coincidences occur when
using the full and truncated, diminutive variants, as a rule, of different names: for
example, Terry is a masculine name and a diminutive of Theresa.
There are also data from phonological studies of more than 1,500 personal names
showing that their distribution into male and female in English is not completely
arbitrary, but there are some signs by which a name can be attributed to one gender or
another [CEEL, 1995: 153] ... These signs, of course, do not appear in all names
without exception, but stand out at the level of trends.
These trends include:
1) The difference in the number of syllables. The proportion of male names
consisting of 1 syllable (Mark, John, Frank, etc.) is 2.5 times more than female names
(Ann, Joan, Ruth, etc.) - 24.3% versus 9.7%, but almost 3 times more often than male
names (Christopher, Joshua, etc.), there are three-syllable female names (Dorothy,
Barbara, Ebony, etc.): 29.1% - 13.4%. But having 4 or more syllables in your name
(Victoria, Elisabeth) is the prerogative of women, the percentage of such male names
(Demetrius) is very low: 7% - 2.1%. The tendency for female names to be longer than
male names is also noted in abbreviated (short names) and hypocoristic, diminutive
forms (pet names). In such pairs as Jack / Jackie, Matt / Matty, Bob / Bobbie, Nick /
Nicky, the second option can apply equally to both the man and the woman - John,
Jacqueline; Matthew, Matilda; Robert, Barbara; Nicholas, Nicole, while the first
monosyllabic form in most cases implies a man.
2) The position of the stressed syllable. In a very limited number of male names
(5%), the stress is not on the first syllable (eg Jerome, Bartholomew), while among
female names such names accounted for 25% (eg Patricia, Eileen, Michelle);
3) Type of stressed phoneme. The stressed syllable in female names more often
includes a long vowel [i:]: Lisa, Christine, Irene, while the percentage of male names
with this characteristic, for example, Steve, Peter, is twice as low;
37
4) The type of the final phoneme. A much larger number (51%) of female names
end in a vowel (Linda, Kelly), and of the consonants, the most likely ending is the
nasal sonant - 20% (Sharon, Ann), rarely (5%) - explosive (Janet, Margaret). In male
names, the ending with a vowel occurs 2 times less often - 25% (Harry, Andrew), and
the final plosive consonant, on the contrary, is very typical - 25% (Mark, David).
Thus, we can conclude that personal names are not only conditionally, due to
traditions, capable of carrying information about the gender of the carrier, but to
some extent the idea of the feminine and masculine gender is also embedded in their
external phonetic structure.
It is likely that various derivatives of even one name, such as Kate, Kath, Katie,
Katherine or Bet, Beth, Betty, Betina, Elizabeth, will occupy different places on this
scale.
In favor of a similar assumption, A.P. Vezhbitskaya [Vezhbitskaya AP, 1996: 89-
103], this is also evidenced by the reference given in CEEL to a survey-ranking
conducted by American researchers, according to the results of which the names
Sabrina and Christine are recognized as the most feminine ("clear-cut feminine")
which, by the way, correspond to all the aforementioned phonological tendencies,
and the name Bob sounds highly masculine ("highly masculine") [CEEL, 1995: 153].
It is also obvious that phonological tendencies are consciously or intuitively
taken into account when creating ("coining") new names or when borrowing foreign-
language anthroponyms. Thus, the names Miranda (W. Shakespeare, "The Tempest")
and Pamela (F. Sidney, "Arcadia"), invented for literary characters, have organically
come into use and are not perceived as invented. And the phonetic structure of
anthroponyms Natasha, Sonia, Tamara, Tatyana, Nina borrowed from the Russian
onomasticon, for example, contributes to the gradual growth of their popularity
among the English-speaking population, corresponding to the idea of a female name.
When borrowing, one cannot do without anthroponymic curiosities, and the writer A.
Ktorova, who has devoted several works to the existence of Russian names abroad,
gives several such examples. In some cases, a derivative of a name with a diminutive
connotation is borrowed (Niurka Sodupe, Mishka, Trishka), in others - a surname or a
given name and surname instead of a personal name (Rimsky Atkinson, Anna
Karenina Sanchez). The male name Vanya, by analogy with Tanya and Sonya,
becomes a female name, the toponym Odessa after the success of the television
movie "Case ODESSA" in the 70s and 80s served as a name for many girls,
especially among African-Americans, and combinations of foreign names with
traditional names such as Goloobchik Edward Kon, Natasha Penelope Kvas, Cecilia
Manya Koshmar sound just anecdotal for the Russian ear [Ktorova A.A., 1990: 76].
The name can tell not only the gender of its owner, but also, in some cases,
indicate his belonging to a particular ethnic group. The fact that since the 70s and
80s. of our century, the compilers of the lists of the most frequent names in the USA
and Great Britain often separate indicators for the white and colored population,
allowing us to talk about the ethnic originality of names even within the same nation
[see. eg Dunkling B. 1978: 132]. Such anthroponymic studies are very relevant for
countries with a diverse ethnic composition, since despite the assimilation, "fusion"
38
of peoples into one national-cultural community, opposite processes are going on
with equal force - cultural and linguistic loyalty, the development of subcultures,
national self-identification. Discussing the current state of American society in the
context of national issues, historians, cultural scientists, sociologists and other
researchers, instead of the metaphor “melting pot of nations”, are increasingly using
the expressions “cultural diversity”, “cultural pluralism”, etc. ... ("Cultural diversity",
"multiculturalism", "culture pluralism", "cultural authenticity") [Kochman O., 1990;
Segal D., Handler R., 1995: 35-67], meaning by this the preservation of the identity
of different ethnic cultures within one community. The name in this case becomes
one of the means of cultural self-determination, "performs the function of a kind of
national passport" [Kabakchi R.V., 1998: 48].
The national conditioning of anthroponyms can manifest itself both at the level of
preference for any names traditional for the English-speaking society, which is
expressed in their frequency in a particular ethnic group in comparison with another,
and while maintaining the name of its national color. Representatives of some ethnic
groups in the United States oppose the modification of their names according to the
generally accepted standard, considering the name as almost the main indicator of
belonging to their subculture. In this regard, the names of Native Americans - Indians
are distinctive, which are, in fact, descriptive characteristics translated into English:
Tall Singer, Sitting Bull, Big Foot, Black Eagle, while even with an assimilated
name, the tribal nickname is often retained: George Yellow Wolf , John Horse, Tom
Elk. The names of the Hispanic ethnic group have also hardly undergone changes in
American culture: Manuel, Raul, Lourdes, Rosa, Marcia, Diego, moreover, in recent
years there has been a tendency to preserve the diacritics that have disappeared when
writing the name: Jose - José.
The nationality of the names can also be judged by their morphological structure,
for example, the prefixes De-, La-, Sha- are most often found in African-American
anthroponyms: Dejuan, Deshawn, Delmore, Ladonna, Latoya, Latisha, Shakirra,
Shakur, Shafaye.
As for the residents of Great Britain and the United States of Arab and Indian
descent, their preservation of their name system is due to a greater extent to religious
reasons. The scale of this phenomenon, as well as the difficulty for the rest of the
English-speaking population to determine whether this name is female or male,
prompted the authors of the A Dictionary of First Names published in 1990 to include
in the appendix a list of traditional Arabic and Indian names.
So, the analysis of the structure of the meaning of anthroponyms makes it
possible to single out the components in it that carry, outside the speech context,
information about the gender and ethnicity of the bearer of the name. As a result of
this kind of determinism, which is governed by traditionally established normative
restrictions, the name gets the opportunity to carry information about the class
included in its extension, and therefore receives a significative content. However, it
should be noted that the status and sources of the appearance of such content in
ordinary personal names assigned to certain classes of carriers are somewhat different
39
from the significative meaning of representative names, which are practically devoid
of an indicative function in favor of a descriptive one.
The fact is that a proper name is fundamentally different from an appellative and
a representative name close to it. A common name - an appellative - denotes, first of
all, a linguistic concept, and then an extra-linguistic object, i.e. The significatum is by
all means included in the structure of its meaning. A personal name gets the
opportunity to associate with a concept, to describe what is designated only
indirectly, through its extra-linguistic carrier, which gives us the right to speak here
about the action of the so-called secondary, indirect signification [Nikitin M.V.,
1997: 122-138], manifested in the ability sign to carry information of extensional
origin, to give an abstract-generalized description of the extra-linguistic correlate by
narrowing the real sphere of its use to a certain class. This type of signification is also
characteristic of appellatives with a limited scope of referential applicability (for
example, to moo (of cows), to philander (of men), nubile (of women), auburn (of
hair), a troupe (of performers), a covey ( of partridges), etc.), but if such a common
noun, having a primary semantic structure, receives a secondary-significative
component as an additional element to its significative value, then for a proper name,
specializing in the function of indication and having, in fact , conceptual content,
secondary signification is the only way to acquire some virtual continental meaning,
the ability to describe your denotation, bringing it under any general class, the
exhaustive scope of the extension of the name.
Studies show that the above IP signification scheme is applicable not only to
anthroponyms, but also to other categories of IP. Although the semantics of some
types of IP has its own specifics.
2.2 Phraseologisms of the English language with a component - a proper

