FINAL REPORT

ON
Six Months Industrial Training
At
ALCATEL-LUCENT NETWORK MANAGEMENT SERVICES
INDIA LTD.
(BROADBAND AND TELEPHONE SERVICES)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

B-TECH DECREE IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING

BY

MANINDER SINGH
GUGR NANAK DEV ENGG COLLEGE LUDHIANA ECE-7TH Semester
UNIV ROLL NO..7140406251

UNDER THE ABLE GUIDENCE OF

PROF.NARWANT SINGH GREWAL Mr. RAMNIK PATHEJA

H.O.D. ECE Deptt. Designation-- A.M TECHNICAL
GURU NANAK DEV ENGG COLLEGE LUDHIANA.

1
 FINAL REPORT

Name Of Company/Organization ALCATEL-LUCENT MANAGEMENT

SERVICES INDIA LTD.

Address RAJIV GANDHI

TECHNOLOGY
PARK,PLOT
NO.21,CHANDIGARH

Name Of Project allotted(if any) DSL TECHNOLOGY & ITS

APPLICATIONS

Report Period of Training from 1ST JULY To 30TH DEC 2010

Deptt/Branch/Section where training going on TECHNICAL (NOC O&M)

TRANING MANAGER/GUIDE SUBMITTED BY:

Name Mr. RAMNIK PATHEJA Name MANINDER SINGH

Designation A.M. Branch B.Tech (ECE)

Department TECHNICAL Univ.Roll No. 7140406251

Contect no..9530631272,

2
 Learning is not attained by chance. It must be sought for with ardor &
attended to with diligence. – ABIGIAL ADAMS.

Training in an organization like “BHARI AIRTEL LIMITED” which is

fuelled by the individuals with so much zest & energy, tearing up to form a
formidable force, was in itself a true learning experience which is going to
help me in my carrier. There is no substitute to “Teamwork”, this is one of
the many lessons I learnt during my training at “Bharti Airtel Limited”.

I feel greatly privileged to register my deepest gratitude to my highly

revered supervisor Mr. BALJINDER SINGH under whose insightful
supervision, this training program was successfully completed. They
worked on the project as advisors & offered their help when needed in
every aspect of the project.

I would also like to thank Mr. Ramnik Pal Singh Patheja & Mr. Ajay
Kumar for their valuable guidance, suggestions, constructive criticism &
thought provoking discussions which were a must for the accomplishment
of the entire work done. They were a source of inspiration &
encouragement for me throughout my training period.

The vibrant contributions on the part of Mr. Devinder Singh , Mr.

Amit Thakur, Mr. Amandeep Singh (Engineers, NOC Deptt) was beyond
doubt filled me with enthusiasm & fervor towards my work and gives me
intense understanding of Broadband & Telephony Services offered by
Bharti Airtel Limited.

I would like to explain my gratefulness to Prof.NARWNAT SINGH

GREWAL (H.O.D., ECE) who organized this industrial training unleashing the
technical knowledge gained so far.

3
telecom revolution where innovations are taking place at the Blink of an eye, it is impossible
to keep the pace with the emerging trends. In organization where Making Things Right in the
first instance is the driving motto. Perfection and ac
With the ongoing curacy are inevitable.

Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is
the environment that the makes sure that the whether the results of this
attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and
evaluated industrial helps a lot in inculcating a professional attitude. It
provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an
awareness of industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad
understanding of process and mode of operation of organization.

During this period, the students get the real, first hand experience for
working in the actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that
has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart
from this, the students get an opportunity ti learn the latest technology,
which immensely helps them in building their career.

I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which

increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent. I was entrusted with a
real life project, working on which had finally made me step into the
ongoing telecom revolution and gradually become a part of it. And all the
credit goes to organization Bharti which in true self made the telecom
revolution happen.

4
 Table of contents
TOPIC PAGE NO

Preface 1
Acknowledgement 2
Table of contents 3-5

Chapter 1 Alcatel-Lucent 6
1.1 Company Introduction 7
1.2 Organization 7
1.3 Innovation & Technology 8
1.4 At the Origin of Telecommunications 8-9
1.5 Company Partners 10
1.6 Companys Strategic Objectives 10- 11

Chapter 2 Airtel
2.1 Training Objective 12
2.2 Focus of the project 13
2.3 Organization Profile 14-15
2.4 Business Strategy 16
2.5 Company Achievements 17-20

Chapter 3 Technical Department Hierarchy

3.1 Branches of Bharti 21
3.2 Accomplishments 22
3.3 Company Structure
3.3.1 Corporate Structure 23
3.3.2 Management Structure 24
3.4 Bharti's Network Design for Voice and Data 25
3.5 Airtel Broadband and Telephone Services 26-28
3.6 Fixed line Services 29

5
Chapter 4 DSL Technology & Applications
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Sailent Features of DSL 30-32
4.3 Transmission rate dependency 32
4.4 Basic requirements of DSL 32
4.5 Various DSL technologies 33
4.6 Some important factors linked with DSL
4.6.1 Splitter based vs Splitterless DSL 34
4.6.2 Modulation Techniques 34
4.6.3 Factors affecting the experienced data rate 34-37
4.6.4 Splitting the signal 37-38
4.6.5 Using DMT 38
4.7 ADSL Summary table 39

Chapter 5 DSL Working & its Competences

5.1 Working of DSL

5.1.1 Operation 40
5.1.2 Equipments 41-43
5.1.3 Protocols and Configuration 43
5.2 IFR Key Functional Responsibilities 43
5.3 Working flow of DSL 44
5.4 Proces flow of Voice 45
5.5 DSL Data Flow 46
5.6 Competing Technologies for DSL 47
1) DSL vs Dial up 48
2) DSL vs ISDN 49
3) DSL vs Cable Modem 50
5.7 Advantages & Disadvantages of DSL 51-52

Chapter 6 Study of DLC

6.1 Basics of DLC in voice & Data 53-54
6.2 Operation & Management (O & M) 55-56
6.3 Work Domains and their functions 56
6.4 Commissioning & Installation 57

6
 6.5 ISDN BRI and PRI 57-59
6.6 Lease Line Commissioning 59
6.7 Network Planning and Troubleshooting 59-60

Chapter 7 Network Operating Centre( NOC )

7.1 What is NOC? 61
7.2 Managed Service & NOC overview 62
7.3 Types of DSLAMS/ CARDS 62-63

Chapter 8 Introduction to LDAP

8.1 Introduction 64
8.2 LDAP: Protocol or Directory 64
8.3 Overview of LDAP architecture 65
8.4 Function of LDAP 65-68
8.5 Bill Generation 69-70

Chapter 9 Operations Support System

8.1 Introduction 71-73

Chapter 10 MRTG NORTH

9.1 Introduction 74-78
9.2 How Does it work? 78
9.3 Features 78-80

Chapter 11 Alarm Monitoring 81

• Network Security issues and action implemented 82

• Conclusions 82
• References 83
• Glossary of Terms 84-85

7
8
 CHAPTER-1

Alcatel Lucent

1.1 Company Introduction

Alcatel-Lucent’s vision is to enrich people’s lives by transforming the way the

world communicates. Alcatel-Lucent provides solutions that enable service providers,

enterprises and governments worldwide, to deliver voice, data and video communication

services to end-users. As a leader in fixed, mobile and converged broadband access,

carrier and enterprise IP technologies, applications, and services, Alcatel-Lucent offers

the end-to-end solutions that enable compelling communications services for people at

home, at work and on the move.

Alcatel-Lucent was formed when Alcatel merged with Lucent Technologies on

December 1, 2006. With more than 77,000 employees and operations in more than

130 countries, Alcatel-Lucent is a local partner with global reach. The company has one

of the largest research, technology and innovation organizations focused on

communications — Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs — and the most experienced global

services team in the industry. Alcatel-Lucent achieved revenues of Euro 15.2 billion in

2009, and is incorporated in France, with headquarters in Paris.

1.2 Organization

With a strong focus on complete solutions maximizing value for customers, Alcatel-

Lucent is organized around four business groups and three geographic regions. The

Application Software Group focuses on developing and maintaining innovative software

9
products for its global customer base. The Carrier Product Group serves fixed, wireless

and convergent service providers with end-to-end communications solutions. The

Enterprise Product Group focuses on meeting the needs of business customers as well

as the Industry & Public Sector. The Services Group designs, deploys, manages and

maintains networks worldwide. The company's geographic regions are the Americas;

Europe, Middle East, and Africa; and Asia Pacific and China.

1.3 Innovation & Technology

Alcatel-Lucent is one of the largest innovation powerhouses in the communications

industry, representing an R&D investment of Euro 2.4 billion, and a portfolio of more

than 27,500 active patents spanning virtually every technology area. At the core of this

innovation is Alcatel-Lucent’s Bell Labs, an innovation engine with researchers and

scientists at the forefront of research into areas such as multimedia and convergent

services and applications, new service delivery architectures and platforms, wireless

and wireline, broadband access, packet and optical networking and transport, network

security, enterprise networking and communication services and fundamental research

in areas such as nanotechnology, algorithmic, and computer sciences.