name
In the phraseological fund of any language there is a certain number of
phraseological units with a proper name component. According to A.I. Molotkova,
“phrases with a proper name stand somewhat apart in the list of prototypes of
phraseological units, there are not many of them (about 2% of the total composition
of phraseological units)”.
Let's consider some anthroponyms in connection with named objects.
1. Anthroponyms.
2. Anthroponyms are named, but do not attribute any properties. “The invaluable
pragmatic convenience of proper names lies precisely in the fact that they make it
possible to speak publicly about someone without first agreeing on which properties
should ensure the identity of the referent” [28, 57].
A personal name gets the opportunity to associate with a concept, to describe
what is designated only indirectly.
Despite the fact that anthroponyms refer to the naming of people, they give an
extremely complex range of categories of names, which is associated with the history
of culture, peculiarities of human psychology, with traditions and much more. They
40
have a conceptual meaning, which is based on the idea of a category, a class of
objects. This value has the following features:
1) An indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person: laugh like little
Audrey, Billy Bunter, Brown, Jones and Robinson, Good-time Charlie.
2) Indication of belonging to a national-linguistic community: David and
Jonathan, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, let George do it.
3) Indication of the person's gender: Tom Tiddler's ground as opposed to nice
Nelly.
In the meaning of English personal names, in most cases, all three signs are
present, in the meaning of surnames - only the first and second signs. Since the set of
possible features is very limited, it turns out that at the general linguistic level, many
anthroponyms have a generalized objective meaning, therefore, these features are
differentiating not only for individual names, but also for extensive groups of
anthroponyms. However, in speech practice, anthroponyms gradually acquire the
ability to more accurately identify a person. Therefore, individual and group
anthroponyms are distinguished.
Individuals single out a person from a team, group ones are given to teams that
are allocated on the basis of certain characteristics. Also, in anthroponymy, official
(passport) and unofficial (everyday) forms of names are distinguished. The study of
the particular features of the onomastic anthroponymic system of each nation reveals
interesting facts related to its history and ethnography, and provides a lot of material
for further research.
2. Zoonyms
Zoonyms - the names of various animals, birds, etc. - are a special department of
onomastics with their own traditions, which are different for different peoples. Like
anthroponyms, zoonyms can be individual and group. Group names of animals are
given to the whole species; individual ones have significant differences. In zoonymy,
as in anthroponymy, official and unofficial forms are distinguished. Let's give an
example of a zoonym in phraseological units:
Puss in Boots - Puss in Boots
3. Mythonyms
Mythonymy is a kind of sector of the onomastic space, created like its real part. It
includes the names of people, animals, plants, peoples, geographical and
cosmographic objects, various objects, etc., which have never existed in reality. A
special place in it is occupied by theonymy (names of gods), which is most clearly
represented in religion, and demononymy (names of various spirits). The names of
heroes and titans - the closest resemblance to anthroponymy - occupy an intermediate
position between anthroponymy and theonymy.
Here are examples of mythonyms that are a component of phraseological units:
bend the bow of Ulysses, Pandora's box, the cask of Danaides, Promethean fire,
Achilles' heel, a Herculean labor, a labor of Sisyphus, the thread of Ariadne
4. Toponyms
Place names as proper names serve the category of geographic objects. In the
meaning of toponyms, as in other proper names, at least three components can be
41
distinguished: existential, classifying, individual. Toponymic denotations are
numerous; these can be continents, oceans, seas, countries, etc. In this regard, the
classifying component of meaning in toponyms is often formalized. First, the
denotation name can be an integral part of the name itself, for example, the Strait of
Dover, Coney Island. Often they are part of the official naming convention, but are
usually absent in a more existential version: New York (City). Secondly, the
designation of the denotation can be included in the toponym as a kind of
pseudomorph: Kingstown, Peterborough. Thirdly. There are morphemes that are
specific to the denotatum, but do not directly name it. In English, its function is
performed by the ending, for example, -ton, -field, -bridge, -burg, - shire, land and
others. In addition, the conceptual component of the meaning of toponyms tends to
additional lexical content in speech. The potentially limitless number of possible
geographic objects, as well as the varying degrees of their significance for society,
lead to the fact that the linguistic status of different groups of toponyms is different.
Below are examples of phraseological units with a toponym component:
set the Thames on fire, I’m from Missouri; you’ve got to show me, shoot
Niagara, Paris is worth a mass, do at Rome as Romans do, Rome was not built in one
day, meet one’s Waterloo, the curse of Scotland, discover America
5. Ethnonyms
Ethnonyms constitute a special category of historical vocabulary; these are the
names of various types of ethnic communities: nations, peoples, tribes, etc. As part of
ethnonyms, autoethnonyms are distinguished - the self-names of peoples and tribes,
and alloethnonyms - the names given to them by other peoples. As a rule, ethnonyms
correspond to the names of the country or region occupied by the ethnos. Ethnonyms
are closely related to the names of the inhabitants, formed from various types of
toponyms. As a special kind of terms, ethnonyms contain valuable historical
information for the study of the peoples of the world and the study of the
development of languages. But, according to Superanskaya, ethnonyms are not
included in onomastic vocabulary and are not singled out as a special category of it.
Thus, the nature of a proper name is determined by many factors: the geographic
environment (affects toponyms, ethnonyms, astronyms, etc.), the culture of the
people and religion (affects theonyms and anthroponyms), the history of the people
(affects all categories of onyms), the social environment, and its changes (fashion for
names, changes in their composition, the emergence of new names and models). All
proper names in the language of a given people, calling any real, hypothetical and
fantastic objects, are "onomastic space, which is a continuous series of changing
types." These types form onomastic fields. Adjacent field names are closely related.
Every nation in every epoch has an onomasticon, which includes proper names of
different spheres of onomastic space. The historical potential contained in a proper
name is manifested in the fact that it is inextricably linked with various spheres of
human activity. The name is one of the products of human culture. It arises in the
team, from the needs of the team and reflects the features that are significant for the
team. The era and level of knowledge of mankind leaves its mark on the name.
42
2.3 Tasks of translation onomastics
Onomastics as a branch of lexicology has emerged as a special science due to the

understanding by scientists of the specifics of IP in comparison with common noun
vocabulary. While recognizing their special position in the language and speech of
one and the same linguistic community, one cannot but recognize the specific role
that IS play in interlanguage interaction. The study of this specificity, it seems, is
possible on the basis of a combination of the approaches of two linguistic disciplines
- translation studies and onomastics.
Such a general section of the theory of translation and onomastics can be called
translation onomastics. This discipline is designed to deal with the comparative study
of texts using IS generated as a result of interlanguage communication (translation) in
two (or more) languages, and the problem of the formation of interlanguage
onomastic correspondences. This problem can be divided into objective and
subjective aspects.
The objective aspect of the problem is expressed in the identification and
description of those objective factors and constraints that act as multidirectional
vectors of interlanguage communication that hinder the implementation of a universal
approach based on the postulate of the dominance of form in the transfer of IP.
The subjective aspect of the problem is associated with the choice of principles
and methods of forming correspondences, i.e. decisions made by the translator (or
other language intermediaries).
As a comparative discipline, translation onomastics cannot but study the
similarities and differences between languages in the field of the communicative
(textual) role of IP. However, the complete similarity, as a rule, is trivial and does not
require clarification, therefore, this discipline should primarily be interested in
contrasting aspects, i.e. discrepancies.
The objective and subjective aspects of the formation of onomastic
correspondences correlate, respectively, with the descriptive and prescriptive aspects
of translation onomastics. The latter stems from the very nature of onomastics and
translation studies: it is known that IP is one of those areas of the language where
regulation and rationing is especially important. In addition, the prescriptive role of
translation onomastics is dictated by the need for theoretical and (or) practical
training of language intermediaries.
The prescriptive aspect of translational onomastics is also realized in modeling
the translator's strategy in the formation of onomastic correspondences. Since such
modeling inevitably acquires a recommendatory and didactic character.
If we talk about the method of translation onomastics as a linguistic discipline,
then the main thing for it is the comparative (contrastive) method, which, in turn, is
based on a broader dialectical approach necessary to identify objective antinomies
that cause interlanguage and intercultural differences. This allows us to identify and
describe patterns in dissimilarity, to separate them from random subjective errors, or
43
to find out the reasons for those situations when such errors are massive and non-
random.
But, of course, translation onomastics is unlikely to be useful without relying on
the methods of translation theory, as well as on its conceptual and conceptual
apparatus, which is based on the theory of equivalence and the theory of translation
transformations.
2.4 Principles of onomastic correspondence formation
The question of the meaning of a proper name is not only of theoretical interest.
It becomes extremely relevant in intercultural and interlingual contacts. It would
seem that proper names easily cross interlanguage barriers, as they strive to preserve
their external form even when used outside the sphere of the "native" language.
However, sometimes it is much more difficult for very essential elements of their
content to overcome such barriers. And without preserving their meaning, proper
names cannot function in another language environment. Hence - possible problems
of misunderstanding and inaccurate perception of texts containing names.
At first glance, it may seem that the translation of proper names does not present
any particular difficulties. Even the translation is called very conditionally: after all,
as a rule, proper names are transcribed or transliterated. In modern linguistics, proper
names are often defined as naming lexical units, as opposed to common nouns, which
are considered denoting units. In other words, for proper names, the nominative
function comes to the fore - to name in order to distinguish objects of the same type
from each other, as opposed to common nouns, the main function of which is to
name, to convey meaning, to connotate.
The peculiarity of names and names, unlike many borrowed foreign words, is that
when they are transmitted in another language, they basically retain their original
sound appearance. The reason for this lies in the specificity of the semantic structure
of the proper name. When transmitting proper names, the sound shell is of paramount
importance. This is because they designate individual objects directly, bypassing the
stage of representation or general concept (referent).
A certain complication in any possible theory of a proper name is introduced by
the fact that, in addition to typical proper names (Vasily, Marusya, Moscow,
America, etc.), there are also those that to some extent have motivation or meaning,
for example, Russian Federation, the Institute of Mining, as well as the titles of
books, films ("Viy", "Three Poplars on Plyushchikha", etc.).
There are several principles for translating proper names:
1) transliteration
2) transcription
3) transposition
4) tracing
Below we will consider these principles in more detail.
44
Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the original lexical
unit using the alphabet of the translating language; literal imitation of the form of the
original word.
Transliteration differs from practical transcription in its simplicity and the
possibility of introducing additional characters.
Let us now consider the principle of transliteration.
Transliteration is spoken about when languages use different graphic systems (for
example, English, Russian, Greek, Armenian, Georgian), but the letters (or graphic
units) of these languages can be put in some correspondence with each other, and
according to these correspondences, an interlanguage transmission of proper names.
Since, for example, the Latin alphabet, the Greek alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet
have a common base, most of the letters of these two alphabets can be assigned to
each other, taking into account the sounds that they regularly designate.
Transliteration has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are
obvious - the written version of the name is not distorted, its bearer has a universal,
language-independent identification. Sometimes it is difficult to restore the original
form of a foreign name or surname given to them in Russian transcription, that is,
with an orientation towards sound rather than spelling of the name.
With transliteration, even more so than with direct hyphenation, the borrowing
language imposes pronunciation on the name according to its own rules. This
tendency is especially pronounced in relation to ancient and other historical and
mythological names, the reading of which in Western European languages almost
completely follows the rules of the receiving language: for example, in English
Ariadne - Ariadne (the thread of Ariadne)
In general, most of the names and titles are transmitted at the present time by
means of graphics, that is, by means of transcription.
Although a proper name is intended to identify an object in any situation and any
linguistic community, in the overwhelming majority of cases it has a national and
linguistic identity.
A proper name is always real. In speech, it names a really existing or invented
object of thought, a person or a place, one of a kind and unrepeatable. Each such
name usually contains information about the local and national identity of the object
it designates.
The transcribed proper names, along with other realities, are the few elements of
translation that retain a certain national identity in their verbal sound form.
When translating from Russian, one should be especially careful about names of
foreign origin transcribed in Russian. In this case, you should strive to restore the
spelling of the name in the language from which it comes.
The problem of national and linguistic affiliation is also associated with the
ancient and biblical etymology of names.
You should take a very responsible approach to the texts in English, which
contain European proper names of non-English origin. In this case, when transferring
names, of course, the rules of English-Russian transcription do not apply, but it is
45
necessary to take into account the rules of practical transcription from the original
language.
Practical transcription is a means of incorporating words of one language into the
text of another, while approximately preserving the sound appearance of these words.
The inevitable approximation of practical transcription is a consequence of the
mismatch of a number of phonemes in different languages. Practical transcription
should be distinguished, on the one hand, from translation and, on the other hand,
from transliteration. Common to transcription, translation and transliteration is that
they serve as means of transferring a word from any language to the borrowing
language; the difference lies in the means used for this transmission.
Transcription of proper names from English is often difficult due to a number of
circumstances.
Firstly, the reason for transcriptional difficulties is that the historical development
of English spelling has led to its significant discrepancy with pronunciation, to an
abundance of unpronounceable or pronounced different letters and letter
combinations in different words.
The second difficulty, essential for the transcription of English names and titles,
is the absence in the Russian language of a number of phonemes available in English.
Third, names may have different pronunciations in different countries of the
English language.
Fourthly, it is rather a rule, and not an exception, such a situation when an
English proper name in its graphical form gets to the transcriptor, without phonetic
transcription or special indications of pronunciation.
Intercultural and interlingual contacts have a long history. Names and names
have long been borrowed from one language to another, undergoing a variety of
distortions or changing their appearance in the course of the development and
transformation of languages. When comparing many proper names that denote the
same objects in different languages, it is often noticeable how dissimilar they are.
Transposition. In addition to transcription and transliteration, in the practice of
borrowing and transferring names, there is another poorly studied principle - the
principle of etymological correspondence, or transposition. Transposition consists in
the fact that proper names in different languages, which differ in form, but have a
common linguistic origin, are used to convey each other. In some cases, the
transposition is applied regularly, in others - sporadically.
The principle of transposition is also used in Russian-English correspondences,
but already in special cases, and it concerns primarily historical and biblical names,
as well as the names of monarchs.
The following translation practice has long developed: the names of monarchs
and religious figures are transmitted, as a rule, by the method of transposition. In
other words, King James should be called in Russian not James, but Jacob. The Pope
is named John Paul in Russian, not John Paul or Giovanni Paolo.
In our case, when translating proper names in phraseological units, the use of
transposition was not revealed.
Tracing.
46
Along with transliteration for linguistic units that do not have a direct
correspondence in the translating language, tracing is sometimes used - reproduction
of not sound, but combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the
component parts of a word (morpheme) or phrase (lexeme) are translated by the
corresponding elements of the translating language. Calculation as a translation
technique served as the basis for a large number of different kinds of borrowings in
intercultural communication in cases where transliteration was unacceptable for
aesthetic, semantic or other reasons.
The historical development of languages shows numerous examples of
interlanguage correlation, most often on a functional basis, for example, the Russian
suffixes -el, -chik / shchik / 'nick, -ets, etc. correlate with the English suffixes - er / or,
-ist; Russian prefixes not-, without- are directly associated with the English prefixes
un-, in / im-, non-. Due to intensive interlanguage interaction, many European
languages include common line morphemes, for example: -ist, -ism, -op, -dis, -ion,
etc. Many root morphemes also have a direct correspondence in Russian and English.
A large number of phrases in the political, scientific and cultural fields are
practically tracing copies.
Unlike transcription, tracing is not always a simple mechanical operation of
transferring the original form into the translating language; often you have to resort to
some transformations. First of all, this concerns the change in case forms, the number
of words in a phrase, affixes, word order, morphological or syntactic status of words,
etc.
As for proper names, which do not have their own semantics in the modern
language, then in relation to them the question of translation, of course, does not
arise, and the analogy with the forms of transmission of realities ceases here.
As for the translation of proper names that are part of the phraseological unit, it is
advisable to note that tracing is not used as one of the ways of transferring the name
of the IP.
2.5 Analysis of phraseological units of the English language with proper

names
As a result of a continuous sample from the English-Russian phraseological

dictionary, we selected 260 phraseological units with a proper noun component.
Phraseological units, which include biblicalisms, exist in the languages of all
countries, the history of which is in one way or another connected with Christianity.
However, no other language has experienced such a noticeable influence of the Bible
as English. For centuries, the Bible has been the most widely read and quoted book in
England. Not only individual words, but also whole idiomatic expressions entered the
English language from its pages. To this day, Bible study is compulsory in schools in
England. Every year, new editions of the Bible appear, intended for various social
groups and segments of the population, designed for people of different ages. The
result is a wide penetration into the language and frequent use of biblical expressions.
47
Biblical references are common in English literature. As for the proper names in
relation to them, the question of translation, of course, does not arise, and the analogy
with the forms of transmission of realities ceases here.
As noted by V.P. Berkov, ˝toonyms are the only group of proper names that
lexicographers of different countries more or less unanimously include in translation
dictionaries˝ [Berkov V.P., 1973: 68]. It is difficult to overestimate the symbolic
socio-psychological and geopolitical significance of toponyms. Biblical place names,
born in the bosom of the Semitic languages, have become lexical units of many
languages, including English and Russian, being borrowed without translation. They
penetrated into English and Russian literature through the texts of Holy Scripture or
indirectly, became an integral part of the vocabulary of both literary languages, and
carry a huge social, historical and emotional burden. The correct use of toponyms is
of no small importance for the conduct of intercultural communication, because the
objects they designate have played an important role in the history of Christendom.
These can be both the names of non-preserved objects and geographical points
(Babylon - Babylon, Sodom and Gomorrah - Sodom and Gomorrah), and the names
of objects that still exist, but have different sizes, features of geographical location,
other natural resource, demographic, economic and military potentials (Nazareth -
Nazareth, Egypt - Egypt).
Among the registered components-toponyms of the biblical phraseological units
of the English and Russian languages, we have identified:
1. Five astionyms - names of cities: Babylon - Babylon, Gomorrah - Gomorrah,
Nazareth - Nazareth, Sodom - Sodom, Zion - Zion. Here are the phraseological units
that include these astionyms:
So, the toponym Babylon - Babylon (the capital of Chaldea, one of the oldest
cities in the world) is registered as part of the following phraseological units: the
confusion of Babylon - Babylonian pandemonium, lady (whore) of Babylon -
Babylonian harlot.
Eden - Eden (Eden) (the area where God planted a garden-paradise in the
beginning, placed Adam and Eve in it and instructed them to cultivate and protect the
Garden of Eden) is found in the English phraseological unit the garden of Eden, the
Russian analogue of which is the earthly paradise, the Garden of Eden does not
contain the required toponym.
Gilead - Gilead (mountainous country across the Jordan River) is found in FE
balm in Gilead - balm in Gilead - consolation, tranquility (a medicinal substance
produced by the Pistacia lentiscus tree that grew in the area).
The toponyms Sodom - Sodom and Gomorrah - Gomorrah (ancient cities, whose
inhabitants were evil and sinful, for which the Lord decided to exterminate them) are
found in the phraseological unit Sodom and Gomorrah - Sodom and Gomorrah - a
vicious, sinful place, as well as in the English phraseological unit the apple of Sodom
- rotten, but beautiful fruit, deceptive success, and the Russian FE Sodom sin,
meaning the sin of same-sex love.
Zion - Zion (allegorical name for the heavenly city) is found in PU to be at ease
in Zion - to rest, enjoy.
48
2. Among the components of the English and Russian biblical phraseological
units (hereinafter referred to as BFE), one khoronim (name of the country) Egypt -
Egypt is recorded.
The toponym Egypt - Egypt - (a country of Northeast Africa along the banks of
the Nile, in which the Jews were in slavery before fleeing to the Promised Land) is
present in such BFE as corn in Egypt - an abundance of smth. and the flesh-pots of
Egypt - Egyptian pots of meat - a symbol of lost wealth. In other phraseological units,
the toponym is represented by adjectives formed from it, which sometimes get their
own life and are used in phrases, characterizing objects and phenomena that are far
from a geographical name (Egyptian darkness - Egyptian darkness - thick, hopeless
darkness; Egyptian slave - Egyptian work (labor) - hard, exhausting work; Egyptian
plague (s) - Egyptian (s) execution (s) - cruel, destructive disasters).
3. One hydronym (proper name of the water body) - Siloamskaya (Font) (a body
of water located in the south of the Jerusalem Temple) is also registered. The waters
of Siloam were considered sacred and traded; in FE Font Siloamskaya.
4. Fixed one oronim (name of the mountain) - Golgotha - Golgotha (a hill in the
vicinity of Jerusalem, on which Jesus Christ was crucified on the Cross).
Golgotha is a symbol of moral suffering, torment; asceticism, recorded in the
Russian phraseological unit to ascend to Golgotha - to accept torment, suffering.
So, toponyms that are components of biblical phraseological units, being a kind
of symbols, contain endless cultural and historical information. The interpretation of
the meanings of such names cannot be analyzed deeply enough without the presence
of extralinguistic information about the denotation. The correct use of such
international toponymic symbols is of great importance in the implementation of
intercultural communication, because designate objects of particular importance in
the history of Christendom.
In addition to phraseological units with a proper name taken from the Bible, in
English, as in the languages of other European peoples who are the heirs of ancient
culture, there are many proverbs, aphorisms and figurative expressions that arose
among the ancient Greeks and Romans.
2.6 Translation of proper names in phraseological units