1.4 At the Origin of Telecommunications

Alcatel-Lucent has been at the forefront of telecommunications since the birth of the

industry in the late 19th century. The company’s roots span two continents and

encompass two early pioneering companies — La Compagnie Générale d'Electricité

(CGE) and the Western Electric Manufacturing Company.

10
Western Electric began in 1869 Elisha Gray and Enos N. Barton started a small

manufacturing firm based in Cleveland, Ohio. By 1880, the company had relocated to

Chicago, Illinois and become the largest electrical manufacturing company in the U.S.

Western Electric was noted for its production of a variety of electrical equipment,

including the world's first commercial typewriters, telegraph equipment and Thomas A.

Edison's electric pen. In 1881 the American Bell Telephone Company — founded by

Alexander Graham Bell and forerunner of American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) —

purchased a controlling interest in Western Electric and made it the exclusive developer

and manufacturer of equipment for the Bell telephone companies.

Our Vision - Definition of future success

To enrich people’s lives by transforming the way the world communicates.

Our Mission - Purpose and path to realize the vision

To use our unique capabilities to ensure that our customers thrive, our business

grows and we enrich the personal communications experience for people around the

world.

Our Values - A system of shared beliefs that are at the heart of everything we do.

Customers First: We exist to serve our customers. Our success will be determined

by how well we perform for our customers.

Innovation: We are intuitive, curious, inventive, practical and bold, which allows us

to create new ideas for our customers, our business and employees. These ideas

come from anywhere throughout our global operations.

Teamwork: Success requires teamwork. We are collaborative and respect the

11
 contributions of each person to the team’s success.

Respect: We are a global company with many cultures. We respect and embrace

people and perspectives from all over the world.

Accountability: We do what we say we will do. We own a collective responsibility

towards customers, colleagues, communities and shareholders.

1.5 Company Partners:

The company has a joint venture with Bharti Airtel Limited.

1) Alctel lucent manages Airtel landline network and perform O & M services

2) Alcatel-Lucent install new network equipment and perform Augmentation of old

networks. The company’s mobile network partners include Ericsson, Nokia, Siemens

and IT partners include IBM.

1.6 Companys Strategic Objectives

The Company has developed the following strategies to achieve its strategic objective:

• Focus on maximizing revenues and margins;

• Capture maximum telecommunications revenue potential with minimum

geographical coverage;

• Offer multiple telecommunications services to provide customers with a "one-stop

shop" solution;

• Position itself to tap data transmission opportunities and offer advanced mobile

data services;

12
• Focus on satisfying and retaining customers by ensuring high level of customer

satisfaction

• Leverage strengths of its strategic and financial partners.

CHAPTER-2

Airtel
13
2.1 TRAINING OBJECTIVE

1. To get exposed to the industrial environment.

2. To have a basic understanding of the culture, work ethics and trade related
work practices at the Organization, i.e. Airtel Broadband and Telephone
Landline Ltd., with which the I was associated for a period of 18-20 weeks.

3. To have an opportunity to observe the processes, procedures and standards

that the industry uses to ensure quality, productivity and economy of the
products or services that it undertakes & get a first hand work experience to
work within the industry.

4. To relate my current level of knowledge with the industrial experience:

• In the form of generating reports on the basis of observation.

• Generate a model of its operations or processes or work flow.

2.2 FOCUS OF THE PROJECT

14
This project follows an approach of analyzing and understanding various aspects of
backend network technologies used. These technologies namely ADSL (ATM and Fast
Ethernet) are used to provide high speed Internet access to the subscribers. Various
plans have been introduced by Bharti Telenet Ltd. to target various customers. The
documentation encounters an insight to above-mentioned technologies used for
providing high-speed Internet connections. DSL backend is responsible for planning,
provisioning and maintenance of ISP services.

Functioning of DSL, various types and broadband services offered by Bharti

Televentures Ltd. have been mentioned in the module. Competing technologies
including cable, ISDN, and dial-up have been compared with DSL. Associated hardware
and protocols have been studied.

2.3 ORGANISATION PROFILE

15
Sunil Bharti Mittal
(Group Chairman and Managing Director)

"As we spread wings to expand our capabilities

and explore new horizons, the fundamental
focus remains unchanged: seek out the best
technology in the world and put it at the service
of our ultimate user: our customer."
Sunil Bharti Mittal (Chairman and Group
Managing Director)

Bharti Tele –ventures limited was incorporated on July 7, 1995 for promoting
investments in telecommunications services. Its subsidiaries operate telecom services
across India. Bharti Tele-ventures is India’s leading private sector provider of
telecommunications services based on a consisting of approximately 8.37 million total
customers which constitute, approximately 7.67 million mobile and approximately
704,000 fixed line customers, as of June 30, 2004.
Established in 1985,
Bharti has been a pioneering force in the telecom sector with many firsts and
innovations to its credit, ranging from being the first mobile service in Delhi, first
private basic telephone service provider in the country, first Indian company to provide
comprehensive telecom services outside India in Seychelles and first private sector
service provider to launch National Long Distance Services in India. As of July 31,
2002, Bharti had approximately 2,112,000 customers – nearly 1,772,000 mobile,
221,000 fixed line and 119,000 Internet customers.

Its services sector businesses include mobile operations in Andhra Pradesh,

Chennai, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata,
Madhya Pradesh circle, Maharashtra circle, Mumbai, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar
Pradesh (West) circle. In addition, it also has fixed-line operations in the states of

16
 Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh, Haryana, Delhi, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and
nationwide broadband and long distance networks.
Bharti has recently launched national long distance services by offering data
transmission services and voice transmission services for calls originating and
terminating on most of India's mobile networks.
The Company is also implementing a submarine cable project connecting Chennai-
Singapore for providing international bandwidth.
Bharti Enterprises also manufactures and exports telephone terminals and cordless
phones. Apart from being the largest manufacturer of telephone instruments, it is also
the first telecom company to export its products to the USA.

BHARTI TELEMEDIA LIMITED:

Bharti Telemedia Limited, a part of Bharti Enterprises, is India's leading provider of

telecommunications services. The businesses at Bharti Tele-Ventures have been
structured into two main strategic business groups - the MOBILITY Leaders business
group and the INFOTEL Leaders business group. The Mobility business group provides
GSM mobile services across India in twenty-three telecom circles, while the Infotel
business group provides broadband & telephone services, long distance services and
enterprise services. All these services are provided under the Airtel brand.

Bharti Tele-Ventures is one of India's leading private sector providers of

telecommunications services based on an aggregate of 16,561,699 customers as
of November 30, 2005, consisting of 15,416,002 GSM mobile and 1,145,697 broadband
& telephone customers.

Bharti provides complete telephone services and solutions ranging from DSL broadband
Internet access, Leased lines, ISDN services, Unified messaging solutions, a state of
the art high speed communication network
Capable of handling voice, data and video.

Partners:
The company has a strategic alliance with SingTel. The investment made by SingTel
is one of the largest investments made in the world outside Singapore, in the company.
The company’s mobile network partners include Ericsson, Nokia, Siemens and IT
partners include IBM.

2.4 BUSINESS STRATEGY

17
Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective is:
“To capitalize on the growth opportunities that the Company believes
are available in the Indian telecommunications market and
consolidate its position to be the leading integrated
telecommunications services provider in key markets in India, with a
focus on providing mobile services”.
The Company has developed the following strategies to achieve its strategic objective:
• Focus on maximizing revenues and margins;
• Capture maximum telecommunications revenue potential with minimum
geographical coverage;
• Offer multiple telecommunications services to provide customers with a "one-stop
shop" solution;
• Position itself to tap data transmission opportunities and offer advanced mobile
data services;
• Focus on satisfying and retaining customers by ensuring high level of customer
satisfaction
• Leverage strengths of its strategic and financial partners.

Bharti Tele –ventures current businesses –

• Mobile services
• Fixed-line
• National and international long distance services
• VSAT, Internet services and network solutions

2.5 COMPANY ACHIEVEMENTS

1996

18
  Formed Casio Bharti Mobile Communications Limited a joint venture with Casio &
Mitsui of Japan to manufacture & market Radio Pagers.
 Formed Bharti Duraline Pvt. Ltd., a Joint Venture with Duraline Corporation, USA
to manufacture HDPE Ducts.
 Formed a Joint Venture Company Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. with Telecom Italia,
Italy to promote various telecom projects in India.

1997

 British Telecom joined the Consortium of Bharti Cellular.

 BTNL granted License for Madhya Pradesh Fixed Line services.
 Bharti & BT formed a joint venture Bharti BT Limited for a VSAT project.
 Bharti Global granted the license to operate comprehensive telecom services in
Seychelles as Second Operator.