In order to identify the features of the translation of proper names in
phraseological units, it is necessary to begin with a brief dwelling on the methods that
are used in the translation of the phraseological units themselves.
The best way to translate a phraseological unit is undoubtedly the use of the
corresponding phraseological unit in Russian. The use of this method provides not
only the transfer of meaning, but also the recreation of the imagery and
expressiveness of the English expression. Therefore, in all cases where it is possible
to give a phraseological translation, the translator should prefer it to other methods,
which will be discussed below:
49
We will call a phraseological equivalent such a figurative phraseological unit in
the Russian language, which fully corresponds in meaning to some kind of English
phraseological unit and which is based on the same image.
The group of phraseological units translated using equivalents includes, first of
all, the so-called international expressions, i.e. phraseological units that exist in most
European languages and are related by a common origin from one source. Usually
these expressions are of a biblical-mythological or literary character.
Hereinafter, examples will be used, the sources of which are the English-Russian
phraseological dictionary of A.V. Kunin. - ed. 4th, revised and supplemented / Kunin
A.V. - M .: Nauka, 1984 .-- 942p .; Course of phraseology of modern English:
textbook. allowance for in-tov and fak. foreign lang. - 3rd ed. / A.V. Kunin. - Dubna:
Phoenix +, 2005. - 488p., As well as the scientific publication of Ermolovich D.I.
Proper names: theory and practice of interlanguage transmission / D.I. Ermolovich. -
M .: R. Valent, 2005 .-- 416s.
Sources of such phraseological equivalents are:
1.ancient mythology:
Achilles' heel - Achille's heel - weak, easily vulnerable spot;
2. historical events:
Draconian Laws - Draconion Laws - harsh laws, named after the Dragon, the
legendary Greek legislator of the 7th century. BC e.; meet one's Waterloo - to be
defeated, to suffer a final defeat (the source is the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, as a
result of which Napoleon was defeated)
3.Literary works:
Aladdin's lamp - Aladdin's lamp - Aladdin's magic lamp - a talisman that fulfills
all the wishes of its owner - from the fairy tale "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", "A
Thousand and One Nights");
4. Similar situations:
rob Piter to pay Paul - literally: rob Peter to pay Paul, that is, to support one at the
expense of the other; to give Roland for an Oliver - give someone a decent answer,
successfully parry
With an equivalent translation of phraseological units, proper names included in
them are transferred into Russian in most cases using transcription and transliteration
Pandora’s box - Pandora's box - The name is associated with the unexpectedness
of the discovery of the cave in the studied area and its mystery. A labyrinth-type cave
in limestone with one entrance.
Achilles ’heel - Achilles 'heel - a post-Homeric myth transmitted by the Roman
poet Hyginus tells that Achilles' mother, Thetis, wanted to make her son's body
invulnerable and for this she dipped him into the sacred river Styx. She held him by
the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained the only
vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.
Augean stable (s) - Augean stables - according to legend, manure has not been
exported from the Augean stables for years; cleaning the Augean stables in one day
was one of the exploits of Hercules.
50
Lares and Penates (book) - lares and penates, what creates comfort, a home (lares
and penates in ancient Roman mythology are the patron gods of the home),
the thread of Ariadne (book) - Ariadne's thread, a guiding thread, a way to help
get out of a predicament (the daughter of the Cretan king Ariadne, giving the Greek
hero Theseus a ball of thread, helped him get out of the labyrinth).
The following expressions are associated with Homer's poems The Iliad and The
Odyssey:
Homeric laughter - Homeric laughter (the turn is associated with Homer's
description of the laughter of the gods);
Penelope's web - Penelope's weaving, pull-back tactics;
between Scylla and Charybdis - between Scylla and Charybdis, in a hopeless
position;
Phraseological units that came to the English language from the literature of
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are endowed with extraordinary colorfulness and
expressiveness, this explains their prevalence not only in English, but also in other
languages of the world.
In Russian and English, there are also the following phraseological units with
personal names:
Gordian knot - the Cordian knot is a difficult task, a confusing business;
Balaam's ass - a submissive, silent person who, unexpectedly for those around
him, expressed his opinion or protest;
Cain's seal - the brand of Cain - imprint, trace, external signs of crime;
Procrustean bed - the Procrustean bed - that which is the yardstick for something,
to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted.
Sources of such equivalents are:
1.ancient mythology:
Achilles' heel - Achille's heel - weak, easily vulnerable spot;
Also, when translating phraseological units, which include proper names, the
latter are often transmitted using descriptive translation (while only a part of the
proper name is transmitted into Russian).
As for example, in English - John Barleycorn in Russian is rendered as John
Barley grain, an expression known from the first half of the 17th century, gained
particular popularity thanks to the ballad of R. Burns. Phraseologism means alcoholic
beverage.
However, lacunar phraseological units most fully reflect the specifics of the
language, for it is they that are associated with the customs, realities, and historical
facts of a particular country. Hobson's choice - literally: "Hobson's choice", forced
choice, no choice. By the name of a certain Hobson, the owner of a paid stable in
Cambridge in the 16th century, who obliged his clients to take only the horse closest
to the exit.
So, phraseological units with personal names reflect traditions, beliefs of the
people, they also show the ability to penetrate into other languages and enrich them.
In modern English, there are many phraseological units, the main function of
which is to enhance the aesthetic aspect of the language. Many phraseological units
51
occurred in connection with customs, realities, historical facts, but most of the
English phraseological fund in one way or another arose thanks to literary works.
Phraseologisms borrowed from American fiction. A lot of PUs came to England
from the USA. They refer to intra-lingual borrowings. Some of these phraseological
units were at one time created by American writers and are widely used in modern
English speech.
The creators of many revolutions are known.
W. Irving: a Rip Van Winkle - "Rip Van Winkle", a retarded man (named after
the hero of one story who slept for twenty years). [Irving W. "Rip Van Winkle" 1954:
347].
F. Cooper: the last of the Mohicans - the last of the Mohicans [Cooper F. "The
Last of the Mohicans", 1825: 248]. The Mohicans are an extinct tribe of North
American Indians.
The number of phraseological units borrowed from American fiction is not as
large as the number of phraseological units created by English writers. But it should
be noted that the Americanisms given above have the most vivid imagery and
increased expressiveness in comparison with the statements of English writers.
In modern English, there are many phraseological units, the main function of
which is to enhance the aesthetic aspect of the language. Many phraseological units
occurred in connection with customs, realities, historical facts, but most of the
English phraseological fund in one way or another arose thanks to literary works.
The works of the famous English classic W. Shakespeare are one of the most
important literary sources in terms of the number of phraseological units that have
enriched the English language. Their number is over a hundred. Here are some
examples of the most common Shakespearianisms.
Hamlet [Shakespeare W. Hamlet, 1601: 189]:
To out-Herod Herod - surpass Herod himself in cruelty.
"Merchant of Venice" [W. Shakespeare "The Merchant of Venice", 1610: 254]:
A Daniel come to judgment is an honest, discerning judge.
In modern English, Shakespearianisms can be used with some modifications.
A large number of phraseological units created by Shakespeare came into general
use, which testifies to the linguistic genius of Shakespeare and his colossal
popularity.
XVIII century:
J. Arbuthnot:
John Bull - "John Bull" (a mocking nickname for the British). The phrase was
first used by the court physician J. Arbuthnot in the satirical pamphlet "Law is a
Bottomless Pit" [Arbertnot J., 1712: 165], later republished under the title "The
History of John Bull".
D. Defoe:
man Friday - Friday; the faithful servant (named after the faithful servant in
Robinson Crusoe); [Defoe D. "Robinson Crusoe", 1719: 352].
19th century
52
J. Poole: Paul Pry is a prying man, an overly curious person [Poole J. Paul Pry,
1846: 374].
R.L.Stevenson: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", a person
who embodies two principles - good and evil (named after the hero of the story "The
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"). [Stevenson R.L. The Strange Story of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1886: 216].
Many phraseological units were not created by the writers themselves, but only
thanks to the latter they became widespread in modern English.
Phraseological analogues. The number of phraseological units that coincide in
meaning and imagery in the English and Russian languages is relatively small. Much
more often the translator has to use Russian phraseological unit, similar in meaning to
English, but based on a different image, such as: make hay while sun shines - strike
while the iron is hot; to get out of bed on the wrong side - get up on the wrong foot;
out of the frying pan into fire - from the fire to the fire, etc. We will call such Russian
phraseological units a phraseological analogue to an English expression, the use of an
appropriate analogue provides an equally adequate translation of an English
phraseological unit, as in the case of the existence of a phraseological equivalent.
It often happens that an English phraseological unit corresponds not to one, but
several Russian phraseological units with a similar meaning. The English expression
not for love or money is analogous to Russian phraseological units: for no price or
anything in the world, which differ in the degree of expressiveness. The translator
chooses one of the analogues, taking into account the specifics of the context.
As already noted, the use of an equivalent and a corresponding analogue best of
all ensures the adequacy of the phraseological unit translation. However, in many
cases the translator does not have the opportunity to resort to "phraseological
translation", and he has to use other, non-featureological methods of translation.
When using this type of translation of phraseological units, proper names are
usually not transferred due to the fact that even if there are expressions in the Russian
language that fully correspond to English in meaning and stylistic coloration, such
expressions cannot be used in translation. Thus, the English expressions to carry
coals to Newcastle and what will Mrs. Grundy say fully correspond to Russian
phrases “to go to Tula with your samovar” and “what will Princess Marya
Alekseevna say”, however, it would be absurd to force an Englishman to use words
such as “Tula” and “samovar” or flaunt quotes from “Woe from mind. "
When analyzing phraseological units selected from the phraseological dictionary,
which include proper names, it turned out that analogs in the Russian language exist
for the following phraseological units:
When Adam delved and Eve span who was then a gentleman? when Adam
plowed and Eve spun, where was the genealogy then the tree?
I'm all right, Jack! it would be good for me
They dodged as much work as possible and generally assumed the manner
“I’m all right Jack” - They avoided work as best they could and generally acted
on the principle “if only I felt good”
Jack of all trades jack of all trades
53
We had the smartest, most loyal coachman, handyman, Jack of all trades you ever
saw - We had a coachman - a wonderful worker and loyal servant. Plus a jack of all
trades. You will not find another like this.
Jack of all trades and master of none to take on everything and not really be able
to do anything
the land of Nod dreamland
do at Rome as Romans do not go to a strange monastery with their own charter
These examples perfectly illustrate the fact that in the presence of a Russian
analogue, proper names in the composition of English phraseological units do not
have direct correspondences and are not transmitted, with the exception of the first
example. According to the English-Russian phraseological dictionary A.V. Kunin,
this phraseological unit is translated using an analogue, however, we are of the
opinion that this phraseological unit was transmitted into Russian using an
equivalent, which explains the presence in it of the Russian onomastic
correspondence transmitted by transcription.
Tracing
Sometimes the translator, trying to preserve the figurativeness of the original
when translating a phraseological unit that has neither an equivalent nor an analogue
in the Russian language, resorts to the verbatim transfer of the image contained in the
foreign original. This method can be used if, as a result of tracing, an expression is
obtained, the imagery of which is easily perceived by the Russian reader, and does
not create the impression of unnaturalness and unnaturalness of the generally
accepted norms of the Russian language.
Now we will consider phraseological units, the component of which are proper
names and for the transmission of which tracing is used (in some cases, a descriptive
translation is added to tracing paper):
a a Beau Brummel - "handsome Brummel, dandy, dandy
the Great Stillness - "great silence", death
something is rotten in the state of Denmark - "something has rotted in the Danish
kingdom"
Rome was not built in one day - "Rome was not built in one day"
Paris is worth a mass - it is worth compromising for the obvious benefit
the curse of Scotland - "the curse of Scotland", nine of tambourines
the Admirable Crichton - "incomparable Crichton", scientist, educated man,
pundit
the Little Corporal - "little corporal" (nickname of Napoleon)
according to Cocker - "as according to Cocker", correctly, exactly, according to
all the rules
Hamlet with Hamlet left out (Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark) - "Hamlet
without the Prince of Denmark", i.e. something devoid of the most important thing,
the very essence
go to Canosa - to go to Canosa ", publicly repent, humiliate himself before
someone, asking for forgiveness
54
all shall be well, Jack shall have Jill - "everything will be fine, and Jill will get
Jack"
Brown, Jones and Robinson - "Brown, Jones and Robinson", simple, ordinary
Englishmen
bend the bow of Ulysses - "bend the bow of Odysseus", ie to do anything
extremely difficult. In this case, to transfer the English proper name Ulysses into
Russian, the traditional match Odysseus is used.
Since tracing in itself is a literal translation, it is quite natural that proper names
with this method of translating phraseological units into Russian are transmitted using
transcription and transliteration.
Descriptive translation
If any English phraseological phrase does not have an equivalent or an analogue
in the Russian language, and a literal translation could lead to incomprehensible
literalism, the translator has to abandon the transfer of figurativeness and use a
descriptive translation, i.e. explanation of the meaning of phraseological units using a
free combination of words.
Of course, the figurative phraseological unit to cut somebody off with a shilling
is more expressive than the simple disinheritance, so a descriptive translation is
always associated with a certain loss. The same tendency can be noted in the
descriptive translation of phraseological units with proper names:
not to know somebody from Adam - not to have the slightest idea about
someone, not to know someone by sight
since Adam was a boy - a long time ago, from ancient times, from time
immemorial
the Augustan Age - the golden age of literature and art
the Arab of the gutter - street boy, street child, street child
it bangs Banagher - it surpasses everything, it's incredible
be off for Bedfordshire - go to bed, on the side (Bedfordshire is the name of an
imaginary county formed from the word bed bed)
talk Billingsgate - swear like a bazaar trader (Billingsgate is the name of a large
fish market in London)
Billy Bunter is a voracious fat clumsy teen
go out like a Bondi - hastily leave, run away, sneak away (a hint of trams going
fast in the direction of Bondi, a suburb of Sydney)
appeal to Caesar - 1) appeal to the highest authority, to the highest authority 2)
appeal to voters in a general election
render into Caesar the things that are Caesar’s - Caesar’s Caesar’s, i.e. pay tribute
to everyone
to fight like Kilkenny cats - fight until mutual destruction, fight for life and death
Darby and Joan is an old loving married couple
Colney Hatch - 1) mental hospital, insane asylum (named after the village in
Middlesex County, where the mental hospital was opened) 2) insanity, mental illness
send somebody to Coventry - boycott someone; stop communicating with
anyone; ignore anyone
55
spoil the Egyptians - profit from the enemy
Jack in the row cellar - unborn child, baby in the womb
appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober - asking someone to think soberly and
reconsider a hasty decision
to give Roland for an Oliver - give someone a decent answer, successfully parry
put on the Ritz - dress smartly, flaunt expensive outfits
On the basis of the above examples, we can conclude that in the descriptive
translation of phraseological units, proper names that are part of them are not
transferred into Russian.
Combined translation. In cases where the Russian analogue does not fully convey
the meaning of the English phraseological unit or has a different specific flavor of
place and time, a tracing translation is given, and then there is a descriptive
translation and a Russian analogue.
When translating phraseological units with a proper name component, combined
translation is the most common. And in this case, IP is either transcribed or not
transmitted at all. Let's look at examples of such turns:
(as) old as Adam - old as the world, the past has grown
Cupid's bow - lips curved like a bow, bow lips
Dutch courage - hop bravery, drunken prowess, knee-deep sea
when Greek meets Greek, then comes the rug of war - "when worthy rivals meet,
the battle cannot be avoided", found a scythe on a stone
Tom Tiddler's ground - 1) a place of easy money; bonanza 2) disputed territory,
no man's land
every Jack has his Jill - "every Jack has his own Jill", each dove has his own
turtle dove
patient as Job - patient as Job, with angelic patience
Johny on the spot is a person who is always ready to act. always in place; a
person you can rely on; magic wand
not on your Nelly - you won't wait, pipes; keep your pocket wider, not for any
gingerbread, not for anything in the world
(even) Homer sometimes nods - everyone can make a mistake; for every sage,
simplicity is enough. The etymology of this expression is Latin - indignor, quandoque
bonus dormitat Homerus - I feel annoyed every time dear Homer slumbers (that is,
makes a mistake in something)
The choice of translation method depends on the context, for example, a
sentence:
Homer sometimes nods and Shakespeare can write can write passages of empty
rhetoric should be translated as follows: Anyone can make a mistake, and
Shakespeare has little meaningful vocabulary.
So we examined in which cases proper names are transmitted as part of
phraseological units, and in which not. And on the basis of this, the following
conclusions can be drawn about this chapter:
56
is one of its main paradoxes. After all, if we turn to the origin, to the etymology of
names, it will be found that almost all personal names were not invented arbitrarily,
but had at their core some meaning, another thing is that this meaning, or "internal
form", is not always realized by native speakers , but is the property of special
dictionaries or reference books.
tracing.
of it are not transferred into Russian at all. This is due to the fact that proper names
well known to the English reader do not say anything to the Russian reader. When
comparing various methods of translating nationally colored phraseological units, it is
necessary to take into account that the literal translation conveys the national flavor
of the original well, although sometimes a note may be needed due to the fact that the
scaled image may not be clear enough. Knowing well the advantages and
disadvantages of each of the possible translation methods. the translator in each case
chooses the one that best suits the conditions of the context.
57
Conclusion
1. Phraseology is the science of phraseological units, i.e. about stable