1998

 First ever Indian Private Fixed Line Service launched in Indore, Madhya Pradesh
on 4th June, 1998 by BTNL.
 Bharti BT Internet Limited formed to offer Internet & E-Commerce Services in
collaboration with British Telecom.
 Services launched in Seychelles on 12th December, 1998.
 British Telecom consolidated its shareholding in Bharti Cellular.

1999

 Bharti BT Internet launches Mantra Online Internet services in May.

 EM Warburg Pincus, one of the largest International Private Equity Investors,
joins BTVL.
 Acquired controlling stake in J T Mobiles - Cellular Operator in Andhra &
Karnataka (Now Bharti Mobile Limited).
 Intel takes Equity stake in Bharti Tele-Spatial and Bharti Telesoft.

2000

 New York Life International takes stake in Bharti Cellular.

 Launch of AIRTEL and MAGIC brands in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
 Bharti Telesoft opened its overseas offices in UK & USA.
19
  Singapore Telecom decides to invest in Bharti and becomes partner in BTL &
BTVL.
 Entered into a JV with Singapore Telecom Intnl, for Submarine Cable project
between Singapore-Chennai and Mumbai-Singapore.

2001

 Entered into a joint venture with Singapore Telecom International for

Submarine Cable project between India and Singapore
 Acquired cellular operation from Spice Cell in Kolkata.
 Acquired eight cellular licences as fourth operator for the circles of Mumbai,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, UP (West), Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Madhya
Pradesh.
 Crossed the 1 million subscriber base mark in October 2001.
 Acquired four licences to offer basic services in Delhi, Haryana, Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka circles.
 Punjab license restored to Bharti Mobile by the DoT and migration to NTP-
1999 accepted
 Bharti Telesonic has entered into a license agreement with DoT to provide
National Long Distance Services in India and has been the first service
provider to start service in the country.
 Bharti Aquanet, Bharti Telesonic and Bharti Cellular have entered into license
agreements with the DoT to provide ISP services in India
 Bharti launches India’s first private sector national long distance service under
the brand name IndiaOne.

2002

 Bharti launched cellular services in Punjab

 Bharti listed on the National stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange and
the Delhi Stock Exchange on February 18, 2002.
 Bharti received a letter of intent from the Government of India to provide
international voice services.

2003

 Bharti launched New NDC 9872 for Punjab

20
  Bharti completed 9,00,000 Customers in Punjab.
 Bharti passed milestone of 100 Direct International tie-ups which includes 59
different countries.

2004

 Bharti launched GPRS with 14 International Operator.

 Widest coverage which includes 137 countries and 337 Global Networks.
 Deepest Coverage which includes 16 Indian States and 1400 towns.
 Bharti was the first corporate to launch EDGE in Punjab.
 Bharti started working on launching their cellular services in Jammu &
Kashmir and Rajasthan.

2005

 Bharti Tele-Ventures is the “Indian mobile Operator of the Year 2005”.

 Ericsson & Bharti sign managed capacity expansion contract for rural India.
 Bharti Tele Ventures is Asia’s ‘Best GSM Carrier’.
 Bharti launches Airtel in North East & Assam.

2006
 Bharti’s Profit crosses US $ billion.
 Receives license for providing 2G and 3G mobile services in Srilanka
 Sunil Mittal bags CEO of the Year award
 Airtel joins hand with Microsoft

2007
 Bharti Airtel, telecom major, has come out with a slew of initiatives including
buying out SingTel's 50 per cent stake in joint venture under sea cable
company Network i2i for 0 million.
 Bharti Airtel on Feb 11, has been awarded QCI-DL Shah National Award on
Economics of Quality.
 Airtel signs agreement with HTC for touch screen mobile.

2008
 Bharti’s Profit crosses US $ billion.

21
  Receives license for providing 2G and 3G mobile services in Srilanka
 Ranked 3rd among India’s 500 most valuable companies – Business
Today 2008
 ‘Best Cellular Service Provider’ and ‘Best Broadband Service Provider’ -
2008 V&D 100 Awards.
 Airtel is now a fully ISO 27001:2005 Certified Organization-certified by BSI:
British Standards Institute.

2009

 Bharti’s Profit crosses US $ billion.

 Airtel conferred with "Retailer of the Year -Telecom Services" award at
the Asia Retail Congress 2009.
 Sunil Bharti Mittal became the first Indian to join the Telecom Board of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

2010
 Bharti acquired Warid Telecom.
 Bharti set to acquire Zain Africa BV.
 Bharti Airtel extends partnership with Ericsson.

CHAPTER- 3

22
 Technical Department Hierarchy

3.1 BRANCHES OF BHARTI

3.2 ACCOMPLISHMENTS

23
3.3 COMPANY STRUCTURE

24
3.3.1 CORPORATE STRUCTURE:

3.3.2 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE:

25
3.4 Bharti's Network Design for Voice and Data

26
3.5 AIRTEL BROADBAND AND TELEPHONSERVICES
E1 L

OVERVIEW:
M IN I
DSLAM
27
Bharti Tele-Ventures classifies its long distance business into the following categories:
National long distance, which comprises:

• Setting up infrastructure for carrying long distance traffic.

• Carrying voice and data traffic within the country.

International long distance, which comprises:

• Setting up a landing station to connect to international submarine cable systems

developed by other infrastructure providers to facilitate transmission of international
data traffic.
• Providing international long distance services to carry voice and data traffic.

Fixed line services, which comprises:

• Providing with the landline phone under the unified license

According to the TRAI, the national long distance market generated revenues of
approximately Rs.124 billion (US$2.6 billion) in the year ended March 31, 1999, with
an estimated 54% of the revenues from inter-circle traffic and the balance from intra-
circle traffic. The TRAI also estimates that this market will grow to approximately Rs.240
billion (US$5 billion) by the year ended March 31, 2005.
The Company believes that the following factors will contribute to the growth of the
national long distance market in India:

• Overall growth in the Indian economy leading to increased corporate and residential
demand for national long distance services;
• Reduced tariffs for national long distance calls resulting from increased
competition;
• Improved service quality and the expected introduction of new services, such as
pre-paid calling cards and value added services;
• Increased usage of lease-line and toll-free calling services by businesses
• Increasing globalization of Indian businesses leading to increased international
voice and data transmission through national long distance networks to
international gateways.

Bharti Tele-Ventures has entered into a license with the DoT to provide national long
distance voice and data services across India and is deploying an advanced fiber optic
network across

India to provide such services to corporate and residential customers. Bharti Tele-
Ventures

28
has launched its national long distance services for data transmission services and for
voice transmission services under the name Airtel - long distance services.

The Company has constructed a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which
connects the submarine cable system being deployed by its affiliate to the other
submarine cable systems in order to provide access to international bandwidth. On July
19, 2002 the Company launched India's first private international long distance service.

STRATEGY
Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective for its long distance business is to become the
leading private sector provider of national long distance telecommunications services in
key Indian markets. To achieve the Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective, the
Company intends to:

• Leverage its existing strengths, experiences and strong presence in its mobile
and fixed-line businesses;
• Leverage its corporate brand and superior customer services to capture a
sizeable market share;
• Roll-out its network as promptly and efficiently as possible by constructing its own
infrastructure in high revenue and dense population areas while leasing
bandwidth in service areas that have lower demand levels.
• Offer new and innovative value added services to its key customers.

Airtel long distance services have 1000 crores turnover in merely 8 months. It is the first
ILDO and has 21,500 km advanced OFC network

• Overall growth in the Indian economy leading to increased corporate and residential
demand for national long distance services;
• Reduced tariffs for national long distance calls resulting from increased
competition;
• Improved service quality and the expected introduction of new services, such as
pre-paid calling cards and value added services;
• Increased usage of lease-line and toll-free calling services by businesses
• Increasing globalization of Indian businesses leading to increased international
voice and data transmission through national long distance networks to
international gateways.

Bharti Tele-Ventures has entered into a license with the DoT to provide national long
distance voice and data services across India and is deploying an advanced fiber optic
network across

India to provide such services to corporate and residential customers. Bharti Tele-

29
Ventures

has launched its national long distance services for data transmission services and for
voice transmission services under the name Airtel - long distance services.

The Company has constructed a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which
connects the submarine cable system being deployed by its affiliate to the other
submarine cable systems in order to provide access to international bandwidth. On July
19, 2002 the Company launched India's first private international long distance service.

STRATEGY
Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective for its long distance business is to become the
leading private sector provider of national long distance telecommunications services in
key Indian markets. To achieve the Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective, the
Company intends to:

• Leverage its existing strengths, experiences and strong presence in its mobile
and fixed-line businesses;
• Leverage its corporate brand and superior customer services to capture a
sizeable market share;
• Roll-out its network as promptly and efficiently as possible by constructing its own
infrastructure in high revenue and dense population areas while leasing
bandwidth in service areas that have lower demand levels.
• Offer new and innovative value added services to its key customers.