combinations of words with complicated semantics, which are not formed by
generating structural-semantic models of variable word combinations. VV
Vinogradov identified three types of phraseological units: phraseological adhesions,
phraseological unity and phraseological combinations.
Phraseological stability is the volume of invariance inherent in various aspects of
phraseological units, which determines their reproducibility in a ready-made form
Four general indicators of stability form the minimum phraseological stability:
stability of use, semantic complexity, separate formality, impossibility of forming a
variable combination of words according to the generating structural-semantic model.
There are three main types of phraseological meaning: idiomatic,
idiophraseomatic, phrasematic.
By origin, English phraseological units can be divided into four groups: native
English, interlingual borrowings, intralingual borrowings, as well as phraseological
units borrowed in a foreign language.
is one of its main paradoxes. After all, if we turn to the origin, to the etymology of
names, it will be found that almost all personal names were not invented arbitrarily,
but had at their core some meaning, another thing is that this meaning, or "internal
form", is not always realized by native speakers , but is the property of special
dictionaries or reference books.
tracing.
58
of it are not transferred into Russian at all. This is due to the fact that proper names
well known to the English reader do not say anything to the Russian reader. The
analysis showed that phraseological units with a component of IS is characterized by
a complete loss of IS of literal meaning in the process of phraseologization. However,
in the presence of a Russian equivalent of an English phraseological unit, the proper
name that is part of it is transferred into Russian, since it carries the main semantic
load. With a tracing translation of phraseological units, a proper name, which is its
component, also has an onomastic correspondence in Russian. In the last two cases,
transliteration or transcription is used to convey a proper name.
When comparing various methods of translating nationally colored
phraseological units, it is necessary to take into account that the literal translation
conveys the national flavor of the original well, although sometimes a note may be
needed due to the fact that the scaled image may not be clear enough. Knowing well
the advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible translation methods. the
translator in each case chooses the one that best suits the conditions of the context.
6. The total number of analyzed examples was 260 phraseological units with a
proper noun component, taken from the English-Russian phraseological dictionary of
A.V. Kunin. Quantitatively and qualitatively, the initial sample is provided sufficient
for the analysis of translation laws of the transmission of a proper name as part of
7. General assessment of the adequacy of the transmission of proper names when
classifying by the method of translation of phraseological units, which they are part
of, allows them to be ranked according to the degree of desirability of their use by
translators: phraseological equivalents and tracing - transcription, transliteration;
phraseological analogues - the absence of onomastic correspondences when
transmitted into Russian.
59
List of used literature
1 Amosova N.N. Phrasemes as a kind of phraseological units of the English
language / Problems of phraseology: Research and materials / ed. A.M. Babkin. - M.
- L., 1964. - 326s.
2 Balli Charles French stylistics: trans. from fr. / K.A. Dolinina. - M .: Phoenix,
1961 .-- 25p.
3 Barkhudarov L.S. Language and translation / L.S. Barkhudarov. - M .:
International relations, 1975. - 65p.
4 Belyaevskaya E.G. Semantics of a word / E.G. Belyavskaya. - M .: R. Valent,
1987 .-- 57s.
5 Blokh M.Ya., Semenova T.N. Personal names in paradigmatics, syntagmatics
and pragmatics / M.Ya. Blokh, T.N. Semenov. - M .: Gothic, 2001 .-- 68p.
6 Bolotov V.I. On the question of the meaning of proper names / East Slavic
onomastics / V.I. Bolotov. - M .: Nauka, 1978 .-- 57p.
7 Vinogradov V.V. Basic concepts of Russian phraseology as a linguistic
discipline / Proceedings of the anniversary scientific session of Leningrad State
University / V.V. Vinogradov. - L .: Nauka, 1946 .-- 78p.
8 Vinogradov V.V. Basic types of lexical meanings of a word / V.V.
Vinogradov. - L .: Science, 1953. - 97s.
9 Garagulya S.I. English personal name as an object of study of language, history
and culture / S.I. Garagulya. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2002 .-- 35p.
10 Grigorieva G.S. Phraseological units with zoonyms in the aspect of the theory
of nomination (based on the material of modern English): author. dis. ... Cand. philol.
Sciences / G.S. Grigoriev. - Odessa, 1985 .-- 24p.
11 Ermolovich D.I. Functional and semantic basis of individualizing signs: dis. ...
Cand. philol. sciences / D.I. Ermolovich - Moscow: Nauka, 1981. - 85p.
12 Ermolovich D.I. Proper names at the junction of languages and cultures / D.I.
Ermolovich. - M .: R. Valent, 2001 .-- 134s.
13 Ermolovich D.I. Proper names: theory and practice of interlanguage
transmission / D.I. Ermolovich. - M .: R. Valent, 2005 .-- 67s.
14 Zhukov V.P. Semantics of phraseological turns / V.P. Zhukov. - M .: Phoenix,
1978. - 67s.
15 Zaitseva K.B. English stylistic onomastics: lecture notes / K.B. Zaitsev. -
Odessa: ed. Odessa. state un-ta them. I.I. Mechnikov, 1973 .-- 206s.
16 Kaplunenko A.M. Historical and functional aspect of English idioms / A.M.
Kaplunenko. - Tashkent: Printing, 1991. - 43p.
17 Katzer Yu.M., Kunin A.V. Written translation from Russian into English: a
practical course / Yu.M. Katzer, A.V. Kunin. - M .: Higher. shk., 1964. - 234p.
18 Kommisarov V.N. A word about translation: an outline of the linguistic
doctrine of translation / V.N. Kommisarov. - M .: Mezhdunar. relations, 1973 .-- 59p.
19 Kommisarov V.N. Linguistics of translation: textbook. manual for universities
/ V.N. Kommisarov. - M.: Mezhdunar. relations, 1980. - 53p.
20 Kommisarov V.N. Translation theory (linguistic aspects) / V.N. Kommisarov.
- M.: Higher. shk., 1990 .-- 154s.
60
21 Kopylenko M.M., Popova Z.D. Essays on general phraseology / M.M.
Kopylenko, Z.D. Popov. - Voronezh: Voice, 1989 .-- 67p.
22 Koralova A.L. The nature of the informativeness of phraseological units:
collection of articles. scientific. tr / A.L. Koralova; MGPII them. M. Toreza. - M:
Science, 1980. - 168p.
23 Kunin A.V. The basic concepts of phraseology as a linguistic discipline and
the creation of the English-Russian phraseological dictionary: author. dis. … Dr.
Filol. Sciences / A.V. Kunin. - M .: Mezhdunar. relationship, 1964. - 306s.
24 Kunin A.V. Charles Bally's phraseology theory: IYASH / A.V. Kunin. - M .:
Nauka, 1966 .-- 99p.
25 A. V. Kunin English phraseology: textbook. manual for universities / A.V.
Kunin. - M .: Nauka, 1964 .-- 64p.
26 Kunin A.V. Phraseology of modern English: textbook. manual for universities
/ A.V. Kunin. - M .: Phoenix, 1972 .-- 53p.
27 A. V. Kunin Course of phraseology of modern English: textbook. allowance
for in-tov and fak. foreign languages / A.V. Kunin. - Dubna: Phoenix +, 2005 .--
247s.
28 Losev A.V. Philosophy named after / A.V. Losev. - M .: Publishing house of
Moscow State University, 1990 .-- 68p.
29 Melerovich A.M. The semantic structure of phraseological units in the modern
Russian language: author. dis. ... Cand. philol. Sciences / A.M. Melerovich;
Kostroma state ped. in-t them. ON. Nekrasov. - Kostromak, 1980 .-- 251p.
30 Perkas S.V. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of the lingo-stylistic
potential of toponyms in modern English: author. dis…. Cand. philol. sciences / S.V.
Percas. - M .: Nauka, 1980. - 67s.
31 Polishchuk N.V. Nominative status of interjection phraseological units of the
modern English language and features of their contextual use: author. dis. ... Cand.
philol. sciences / N.V. Polishchuk - M .: Rus. ed., 1988 .-- 27p.
32 Roizenzon L.I., Abramets I.V. Combined homonymy in the sphere of
phraseology / L.I. Roizenon, I.V. Abramets. - Moscow: Nauka, 1969. - 85p.
33 Roizenon L.I., Malinovsky S.A., Khalyutin A.D. Essays on the formation of
phraseology as a linguistic discipline / L.I. Roizenon, S.A. Malinovsky, A.D.
Khalyutin. - Samarkand: Book, 1975 .-- 78p.
34 Romanova N.B. The evolution of some phraseological units with a zoonym
component in the light of the theory of nomination (in the language of the New
England period: dis. ... candidate of philological sciences / NB Romanova. - M .:
Nauka, 1987. - 29p.
35 Sarkisyan E.I. Attributive proper personal names in modern English: author.
dis. ... Cand. philol. sciences / E.I. Sargsyan. - M .: Phoenix, 1960 .-- 62s.
36 Smirnitsky A.I. On the question of the word (the problem of separateness of
the word) / Questions of theory and history of language / editorial board: G.
Aleksandrov and others - M .: Nauka, 1952 .-- 82s.
37 Smith L.P. Phraseology of the English language / per. from English A.R.
Ignatieva / L.P. Smith. - M .: Education, 1959 .-- 39p.
61
38 Stupin L.P. On the place of proper names in the lexical composition of the
language. / Vopr. general and romance-Germanic. linguistics / L.P. Stupin - Ufa,
1965 .-- 154s.
39 Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper name / A.V. Superanskaya. -
M .: Nauka, 1973 .-- 76p.
40 Superanskaya A.V., Staltmane V.E. Theory and methodology of onomastic
research: textbook. manual for universities / A.V. Superanskaya, V.E. Staltman. -
M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 139p.
41 Shadrin N.L. On the separate formation and stability of phraseological units as
a prerequisite for their occasional transformations: Questions of English
phraseology / N.L. Shadrin. - Pyatigorsk, 1973 .-- 254p.
42 Sharashova M.K. On the meaning of proper names: Semantics of linguistic
units / M.K. Sharashov. - M .: Physical culture, education, science, 1996. - 61p.
62
List of used dictionaries
1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhmanova - M .:

Nauka, 1966 .-- 250
2. Kondakov N.I. Logical dictionary-reference / Otv. ed. D.P. Gorsky. - M., 1975
3. V.P. Koneckaya lexical and semantic characteristics of linguistic realities /
Great Britain. Linguistic and Cultural Dictionary / V.P. End. - M .: Education,
1978 .-- 350
Kuzmin S.S .. Shadrin N.L. Russian-English Dictionary of Proverbs and
Sayings / S.S. Kuzmin, N.L. Shadrin. - M .: Education, 1989. - 458
4. Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. - Ed. 4th, revised and
supplemented / A.V. Kunin. - M .: Nauka, 1984 .-- 942
5. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. - Oxford, 1972-1986
6. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. - Harlow and London, 1979
7. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. - Oxford Press, 1988
63
Application
64
Phraseological units with a component proper name
1 honest (or old) Abe Amer. "Honest (or old) Abe" (nickname for
President Abraham Lincoln)
2 God’s Acre euph. cemetery [by this. German der Gottesacker]
3 According to Cocker - "like Cocker", right, exactly
4 the Admirable Crichton "incomparable Crichton", scientist, educated
man, pundit [named after the famous Scottish scientist]
5 the Dutch act Amer. jarg. suicide
6 read the Riot Act 1) order the crowd to disperse (by reading the "law
against riot") [the Riot Act - law on the protection of public peace and order;
valid since 1715) 2) dec. reprimand, scold (someone); scold (someone); chew
(anyone)
7 Adam's ale (or wine) joke. "Adam's wine", water
8 not to know somebody from Adam inf. do not have the slightest idea of
anyone, do not know anyone by sight
9 the old Adam "old Adam", the sinfulness of human nature [allusion to
the fall of Adam]
10 (as) old as Adam old as the world, the past has grown
11 one's outward Adam Amer. rare joke. mortal flesh, body
12 since Adam was a boy inf. a very long time ago, from ancient times,
from time immemorial
13 when Adam delved and Eve span who was then a (or the) gentleman?
when Adam plowed and Eve spun, where was the genealogy tree?
14 Adam's apple Adam's apple, Adam's apple
15 the Age of reason the age of rationalism
16 the Augustan Age golden age of literature and art
17 perfidious Albion "perfidious Albion" (England's nickname)
18 the Royal Alfred austral. roll-up, belongings, all belongings
(especially a gold digger)
19 the Alpha and Omega alpha and omega, the essence, the most
essential [by this. bibl. Revelation; alpha is the first, omega is the last letter
of the Greek alphabet]
20 discover America discover America, talk, announce what everyone
has known for a long time
21 Merry Andrew est. jester, buffoon, gayer
22 the Arab of the gutter street boy, street child, street child
23 must have come out of the Ark 1) (of smb.) Fell from the moon (it
speaks of a person who does not understand the real situation) 2) (of smth.)
A century ago (cf. under King Peas)
24 in the arms of Morpheus in the arms of Morpheus, in a dream
65
25 the articles of Faith 1) the dogmas of the church, the foundations of any
religion 2) the symbol of faith, creed
26 Balaam's ass "Valaam's donkey", a silent, submissive person who suddenly
spoke up, protested
27 try to sweep back the Atlantic with the broom "try to sweep the Atlantic
Ocean with a broom", try to do the impossible
28 laugh like little Audrey "laugh like little Audrey" laugh heartily (especially
when in a difficult situation)
29 Bacchus has drowned more men then Neptune pos. "Bacchus drowned more
people than Neptune", i.e. wine has killed more people than the sea
30 it bangs Banagher it surpasses everything, it is incredible, incomprehensible;
unheard of, it doesn't seem like anything
31 Teddy bear teddy bear, teddy bear (children's toy) [named after T. Roosevelt -
a lover of bear hunting]
32 be off for Bedfordshire go to bed, on the side [Bedfordshire is the name of an
imaginary county, formed from the word bed bed]
33 a man of Belial the wicked
34 talk Billingsgate swearing like a bazaar vendor [Billingsgate is the name of a
large fish market in London]
35 Billy Bunter is a voracious fat clumsy teen
36 the Arabian bird phoenix
37 the bird of Jove book. eagle
38 the bird of Juno book. peacock
39 the bird of Minerva book. owl
40 the bird of Washington col. american eagle
41 California blankets California blankets
42 go out (go through or shoot through) like a Bondi austral. make haste to leave,
run away, slip away [hint of trams heading fast towards Bondi, Sydney suburb]
43 The Book of Books bible, scripture
44 kiss the Book kiss the bible (when sworn in court)
45 bend the bow of Ulysses "bend the bow of Odysseus", ie. do anything
extremely difficult
46 Cupid's bow lips, curved like a bow; Cupid's bow
47 Pandora's box Pandora's box, the source of all sorts of disasters
48 astonish the Browns challenge public opinion
49 Brown, Jones and Robinson "Brown, Jones and Robinson", simple, ordinary
Englishmen (cf. Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov)
50 a Beau Brummel "handsome Brummel", dandy, dandy [J. B. Brummel - the
famous dandy of his time]
51 bull of Bashan - "Bashan bull", a healthy, strong man with a thunderous voice;
trumpet of jericho
52 go for a Burton 1) (of smb.) Go into battle and not return, die (about the pilot)
2) (of smb. Or smth.) Perish, abyss, perish
66
53 appeal to Caesar 1) book. turn to the highest authority, to the highest authority
2) polit. Make a Call to Voters in General Election
54 render into Caesar the things that are Caesar's book. to Caesar what is
Caesar's, i.e. pay tribute to everyone
55 the brand of Cain Cain's seal
56 what in Cain ... Amer. colloquial what the hell?
57 go to Canosa book. “Go to Kanos”, publicly repent, humiliate himself before
someone, asking for forgiveness [like Emperor Henry IV before Pope Gregory VII in
Kanos in 1077]
58 a Jim Crow car Amer. Jim car
59 the cask of Danaides book. Danaid barrel, bottomless barrel
60 fight like Kilkenny cats
61 grin like Cheshire cat
62 good-time Charlie inf. disapproved reveler, rake, playboy
63 a proper Charlie col. neglected round stuffed fool
64 Hobson's choice forced choice, lack of choice [named after a certain Hobson,
the owner of a stable in Cambridge in the 16th century, who obliged his clients to
take only the horse closest to the exit]
65 the city of Angels Amer. "City of angels" (Los Angeles)
66 the City of Вrotherly Love "city of brotherly love" (Philadelphia)
67 the City of Magnificent Distances (Washington)
68 the City of Notions "haberdashery city" (Boston)
69 the City of One Hundred Hills (San Francisco)
70 the City of Saints Montreal
71 the City of Seven Hills "city on seven hills (Rome)
72 the City of the Falls (Louisville)
73 the Crescent City Crescent City (New Orleans)
74 the Empire City "imperial city" (New York)
75 the Eternal City "eternal city (Rome)
76 the Federal City "federal city" (Washington)
77 the Forest City (Cleveland)
78 the Garden City (Chicago)
79 the Golden City "golden city" (city of San Francisco)
80 the Granite City "granite city" (Aberdeen in Scotland)
81 the Puritan City, Boston
82 the Quaker City Philadelphia
83 the Queen City of the Lakes "queen of lakes" (Philadelphia)
84 the Queen City of the Mississippi "Queen of Mississippi" (St. Louis)
85 the Queen City of the Pacific Pearl of the Pacific (San Francisco)
86 the Queen City of the West "Pearl of the West" (Cincinnati)
87 the Windy City (Chicago)
88 the Darby and Joan club seniors club
89 Darby and Joan is an old loving married couple
67
90 carry coals to Newcastle "carry coal to Newcastle", ie. to carry something to
where it is already enough (compare to go to Tula with your samovar)
91 wear the King's coat to serve in the English army
92 according to Cocker inf. "As according to Cocker", correctly, exactly,
according to all the rules [E. Cocker - the author of the English textbook of
arithmetic]
93 Colney Hatch 1) mental hospital, lunatic asylum [after the village in
Middlesex, where the mental hospital was opened in 1851] 2) insanity, mental illness
94 Hail Columbia Amer. jarg. scolding, scolding
95 a Job's comforter unapproved. unfortunate comforter
96 Dutch concert who is in the forest, who is for firewood
97 corn in Egypt abundance, abundance of anything
98 the Little Corporal "little corporal" (nickname of Napoleon I)
99 Dutch courage hop courage, drunken prowess; reckless
100 cousin Betty inf. idiot, fool
101 send somebody to Coventry to boycott someone; stop communicating with
anyone; ignore anyone
102 the Admirable Crichton "incomparable Crichton", scientist, educated man,
pundit [named after the famous Scottish scientist]
103 the curse of Cain
104 the curse of Scotland "curse of Scotland", nine of tambourines [similar to the
coat of arms of the Earl of Steir, who caused hatred in Scotland with his pro-English
policy]
105 Dame Fortune Mrs. Fortune, fate
106 Dame Nature Mother Nature
107 Damon and Pythias Damon and Pythias, bosom, inseparable friends
108 from Dan to Beersheba from Dan to Beersheba, i.e. from one end of the
country to the other; everywhere, everywhere
109 dance Macabre dance of death [allegorical depiction of death]
110 a Daniel come to judgment 1) righteous, impartial judge
2) a wise man
111 David and Jonathan David and Jonathan, inseparable friends
112 every day is not Sunday "Sunday - once a week, not seven", not all
Shrovetide
113 Turkish delight Turkish Delight
114 clever Dick clever
115 dispensation of Providence
116 cross the great Divide go to another world, die
117 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the man in whom the good and the evil prevail