Airtel long distance services have 1000 crores turnover in merely 8 months. It is the first
ILDO and has 21,500 km advanced OFC network

3.6 FIXED LINE SERVICES

OVERVIEW
The map below depicts the location of, and provides certain market information for,
Bharti Tele-Ventures' existing fixed-line circles in India:

30
(1) Area estimates are from the National Census, 2001.
(2) Population estimates are from the National Census, 2001 are
(3) DELs as on March 31, 2002. Based on data released in Parliament questions and
Government statistics as per The Financial Express dated June 10, 2002.

CHAPTER- 4

DSL Technology & Applications

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DSL

31
 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for bringing high-
bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper
telephone lines. xDSL refers to different variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, and
RADSL. Assuming your home or small business is close enough to a telephone
company central office that offers DSL service, you may be able to receive data at
rates up to 6.1 megabits (millions of bits) per second (of a theoretical 8.448 megabits
per second), enabling continuous transmission of motion video, audio, and even 3-D
effects. More typically, individual connections will provide from 1.544 Mbps to 512
Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps upstream. A DSL line can carry both data and
voice signals and the data part of the line is continuously connected. DSL installations
began in 1998 and will continue at a greatly increased pace through the next decade
in a number of communities in the U.S. and elsewhere. Compaq, Intel, and Microsoft
working with telephone companies have developed a standard and easier-to-install
form of ADSL called G.Lite that is accelerating deployment. DSL is expected to
replace ISDN in many areas and to compete with the cable modem in bringing
multimedia and 3-D to homes and small businesses.

4.2 SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF DSL.

 Provides always-on, high-speed data services over existing copper wires to

residences & businesses – POTS service and DSL coexist on same copper
line.
 Lower rate xDSL (upto 1.5 Mbps) is gaining popularity in the residential market
 High performance xDSL (up to 52 Mbps) targets business and high-end users.

DSL-based services provide performance advantages for network service users as

compared to other network access methods. In addition, DSL-based services provide
operational improvements for campus network operators. The Service User (endpoint
location) gains access to a NSP network through a Network Access Provider network.

32
DSL, much like traditional T1 orE1, uses a much broader range of frequencies
than the voice channel. Such an implementation requires transmission of
information over a wide range of frequencies from one end of the copper wire loop
to another complementary device which receives the wide frequency signal at the
far end of the copper loop.

Residential users are being forced to look for Internet access solutions that are
faster than traditional dial-in services to match the ever-increasing computing
power of home PCs, the arrival of interactive games, and the trend to download
content such as MP3 music files and videos from the Internet. The ensuing ‘last
mile’ bottleneck can be ideally eliminated by use of DSL technology.

• In a nutshell, DSL can be described by the following features :

 Broadband Access Technology- Broadband is defined as the

provision of subscriber access at bit rates in excess of 2 Mbit/s (or 1.5 Mbit/s in
the United States). Broadband services are the facilities (switched or non-
switched) that a network operator provides to support broadband applications

33
 via an integrated subscriber access, that is, a single network port that provides
access to all services..

 Simultaneous Access of both internet and telephone services:- DSL

provides a dedicated bandwidth that can be up to 278 times faster than a 28.8-
kbit/s modem, or 62 times faster than ISDN, and up to four times faster than a
T1 line connection. The real advantage DSL modems have over existing dial-up
modems is their ability to accommodate voice and data on a line at the same
time.

 High Speed Internet Access:- A DSL path consisting of two modems on each
end of a twisted-pair telephone line can transfer data rates as high as 52
Mbits/s.

4.3 THE TRANSMISSION RATE DEPENDS ON SEVERAL FACTORS:

• The particular DSL technology used for connection.

• The distance from the central office, sometimes referred to as the last mile or
local loop.
• The wire gauge used in the local loop.

4.4 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF USING DSL:

•Computer-OS-Win 98 SE(Minimum Standard)

• Pentium 2
• 128 MB RAM
• USB/LAN Port

4.5 DSL TECHNOLOGIES:

a. ADSL :
ADSL is called "asymmetric" because most of its two-way or duplex bandwidth is
devoted to the downstream direction, sending data to the user. Only a small
portion of bandwidth is available for upstream or user-interaction messages.

34
 Using ADSL, up to 6.1 megabits per second of data can be sent downstream
and up to 640 Kbps upstream.

b. HDSL :
HDSL (High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line), one of the earliest forms of DSL, is
used for wideband digital transmission within a corporate site and between the
telephone company and a customer. The main characteristic of HDSL is that it is
symmetrical: an equal amount of bandwidth is available in both directions. HDSL
can carry as much on a single wire of twisted-pair cable as can be carried on a
T1 line (up to 1.544 Mbps).

c. RADSL :

RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL) is an ADSL technology form in which software is

able to determine the rate at which signals can be transmitted on a given
customer phone line and adjust the delivery rate accordingly. It delivers from 640
Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream and from 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream over
an existing line.

d. SDSL:

SDSL (Symmetric DSL) is similar to HDSL with a single twisted-pair line,

carrying 1.544 Mbps (U.S. and Canada) or 2.048 Mbps (Europe) each direction on
a duplex line. It's symmetric because the data rate is the same in both directions

e. VDSL :

VDSL (Very high data rate DSL) is a developing technology that promises much
higher data rates over relatively short distances (between 51 and 55 Mbps ).

4.6 Some important factors linked with DSL

4.6.1 SPLITTER BASED vs SPLITTERLESS DSL:

Most DSL technologies require that a signal splitter be installed at a home or

business, requiring the expense of a phone company visit and installation.
However, it is possible to manage the splitting remotely from the central office.

35
This is known as splitterless DSL, "DSL Lite," G.Lite, or Universal ADSL and has
recently been made a standard.

4.6.2 MODULATION TECHNIQUES:

Several MODULATION technologies are used by various kinds of DSL, although

these are being standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Different DSL modem makers are using either Discrete Multitone Technology
(DMT) or Carrierless Amplitude Modulation (CAP). A third technology, known as
Multiple Virtual Line (MVL) is another possibility.

4.6.3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPERIENCED DATA RATE:

DSL modems follow the data rate multiples established by North American and
European standards. In general, the maximum range for DSL without a
REPEATER is 5.5 km (18,000 feet). As distance decreases toward the telephone
company office, the data rate increases. Another factor is the gauge of the copper
wire. The heavier 24 gauge wire carries the same data rate farther than 26 gauge
wire. If you live beyond the 5.5 kilometer range, you may still be able to have DSL
if your phone company has extended the local loop with OPTICAL FIBER cable.
To interconnect multiple DSL users to a high-speed backbone network, the
telephone company uses a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
(DSLAM).The DSLAM connects to an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network
that can aggregate data transmission at gigabit data rates. At the other end of
each transmission, a DSLAM demultiplexes the signals and forwards them to
appropriate individual DSL connections.

While DSL technology offers dramatic speed improvements (up to 8+ Mbps)

compared to other network access methods, the real strength of DSL-based
services lies in the opportunities driven by:
• Multimedia applications required by today’s network users
• Performance and reliability
• Economics

Among all the DSL technologies ADSL is preferred over other technologies
because ADSL is a replacement for dial-up modems and ISDN. ADSL technology
can work at up to 8Mbps download Speed. The most popular services in the UK
currently run at speeds of 512 Kbps, which 9 times faster than a 56K modem and
about 50KB/sec faster than ISDN. Apart from speed, ADSL connection appears to
be always online, so there is no wait to get connected to the
Internet.

Finally, phone calls can be made at the same time as the ADSL link is being

36
used.

The ADSL frequency spectrum is separate from the voice band, and allocates up
and down links to separate and unequal bands.

• Coexistence with voice services.

• Capability of delivering 1.5 to 6 Mbits/s for most existing loops (less than
18,000 ft).

• Capability of delivering full motion video.

• Its asymmetric data-transmitting capability.

ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to

squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition,
many advances have been required in transformers, analog filters, and
analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1
MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing
analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic
ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL
looks simple---transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over
ordinary telephone lines.

37
To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a
telephone line in one of two ways---frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo
cancellation. FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for
downstream data. The downstream path is then divided by time-division
multiplexing into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low-speed
channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low-speed
channels. Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap the
downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation, a
technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique, ADSL
splits off a 4 kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band.

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing

downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into
blocks, and attaches an error correction code to each block. The receiver then
corrects errors that occur during transmission up to the limits implied by the code
and the block length. The unit may, at the user's option, also create superblocks
by interleaving data within subblocks; this allows the receiver to correct any
combination of errors within a specific span of bits. This in turn allows for effective
transmission of both data and video signals.

38
4.6.4 SPLITTING THE SIGNAL:

There are two competing and incompatible standards for ADSL, namely DMT and
CAP. The official ANSI standard for ADSL is a system called discrete multitone, or
DMT. Most of the DSL equipment installed today uses DMT. Carrierless
Amplitude/Phase (CAP) system was used on early installations of ADSL.

39
CAP operates by dividing the signals on the telephone line into three distinct
bands: Voice conversations are carried in the 0 to 4 KHz band, as they are in all
POTS circuits. The upstream channel is carried in a band between 25 and 160
KHz. The downstream channel begins at 240 KHz and limits a maximum to 1.5
MHz. This system with the three channels minimizes the possibility of interference
between the channels on one line, or between the signals on different lines.

4.6.5 USING DMT:

Unlike CAP, which divides the available bandwidth for dedicated transmit and
receive bands, discrete multitone (DMT) divides the spectrum above the voice
frequency up to 256 channels with 4-kHz bandwidth each, often referred to as
tones. The bits in each bin are individually modulated using QAM to create the
symbols.

Fig. DMT divides the frequency spectrum into multiple 4-kHz bands
starting at 26 kHz well separated from the voice band.

Each symbol can hold anywhere from zero to a maximum of 15 bits/s/Hz. This
allows the transmission of up to 60 kbits/s/tone (15 x 4 kHz).
One important feature of DMT is its ability to measure the channel capacity. Based
on the signal-to-noise ratio, a DMT modem decides which channels to use and
how many bits to transmit per tone.

40
4.7 ADSL SUMMARY TABLE:

DATA RATE
DSL DESCRIPTION (Downstream;Upstream DISTANCE APPLICATION
TYPE ) LIMIT
1.544 Mbps at
18,000 feet; Used for Internet
2.048 Mbps at and Web access,
Asymmetric 1.5 to 6.1 Mbps
16,000 feet; motion video, video
ADSL Digital downstream;
on demand, remote
Subscriber Line 16 to 640 Kbps upstream 6.312 Mpbs at
12,000 feet; LAN access
8.448 Mbps at
9,000 feet
1.544 Mbps duplex on T1/E1 service
High bit-rate two twisted-pair lines; 12,000 feet on between server and
Digital 2.048 Mbps duplex on 24 gauge wire phone company or
HDSL
Subscriber Line three twisted-pair lines within a company;
WAN, LAN, server
access

1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S.

and Canada); 2.048 Mbps Same as for HDSL
(Europe) on a single 12,000 feet on but requiring only
SDSL Symmetric DSL duplex line downstream 24 gauge wire one line of twisted-
and upstream pair

12.9 to 52.8 Mbps 4,500 feet at ATM networks;

Very high downstream; 12.96 Mbps; Fiber to the
Digital 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps 3,000 feet at Neighborhood
VDSL Subscriber Line upstream; 25.82 Mbps;
1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps 1,000 feet at
downstream 51.84 Mbps

Adapted to the line, 640

Kbps to 2.2 Mbps Not known Similar to ADSL
RADSL Rate-Adaptive downstream; 272 Kbps to
DSL 1.088 Mbps upstream

41
 CHAPTER- 5

DSL Working & its Competences

5.1 WORKING OF DSL:

5.1.1 Operation :-

The local loop of the Public Switched Telephone Network was initially
designed to carry POTS voice communication and signaling. For reasons of
economy, the phone systems nominally passes audio between 300 and 3,400
Hz, which is regarded as the range required for human speech to be clearly
intelligible. This is known as COMMERCIAL BANDWIDTH. Dial-up services using
MODEMS are constrained by the SHANNON CAPACITY of the POTS channel.
At the local telephone exchange or central office, the speech is generally digitized
into 64 kbits/s data stream in the form of an 8 bit signal using a sampling rate of 8,000
Hz, therefore according to the Nyquist theorem-any signal above 4,000 Hz is not
passed by the phone network(and has to be blocked by a filter to prevent aliasing
effects). Allocation of channels continues at higher and higher frequencies (up to 1.1
MHz for ADSL) until new channels are deemed unusable. Each channel is evaluated
for usability in the same way an ANALOG modem would on a POTS connection. More
usable channels equates to more available BANDWIDTH, which is why distance and
line quality are a factor. The pool of usable channels is then split into two groups for
UPSTREAM and DOWNSTREAM traffic based on a preconfigured ratio. Once the
channel groups have been established, the individual channels are BONDED into a
pair of virtual circuits, one in each direction. Like analog modems, DSL
TRANSCIEVERS constantly monitor the quality of each channel and will add or
remove them from service depending on whether or not they are usable. The cost of
installing DSL on an existing local loop, with a DSLAM at one end and a DSL modem
at the other end is Orders of Magnitude less than would be the cost of installing a new,
high-bandwidth Fiber Optic cable over the same route and distance.

Most residential and small-office DSL implementations reserve low frequencies for
POTS service, so that with suitable filters and/or splitters the existing voice service
continues to operate independent of the DSL service. Thus POTS-based
communications, including fax machines and analog modems, can share the wires
with DSL. Only one DSL modem can use the SUBSCRIBER LINE at a time. The
standard way to let multiple computers share a DSL connection is to use a router that
establishes a connection between the DSL modem and a local ETHERNET or Wi-Fi
network on the customer's premises.

42
 Once upstream and downstream channels are established, they are used to
connect the Subscriber to a service such as an Internet Service Provider.

5.1.2 Equipment :-

The subscriber’s end of connection consists of a DSL modem. This converts data
from the digital signals used by computers into a voltage signal of a suitable
frequency range which is then applied to the phone line. ADSL uses two pieces of
equipment, one on the customer end and one at the Internet service provider,
Telephone Company or other provider of DSL services. At the customer's location
there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services. The DSL service
provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections.

43
1) Transceiver

Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSL modem." The engineers
at the Telephone Company or ISP call it an ATU-R. Regardless of what it's called, it's
the point where data from the user's computer or network is connected to the DSL
line.

The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways, though most
residential installation uses USB or 10 base-T Ethernet connections. While most of
the ADSL transceivers sold by ISPs and telephone companies are simply
transceivers, the devices used by businesses may combine network routers, network
switches or other networking equipment in the same platform.

2) DSLAM

The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to happen.
A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a
single, high-capacity connection to the Internet. DSLAM’s are generally flexible and
able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central office, and different varieties
of protocol and modulation -- both CAP and DMT, for example -- in the same type of
DSL. In addition, the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or
dynamic IP address assignment for the customers.

44
 The DSLAM provides one of the main differences between user service through
ADSL and through cable modems. Because cable-modem users generally share a
network loop that runs through a neighborhood, adding users means lowering
performance in many instances. ADSL provides a dedicated connection from each
user back to the DSLAM, meaning that users won't see a performance decrease as
new users are added -- until the total number of users begins to saturate the single,
high-speed connection to the Internet. At that point, an upgrade by the service
provider can provide additional performance for all the users connected to the
DSLAM.

5.1.3 Protocols and Configuration

Many DSL technologies implement an ATM layer over the low level bitstream layer to
enable the adaptation of a number of different technologies over the same link. DSL
implementations may create bridged or routed networks. In a bridged configuration,
the group of subscriber computers effectively connect into a single subnet. The
earliest implementations used DHCP to provide network details such as the IP
address to the subscriber equipment, with authentication via MAC address or an
assigned host name. Later implementations often use PPP over Ethernet or ATM
(PPPoE or PPPoA), while authenticating with a userid and password and using PPP
mechanisms to provide network details.DSL also has contention ratios which need to
be taken into consideration when deciding between broadband technologies.

5.2 IFR Key Functional Responsibilities:

• Installation of new customers –Voice & DSL

• Fault Repairs of existing customers – Voice & DSL.
• Shifting of existing customers.
• Dejumpering of cancelled customers
• CPE Recovery.
• Complaints and requests of existing customers.
• Liasioning with local bodies, societies, residents for day to day operations.
• Business cases for top corporates after due approvals from planning.
• Meeting NFP (Non Financial Parameters) targets on monthly basis.

5.3 WORKING FLOW OF DSL:

45
 New DSL

GIS (For DSLAM port allocation

GIS to BCC (A/c ID creation)

SWITCH (MDF/DSLAM port jumpering)

Technical (PVC creation & auth.)

OPS (Wiring)

OPS to SI (DSL Installation)

SI to BCC (DSL Activation)

BCC to Call Centre

WELCOME CALL by Call Centre

5.4

46
PROCESS FLOW OF VOICE

New CAF Online

GIS (For Tag allocation)

BCC (for processing & WO gen.)

MDF for jumpering

OPS for H/W inst.

DP creation (if Reqd.)
House Wiring
Jumpering at P/SP/DP
Cust. Edu. For features
Signoff from Customer on IR

GIS for TAG updation

WELCOME CALL by Call Centre

47
5.5 DSL DATA FLOW:

This gives us an overview how information exchange takes place on the N/W.