118 double Dutch gibberish
119 the Dutch have taken Holland discovered America!
120 I'm a Dutchman if I'll be damned if; I will not, if; I give my head to cut off
that; fail me at this very place, if
121 spoil the Egyptians take advantage of the enemy
68
122 in plain English straightforward (cf. I speak Russian to you)
123 murder the King's English distort English
124 can the Ethiopian change his skin? leopard change his spots
125 set the Thames on fire to do something unusual, out of the ordinary; get the
moon out of the sky
126 Promethean fire Promethean fire, an unquenchable pursuit of lofty goals and
ideals
127 by George! I swear by Saint George !, by God !, God knows !, honestly !,;
damn it !, here they are!
128 let George do it let someone else do it, what does it matter to me, let
someone else be responsible
129 garden of Eden paradise on earth
130 let her go, Gallagher! full speed ahead !, let's start !, come on, come on!
131 set the Thames on fire to do something unusual, out of the ordinary; get the
moon out of the sky
132 a girl Friday "right hand", assistant, reliable worker
133 go Dutch pay everyone for themselves
134 I fear the Greeks, even when bringing gifts
135 it is Greek to me this is completely incomprehensible to me; this is a Chinese
letter for me
136 when Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war "when worthy rivals
meet, the battle is inevitable"; found a scythe on a stone
137 Tom Tiddler's ground 1) a place of easy money; bonanza 2) disputed
territory, no man's land
138 Hamlet with Hamlet left out (Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark) Hamlet
without the Prince of Denmark. something devoid of the most important, basic, very
essence
139 Achilles 'heel Achilles' heel, weak, vulnerable spot
140 a Herculean labor Herculean labor, extremely difficult task
141 (even) Homer sometimes nods everyone can make a mistake; enough
simplicity for every wise man
142 the Holy of Holies
143 a Trojan horse Trojan horse, hidden danger; subversive, sabotage activities
144 all shall be well, Jack shall have Jill
145 climb like a steeple Jack
146 every Jack has his Jill "Every Jack has his own Jill"; each dove has its own
turtle dove
147 I'm all right, Jack would be good for me
148 Jack Frost Santa Claus, Frost Red Nose
149 Jack Horner Smug Boy
149 jack in office arrogant, self-important official, bureaucrat
150 Jack in the row cellar unborn child, baby in the womb
151 Jack is as good as his master
152 Jack Johnson heavy shell
69
153 Jack Ketch Executioner
154 Jack of all trades jack of all trades
155 Jack of all trades and master of none to take on everything and not really be
able to do anything
156 Jack of both sides is the one who serves both ours and yours
157 Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper
158 Union Jack state flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
159 drive like Jehu
160 patient as Job patient as Job with angelic patience
161 John Barleycorn John Barley Corn
162 a coal-oil Johnny moot
163 Johnny head-in the-Air a man in the clouds, out of this world
164 Johnny on the spot a person who is always ready to act, always on the spot; a
person you can count on; magic wand
165 the Last Judgment
157 a Judas kiss Judas kiss, Judas kiss, treacherous kiss
158 the knight of Rueful Countenance
159 the Gordian knot
160 a labor of Sisyphus labor, hard and fruitless labor
161 Jacob's ladder "Jacob's ladder", a ladder leading up to heaven
162 Lady Luck Mistress Fortune Mistress Luck
163 at the latter Lammas never; after the rain on Thursday
164 Aladdin's lamp Aladdin's magic lamp
165 rub Aladdin's lamp "rub Aladdin's lamp", i.e. easily. how to magically fulfill
your desire
167 the land of Nod sleep; dreamland
168 Lares and Penates hearth, native land
169 in Fortune's lap in a streak of luck, good luck
170 the last of the Mohicans
171 Homeric laughter
172 thieves 'Latin thieves' jargon
173 by the Lord Harry! hell!
174 Platonic love
175 (as) proud as Lucifer proud as the devil, arrogant, arrogant
176 (as) old as Methusilah
177 if mountain will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet must go to the mountain if
the mountain does not go to Mahomet, then Mahomet goes to the mountain, a person
must submit to the inevitable
178 (as) mad as March hare mad, demented; out of your mind; completely lost
my mind
179 I'm from Missouri; you’ve got to show me I don’t believe words, present
evidence
180 Man Friday Friday, faithful loyal servant
70
181 March comes in like lion and goes out like a lamb "March comes like a lion
and leaves like a lamb"
182 what will Mrs. Grundy say? what will people say? (cf. what will Princess
Maria Alekseevna say?)
183 Nice Nelly Prude, Guardian of Morals
184 not on your Nelly you won't wait, pipes; keep your pocket wider, not for any
gingerbread, not for anything in the world
185 Job's news sad news, news of misfortune
187 shoot Niagara embark on a risky venture, take a desperate step
188 all’s quiet along the Potomac “everything is calm on the Potomac”, there is
no reason for alarm (compare everything is calm on Shipka)
189 rise like a Phoenix from the ashes
190 Paris is worth a mass "Paris is worth a mass", it is worth compromising for
the obvious benefit
191 a Chinese puzzle
192 Puss in Boots
193 fly in the face of Providence to tempt fate
194 appeal form Philip drunk to Philip sober asking someone to think soberly and
reconsider a hasty decision
195 rob Peter to pay Paul to support one at the expense of the other; take from
one to give to another (cf. Trishkin caftan)
196 a Nosey Parker the man who pokes his nose everywhere is overly curious
197 go over to Rome convert to Catholicism
198 do at Rome as Romans do live with wolves - howl like a wolf, do not go to a
strange monastery with their own charter
199 cross the Rubicon cross the Rubicon, dare to take some irrevocable step
200 to give Roland for an Oliver to give someone a decent answer, parry
successfully
201 put on the Ritz dress smartly. flaunt expensive outfits
202 another Richmond in the field another unexpected contender
203 raise Cain 1) make a noise, shout, row, scandal 2) make a riot
204 fiddle while Rome burns have fun during a popular disaster (cf. a feast
during a plague)
205 Rome was not built in one day "Rome was not built in one day" (cf. Moscow
was not built immediately)
206 hey, Rube! here, ours are beaten!
207 all roads lead to Rome all roads lead to Rome
208 between Scylla and Charybdis between Scylla and Charybdis, between two
fires
209 something is rotten in the State of Denmark “something has rotted in the
Danish kingdom”; some kind of filth started
210 Lombard Street to a china orange is a sure thing, no doubt about it; I give my
head to cut off
211 Indian summer
71
212 when two Sundays come in one week
213 Augean stables
214 a good Samaritan
215 Sodom and Gomorrah sodom and omer, a vicious, sinful place
216 Satan rebuking sin "Satan rebuking sins"; who would speak, whose cow
would moan
217 throw a sop to Cerberus "to appease Cerberus", to calm down an indignant,
displeased person
218 the slough of Despond
219 even Stephen in half, equally
220 talk United States speak with an American accent
221 the Great Stillness death
222 Coronation Street street populated by workers
223 Fleet Street English press
224 Harley Street doctors, medical world
225 a Sunday saint "saint on Sundays," a sinner posing as a righteous man, a
prude
226 be born within the sound of Bow (-) bells to be born in London
227 before you could say Jack Robinson immediately, instantly; immediately.
right; in no time, in the blink of an eye, did not even have time to blink an eye
228 Tom Thumb baby, midget, midget; Tom Thumb
229 a doubting Thomas Thomas the Unbeliever
230 the thread of Ariadne Ariadne's thread
231 a turn of Fortune's wheel
232 work like a Trojan
233 Siamese twins conjoined twins
234 catch a Tartar you can't meet the enemy
235 Sunday-school truth common truth
236 turn Turk to become rude, irritable
237 talk to somebody like a Dutch uncle exhort, scold, scold someone
238 Uncle Sam 1) "Uncle Sam", USA 2) American
239 Uncle Tom 1) "Uncle Tom", a submissive, long-suffering Negro servant 2)
henchman, a traitor to the Negro people
240 the vicar of Bray unprincipled man, renegade, opportunist
241 a Cadmean victory Pira's victory
242 Naboth's vineyard "Naboth's vineyard", the object of envy, lust
243 Cassandra's warnings "Cassandra's prophecy", warnings that are neglected
but come true
245 meet one's Waterloo to be defeated, to be defeated
246 Penelope's web tactic of braces, deliberate delay in resolving an issue
247 what do you think this is - Bush week (or Christmas)? 1) why are you
making such a stir, making such a stir? 2) this number will not work
248 the whore of Babylon
249 Caesar's wife must be above suspicion Caesar's wife must be above suspicion
72
250 wish somebody at Jericho
251 come Yorkshire over somebody
252 May and December young wife and old husband
253 a Mark Tapley a person who does not lose heart under any circumstances.
254 the devil can cite Scripture for his purpose
255 King Charles's head obsession, "fad"
256 break Priscian's head break grammar rules
257 a wooden Indian man with an impenetrable face; silent and withdrawn
258 a Jimmy Woodser the man drinking alone
259 keep up with the Joneses to look up to the Johnsons ", try to live no worse
than others, live beyond our means to keep up with others
260 Mrs. Thing Mrs. "How's Her There"
73