48
5.6 COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DSL

DSL is compared with various other technologies as :

1. Dial-up
2. ISDN
3. Cable

Dial-Up:
Dialup access operate using modems to dial out on a phone line and make a connection
to another modem. The basic speeds are 28.8k and 56K, and will vary depending on
phone line quality, and routing of each call.
ISDN:
ISDN is also a dialup technology. However, it is a digital connection at both ends, which
gives a better connect speed. ISDN can handle up to 2 connections at once allowing for
either a 64k or 128k connection speed. However, ISDN is considered by the telephone
company to be a measured rate service, meaning the phone company likes to bill the
user by the minute to make the call. This could lead to some expensive phone bills.
Cable:
Cable is a large local area network, just like in an office. The problem with this
arrangement is that the more people that are on your network segment, the slower the
connection. In addition, upload speed is generally limited to 128Kbps, and the cable
companies will not allow to run web servers or game servers on the connection. Cable
is generally not available to businesses due to lack of cable infrastructure in those areas
since its primary use is to provide television feed to homes.

49
50
51
52
5.7 ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES OF DSL:

ADVANTAGES:

There are many advantages to DSL. The most significant advantage is the fact
that DSL is more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for extensive and
expensive infrastructure upgrades. DSL service requires no new phone lines and
little new equipment. Another advantage that is equally important is DSL’s blazing
speed. DSL technology transforms the nearly 700 million phone lines installed
worldwide into multi-megabyte data pipes capable of speeding digital video and
data to homes and businesses.

 Independentservices: Loss of high speed data does not mean you lose your
telephone service. Imagine your telephone, television, and Internet access going
out when a cable company amplifier/repeater dies.

 Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so that it will
not be on the same network. In some cable modem networks, other computers on
the cable modem network are left visibly vulnerable and are easily susceptible to
break ins as well as data destruction.

 Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM, Nx64, and WAN technology.
Telecommuting may get even easier.

 High bandwidth

 Cheap line charges from the phone company.

 Good for "busty" traffic patterns.

DISADVANTAGES:
53
 The greatest disadvantage at the present time is availability –because DSL is
distance sensitive, availability is determined by the distance from the provider’s
central office. Although DSL service is widely available in most metropolitan areas,
is often not available in non-metropolitan or rural areas because the distance
sensitivity limitation. Service may be limited to within 18,000 feet of the DSL
providers local office, or point of presence, though there are usually several such
locations in a given urban area.

In a nutshell;

 No current standardization: A person moving from one area to another might find
that their DSL modem is just another paperweight. Customers may have to buy
new equipment to simply change ISPs.

 Expensive: Most customers are not willing to spend more than $20 to $25 per
month for Internet access. Current installation costs, including the modem, can be
as high as $750. Prices should come down within 1-3 years. As with all computer
technology, being first usually means an emptier wallet.

 Distance dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL Access
Multiplexer), the lower the data rate. The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a
little over 3 miles.

 Access: Once again, rural areas get shorted. These markets are not as
profitable for the Telco.

 Asymmetry. Downstream/Upstream ratios may be unacceptably high (3 or

more). There is nothing new here, as X.90 (56kbps) and cable modems also suffer
in this area. Expect this to improve within 2-3 years.

 Limited availability

 Very new technology

 Low or no CIR (Committed Information Rate). This means that as traffic across
the Telco switch increases your data could in effect, be locked out, until call
volumes and other traffic subsides.

 Downtime after line failure could be weeks compared with days for ISDN and
hours for data circuits such as Frame Relay and Point to Point circuits.

 Reliability and potential down time issues makes DSL a very risky choice for
mission critical systems unless backup / fail over links are put in place.
CHAPTER- 6

54
 STUDY OF DLC

DLC (Digital Loop Carrier):

DLC is the basic element of the whole network design which carries the digital loop
throughout the network.DLC carries the whole Digital Loop through special standard
as E1 here at airtel. E1 stands for European standard.

6.1 Basics of DLC in voice and data:

Voice:

For communication between two people the bandwidth required at media is 3900 Hz.
After taking all the errors concerned we round off the figure to 4000 Hz.

According to Nyquist criteria minimum frequency of carrier signal should be twice the
signal.

Hence, carrier frequency = 2 * 4000 = 8000 Hz

1 Hz = 1 cps = 8 bit/sec or 8 bps

Hence f = 8 * 8000 bps
= 64000 bps
= 64 Kbps.

Hence, we conclude minimum bandwidth required for electronic communication

between two nodes will be 64 Kbps.

One E1 contains such 32 channels.

Therefore, Complete Bandwidth carried by E1 is 32 * 64 Kbps i.e. 2048 Kbps

= 2 Mbps

Hence 1 E1 can carry bandwidth of 2 Mbps and maximum of 32 parallel 64 k link

55
 • Out of these 32 channels only 30 are used for communication purposes.
• These 30 channels are named as bearer channels i.e. B channels.
• Out of remaining two channels first channel is meant for synchronization.
• content reaches both the ends at synchronized order.
• The second channel i.e. at 16th position of all 32 handles signaling of the
communication.
• Signaling can be explained with analogy of watchman to a building. As the
watchman has all the information about the building people and their locations.
Similar is the work of delta i.e D channel. It has all the information of channels
associates with E1. It takes 16 Kbps of bandwidth unlike others.
• One E1 has two pairs of cable or you can say a 4 wire set. Two pair signify the
full duplex connectivity between the ends, full duplex means there is a special
pair transmitting signal and separate pair for receiving that’s why on phone we
can hear and speak at same time unlike ‘walky talky’ sets which carry half duplex
communication, in those sets you could only speak or listen.
• Each pair of cable is a twisted pair to minimize electric and magnetic losses in
the network.
• For communication we use V5.2 protocol here. This provision’s us to put almost
200 users through one E1, i.e. 200 users will feed on 30 channels. As someone
will try to dial some other number. It’ll be randomly assigned a channel out of 30
B channels. And if 31st user comes to dial the line parallel it’ll get response
message from system “All lines in this route are busy please dial after sometime”.
• Users are defined on E1 after monitoring the traffic at particular area.

6.2 Operations and Management (O & M):

Voice
Voice Switch
Switch
56
Ethernet Switch Acces Network
 Custmoer End
Ethernet
Switch

Voice Switch :
This is the smart device for switching voice calls. This is further connected to Access
Network and on the latter side it is connected to all the foreign exchanges to switch
calls to external voice providers.

Ethernet Switch :
This device is used for switching data from customer to Internet cloud. This is a
Layer2 device which works smartly and provides smart connectivity.

Access Network :
Access network is the basic work domain of O & M department .

• Another work domain is also the configuration and management of ethernet

switch.
• Department doesn’t deal in voice switch and loop till customer end.

RT Customer End

RT
CT
RT
SWITCH CT

CT

• One E1 goes from switch to CT then to respective RT and finally the voice loop is
achieved at customer end
• At CT end there is DLC which has only E1 cards .
• These E1 cards communicate with switch under V5.2 protocol as described
earliar. Protocol between switch and CT in called Parent V5.
• RT end DLC contains all kinds of cards from E1 to FXS to IPADSL.
• E1 is received from CT here at E1 card then from E1 card it goes to FXS card,
57
 from each FXS card to 24 customer copper loop os provided.
• There are also other components at CT and RT end for distribution of signals as
• CT – DDF, SDH
• DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) – For distributing digtal signal. i.e. E1
connectivity.
• SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) – This is used to convert electrical or
Ethernet drop into optical signal and hence transmitted through OFC (Optical
Fiber Cable).
• OFC connectivity makes airtel network a superior network in concern of other
networks as of very less losses throughout the network. E1 from CT is converted
to OFC and sent as optical signal to RT end.
• RT – DDF. MDF, SDH.
• DDF and SDH have same function. Function OF SDH here is to convert OFC to
electrical drop E1.
• E1 hence received goes to DDF then to DLC
• From DLC FXS card it goes to MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
• MDF is used for distribution of copper to customer premises. Each tag at MDF
Line side is for one customer.

6.3 Work Domains and their functions

Provisioning:

Provisioning involved availability of all types of cards to be held up by DLC (Digital

Loop Carrier). It includes various kinds of cards like

• IPADSL (Internet Protocol to ADSL) – carries ADSL network

• FXS (Foreign Exchange Subscriber) – carries Voice Network
• SCM (System Control Module)

• RTM (Remote Testing Module)

• ICM (Integrated Concentration Module)
• PRM (Power and Ringing Module)
• E1 card(European 1 standard)
• MCU (Main Control Unit)

O & M also provisions Static IP’s for customers according to the requirements in dsl

58
 switch.

6.4 Commissioning and Installation:

It includes installation and configuration of DLCs and Ethernet switches. DLC

configuration includes configuring SCM card and loading configuration for all the cards
along DLC. SCM cards function as CPU for whole DLC it handles the functioning and
working of all the cards.

As we are using all UTSTARCOMM equipments for DLCs so all proprietary

configuration files are provided of each cards like for IPADSL, FXS cards etc.

We log Into DLC by connecting a serial cable from SCM to PC then using NMS
(InetMan). There on we load all the respective files for cards. After saving the
configuration into SCM we plug in cards into
DLC, it’ll automatically detect card and it will start functioning.

For Data purposes we are using Cisco switches. O & M department also handles the
configuration of Ethernet switches. Each port at Ethernet switch is used for handling one
complete RT (Remote Terminal) which is put into different VLAN(Virtual LAN) i.e. each
port has its own vlan. O & M also handles configuring static Ips for static IP customer, in
that case each special VLAN is configured for the customer from right through “ERX –
Switch – DSL port – Customer End” this VLANID will be unique for whole topology and
will only carry data for static IP customer.

6.5 ISDN BRI and PRI :

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): ISDN, as the name suggests it is used for
carrying integrated services through a digital network. It can be used for carrying both
data and voice.
It has various applications as Video conferencing, data connectivity at distant places, up
to 100 voice connections through one line.

It has 2 parts:
1) BRI (Basic Rate Interface)

2) PRI (Primary Rate Interface)

BRI (Basic Rate Interface):

In this we give two channels of E1 to customer. As one channel is for 64 Kbps,
hence 2 will amount to 128 Kbps. These channels are referred as B channels
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 (bearer channel). Apart from this channel one D channel is also provided along the B
channel. D stands for Delta Channel. This D channel corresponds to 16 Kbps
bandwidth. D channel is used for signaling, that is it sends information about all the
channels and their positions, D channel has knowledge of all who’s who of E1. 1 D
channel can support up to 1000 data channels i.e. B channels. Hence it is also
referred as 2B + D.

Installation Procedure:
For BRI we use BRI card at DLC. As customer is to be provided with two data
channels hence two DN’s (Dialing numbers) are configured at Voice Switch end.
Throughout, line carries ‘-96 volts’ till customer end unlike -45 in case of voice FXS
line. At customer end first ISDN equipment to be installed is NT1 (Network
Terminator). It converts our one pair

cable to two pair cable. NT1 is only converter i.e. terminates one pair network to two
pair network. After NT1 a two pair cable can be terminated accordingly to needs:

• To carry voice we employ TA (Terminal Adapter), its function is to convert ‘analog

signal’ to ‘digital signal’ and vice versa. From this device we can take two lines
and install two landline phones.

• To carry data and for connectivity we terminate two pair cable to Ethernet router
at ISDNBRI port, now router dials remote location and connectivity is established.

PRI (Primary Rate Interface):

Unlike BRI this is a complete 2 Mbps link i.e. all the 32 channels of E1 will be used
here for carry integrated services. At airtel we provide 100 FLL (Fixed Landline) no’s
at one PRI, these can also be increased according to need and traffic. In this we give
30 B channels to customer and one D
channel. Hence, sometimes PRI line is also referred as 30B+D.

Installation:
For this we take one E1 from switch and complete the loop till customer premises.
On the way to prevent losses we install ‘modulators and demodulators’ i.e. MODEM.
Generally one modem is installed at our node end i.e. RT and second one will be
installed at customer end. From the modem at customer end we take electrical drop
as E1 and terminate to customer equipment like EPBX or any local exchange. It’s
totally up to customer how to use 2 Mbps bandwidth.
MODEMs used for this purpose were generally ASMI, RAD etc.

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6.6 Lease Line Commissioning:
Another dimension of O & M handles ‘Lease Line commissioning’. The application at
customer for lease line can be understood as a dedicated link between two distant
points. This is much more beneficial than ISDN because it does not involve role of voice
switch for connectivity. It has better performance in terms of ‘down time’ and losses
along the line.

Installation and Basics:

Lease Line is configured end to end from one customer to other end at customer
premises. For this purpose in one lease line we give complete one E1 to customer
i.e. 2
Mbps to customer. Here also to prevent losses MODEMs are installed according to
distance. Connectivity is from CT to RT to customer end and similarly at other CT to RT
to customer end. Connectivity is established between both end CT’s to complete the
loop. Network design can differ according to ISP from whom we have feasibility in
particular location. Here also modems used are like ASMI, RAD.

In some cases we install V.35 modems at customer premises for V.35 port at router
end for connectivity to other end.

This is one of the most reliable connectivity solutions available at the latest.

6.7 Network Planning and Troubleshooting :

O & M also handles all the issues related to network planning and troubleshooting
network errors. Any changes or expansion in network are to be handled here at O & M.
While working during training, there was a major network policy to be implemented for
providing 2 Mbps data for internet to customers. We had to look into maximum speeds
which could be handled by our ADSL ports. So there was a proper monitoring period
held for monitoring if there wasn’t any choking in network. Meanwhile there were lots of
network expansions during the period like setting up of CT10, CT11, M8B, PKC, P10,
MIB etc.
Troubleshooting issue are related to ISDN, Lease Line and static issues. There are
defined guidelines to be adopted for the purpose :

ISDN BRI :

Firstly loop at customer end is checked i.e. if there is any issue like copper cut or any
similar physical problem. Then voltage is checked which should be -96 V. If issue is

61
 none of the above then we check the line from switch end i.e. DN’s configured at the
BRI port for customer is correct or not. Generally problem will fall under these issues.
Practically problem we faced during troubleshooting was like, everything was coming
correct listed above but still there was no dial tone . Issue which turned out was
bandwidth choking at E1, so we had to refresh the whole E1 by shifting the traffic to
other E1 and the results came out positive.

ISDN PRI :
PRI line didn’t have many problems to be seen. Generally problems are physical
connectivity issues and configuration at switch end.

CHAPTER- 7

NETWORK OPERATION CENTRE (N.O.C.)

7.1 What is a NOC?

A network operations center (NOC), is an organizational unit that:

62
 Handles day-to-day monitoring of the network
 Serves as a point of contact for customers, internal and external
 Creates, processes, and sometimes resolves events that arise in the network
 Troubleshoots any installation problem , perform virtual analysis of a
technical problem & can provide suitable solutions.

7.2 Managed services and NOC overview:

AES plans to proactively maintain and manage enterprise LAN /WAN connections
24hrs a day , every day of the year using its Enterprise NOC service to keep enterprise
networks at peak performance, NOC tracks and analyzes real-time performance
statistics taken at 5-minute interval (based on individual customer needs, this time
period can be customized separately for each customer). NOC continually monitors the
WAN and the network equipment, including the router/hub/switch LAN interface,
network and equipment up or down ,and stability. The service also includes problem
isolation, identification and resolution.
NOC can have access to the information they need, virtually whenever they need it.
This can result in improved network reliability for entire enterprise with tools like...
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 • Proactive alarm notification - E-NOC identifies, respond to, and fixes the
problems with customers network, if they occur, 24x7, 365 days a year.

• Real time performance reporting – gain insight into the performance of

customer network.

• Web portal – Customers gain visibility and control of their network via online
viewing, asset database, device performance, and change requests, and can view the
status and history of any trouble tickets.

• To provide Managed Services for its Enterprise customers.

• To proactively detect the faults & performance of Enterprise Customers

• To Generate the huge revenue through managed services

• To provide a better customer services.

•

7.3 TYPES OF DSLAMS /CARDS

Bharti uses cards from 3 different vendors:

1. SIEMENS
2. UT
3 ERICSSON

SIEMENS:

There are 3 types of cards:

LD (low density)
MHD (medium high density)
HD (high density)
1.LD: These support cards that have 2 slots of 32 ports each. Siemens have stopped
making these cards.
2.MHD: These support cards have 4 slots of 64 ports each.
3.HD: These support cards have 15 slots of 64 ports each.

UT :

Cards for UT are known as the IPADSL on which the subscribers are running. There
are some voice cards as well like the PRI, BRI and FXS cards. The IPADSL cards
have got 24 ports each.ICM card is the controller card and it is the brain of UT.Other
cards that are used are FXS which is a voice card and an other is EOE card if the

64
site is running on EOE but if the site is running on micro LAN then there is no EOE
card.SCM is another card that is used for signal management.

ERICSSON:

The Ericsson cards have 12 slots each of 24 ports. The various cards are mentioned
below:
1.EXN104
This card is a FE to E1 converter.It converts the data at 100mbps to data at 2mbps.

2.EDN312X17
This card acts as a DSLAM i.e multiplexes the data and it also acts as a passive
filter segregating the voice and the data. These are the cards on which the
subscribers are running.

3.ECN320
It acts as a controller and a layer2 switch. This is the brain of Ericsson. This
controller card has got certain features like for example it acts as a DHCP, DNS,
SNMP and it also has a physical memory for the software.

4.ESN310
This card acts as a layer2 switch and works on PPPOE connection i.e power over
Ethernet.

5.EPN210
This is the power card and thus provides power to the various other cards.

PROVISIONING OF CUSTOMERS

The task of provisioning the customers is done by NOC. By provisioning we

mean the creation of PVC (permanent virtual circuit) which is a must for the users
to connect to the network. These pvc’s are created for all the customers no matter
which DSLAM they are using be it Siemens, UT, Ericsson.