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Международный университет SILKWAY

Турсынбек Акниет Торебеккызы

Specificity of the translation of phraselogical units from English into Russian

Кафедра Иностранная филология

На тему: «Specificity of the translation of phraselogical units from English into

1 Phraseology as an object of к.ф.н. Файзиева Ноябрь

8. График выполнения дипломной работы (проекта)

Дата выдачи задания «____» _______________ 20___г.

Задание принял: студент ______________ Турсынбек А.

The relevance of the study is due to a comprehensive approach to the problem

1.1 Charles Bally's phraseology theory

1.2 Formation of phraseology as a linguistic discipline

The theory of complete equivalence of phraseological units to a word deserves

1.4 The volume of phraseology in the concepts of domestic scientists

1.5 Stability of phraseological units

Definition of phraseological stability. The most important issue in the theory of

1.6 Phraseological semantics

Types of values in the field of phraseology. The complexity of lexical semantics

1.7 Origin of phraseological units

In this chapter, we will dwell in more detail on the problems of translation

2.1 Features of the signification of a proper name

2.2 Phraseologisms of the English language with a component - a proper

Onomastics as a branch of lexicology has emerged as a special science due to the

2.4 Principles of onomastic correspondence formation

2.5 Analysis of phraseological units of the English language with proper

As a result of a continuous sample from the English-Russian phraseological

2.6 Translation of proper names in phraseological units

1. Phraseology is the science of phraseological units, i.e. about stable

1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhmanova - M .:

7. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. - Oxford Press, 1988

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