CHAPTER- 8

Light Weight Directory Access Protocol(LDAP)

8.1 Introduction

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 The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open industry standard that
has evolved to meet these needs. LDAP defines a standard method for accessing
and updating information in a directory. LDAP has gained wide acceptance as the
directory access method of the Internet and is therefore also becoming strategic
within corporate intranets. It is being supported by a growing number of software
vendors and is being incorporated into a growing number of applications. For
example, the two most popular Web browsers, Netscape Navigator/Communicator
and Microsoft Internet Explorer, as well as application middleware, such as the IBM
Web Sphere Application Server or the IBM HTTP server, support LDAP functionality
as a base feature.

8.2 LDAP: Protocol or directory

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) defines a message protocol used
by directory clients and directory servers. The LDAP protocol uses different
messages. For example, a bind Request may be sent from the client to the LDAP
server at the beginning of a connection. A search Request is used to search for a
specific entry in the directory.

There are also associated LDAP APIs for the C language and ways to access LDAP
from within a Java™ application. Additionally, within the Microsoft development
environment, you can access LDAP directories through its Active Directory Service
Interface (ADSI) In general with LDAP, the client is not dependent upon a particular
implementation of the server, and the server can implement the directory however it
chooses.

LDAP is an open industry standard that defines a standard method for accessing and
updating information in a directory. LDAP has gained wide acceptance as the
directory access method of the Internet and is therefore also becoming strategic
within corporate intranets. It is being supported by a growing number of software
vendors and is being incorporated into a rowing number of applications.

8.3 Overview of LDAP architecture

LDAP defines the content of messages exchanged between an LDAP client and an
LDAP server. The messages specify the operations requested by the client (that is,
search, modify, and delete), the responses from the server, and the format of data
carried in the messages. LDAP messages are carried ove
However, for the designer of an LDAP directory, it is not so much the structure of the
messages being sent and received over the wire that is of interest. What is important is
the logical model that is defined

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 8.4 Functions of LDAP

•Create database or set up with AppleShare IP Users & Groups data file
(AppleShare Registry)

•Create and edit entries directly in the local interface or remote web
administration.

•Specify attributes

•Search with filters, add, modify, delete entries

•Export/import database in LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) text format and
tab-delimited format.

•Import group of users from LDAP server into local database or AppleShare Users
& Groups

TCP/IP, a connection-oriented protocol, so there are also operations to establish and

disconnect a session between the client and server.

However, for the designer of an LDAP directory, it is not so much the structure of the
messages being sent and received over the wire that is of interest. What is important
is the logical model that is defined by these messages and data types, how the
directory is organized, what operations are possible, how information is protected,
and so forth.

The general interaction between an LDAP client and an LDAP server takes the
following form:

1. The client establishes a session with an LDAP server. This is known as Binding to
the server. The client specifies the host name or IP address and TCP/IP port number
where the LDAP server is listening.
2. The client can provide a user name and a password to properly authenticate with the
server, or the client can establish an anonymous session with default access rights.
The client and server can also establish a session that uses stronger security
methods such as encryption of data.

3. The client then performs operations on directory data. LDAP offers both read and
update capabilities. This allows directory information to be managed as well as
queried. LDAP also supports searching the directory for data meeting arbitrary user-
specified criteria. Searching is a very common operation in LDAP. A user can specify

67
 what part of the directory to search and what information to return. A search filter that
uses Boolean conditions specifies what directory data matches the search.

4. When the client is finished making requests, it closes the session with the server. This
is also known as unbinding.

The philosophy of the LDAP API is to keep simple things simple. This means that
adding directory support to existing applications can be done with low overhead.
Because LDAP was originally intended as a lightweight alternative to DAP for
accessing X.500 directories, it follows a X.500 model. The directory stores and
organizes data structures known as entries. A directory entry usually
describes an object such as a person, device, a location, and so on. Each entry has a
name called a distinguished

name (DN) that uniquely identifies it. The DN consists of a sequence of parts called
relative distinguished names (RDNs), much like a file name consists of a path of
directory names in many operating systems such as UNIX® and Windows. The
entries can be arranged into a hierarchical tree-like structure based on their
distinguished names. This tree of directory entries is called the Directory Information
Tree (DIT).

Each entry contains one or more attributes that describe the entry. Each attribute has
a type and a value. For example, the directory entry for a person might have an
attribute called telephoneNumber. The syntax of the telephoneNumber attribute would
specify that a telephone number must be a string of numbers that can contain spaces
and hyphens. The value of the attribute would be the person’s telephone number,
such as 512-555-1212.

LDAP defines operations for accessing and modifying directory entries such as:

_binding and unbinding

_searching for entries meeting user-specified criteria
_adding an entry
_deleting an entry
_modifying an entry
_modifying the distinguished name or relative distinguished name of an entry (move)
_comparing an entry

The LDAP standard defines...

• A network protocol for accessing information in the directory.

• An information model defining the form and character of the information.
• A namespace defining how information is referenced and organized.
• An emerging distributed operation model defining how data may be distributed
and referenced (v3).
• Both the protocol itself and the information model are extensible.

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LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is an Internet protocol that email
programs use to look up contact information from a server, such as Click Mail Central
Directory.

As soon as Internet email became popular, it was clear we needed a good phone
book. Printed directories were obsolete before the ink was dry. Older Internet
methods of looking up names, such as who is, Ph, or finger, were limited or arcane.
Every email program has a personal address book, but how do you look up an
address for someone who's never sent you email? How can an organization

keep one centralized up-to-date phone book that everybody has access to?

That's why software companies such as Microsoft, IBM, Lotus, and Netscape agreed
to support a standard called LDAP. "LDAP-aware" client programs can ask LDAP
servers to look up entries in a wide variety of ways.

LDAP servers index all the data in their entries and "filters" may be used to select just
the person or group you want, and return just the information you want.

For example, here's an LDAP search translated into plain English: "Search for all
people located in Chicago whose name contains "Fred" that have an email address.
Please return their full name, email, title, and description." (However, many email
clients have more limited search and retrieval options.)

LDAP was designed at the University of Michigan to adapt a complex enterprise

directory system (called X.500) to the modern Internet.

A directory server runs on a host computer on the Internet, and various client
programs that understand the protocol can log into the server and look up entries.
X.500 is too complex to support on desktops and over the Internet, so LDAP was
created to provide this service "for the rest of us."

LDAP has broader applications, such as looking up services and devices on the
Internet (and intranets). Netscape Communicator can store user preferences and
bookmarks on an LDAP server. There is even a plan for linking all LDAP servers into
a worldwide hierarchy, all searchable from your client.

LDAP promises to save users and administrator’s time and frustration, making it easy
for everyone to connect with people without frustrating searches for email addresses
and other trivia.
Specifications

69
Database:
• Built-in database optimized for LDAP access.
• Optionally uses AppleShare IP Users and Groups data file mirrored with built-in
database.
• Entries time-stamped with creators'/modifiers' names

8.5 BILL GENERATION

CALL DETAIL RECORD (CDR)

CDR is nothing but it is that file which is generated in the RADIUS SERVER. In this
file there are records of all the customers which are the using the DSL service
provided by BHARTI INFOTEL LTD.

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Radius is the server which has triple AAA power means-

A-Authentication
A-Authorization
A-Accounting

RADIUS SERVER mainly used for the purpose of authentication, authorization and
accounting. In Authentication the server authenticate the customer that the customer
will be registered customer or not. After checking the authentication of the customer,
the server provides authorization to the customer or authorizes the customer to use
the service which is called as DSL (DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE). After that the
server also maintains the accounts of each and every customer.

In accounting the server maintains the accounts of customer, in accounting server

checks the time which is used by the customer in using DSL service or using the
BHARTI Network and generates the bill according to the usage of DSL.

In Radius server there are two main things also which are also known as LDAP and
SDX.
LDAP- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
SDX- System Deployment Exchange.

The main working behind LDAP and SDX is that –

LDAP is mainly used for Data Storage and SDX is mainly used as Policy Manager.
The work of SDX is to decide the policy or the Package used by the customer and
also decides the bandwidth which is used by the customer.

This is the main working of the Radius Server in the radius server there is a concept
of LDAP and SDX also. Without these two things server alone cannot working

There are daily two CDR files generated in the radius server which are downloaded
through SQL LOADER in the hard disk. Each file is of near about 44MB of space.
Loading is done two times a day through the SQL LOADER.

There are near about 2lacs of records in the CDR file which are of very large in
number and takes much time in loading.

In the CDR file there are 28 fields or Parameters which are shown in the above
Database table, starting from Date and ending to Called-Station-Id. But we are not
using all the fields. We are only using that fields which are fulfill our requirements.

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 The very First field is Date which shows the Login date of the Account, Time field
shows the Login time, RAS-Client means Remote Access Server client- There are
two types of clients namely BRASDEL and SSP.SDXDEL. BRASDEL means
Broadband Remote Access Server and Del shows Delhi.

The other client is SSP.SDXDEL this type of record is the billable Record and the bill
is maintained by the DSL Department and SSP is the profile of this record and this
profile is added to the bill which is given to the customer. The billable record is the
only SSP.SDXDEL this record but we can maintain both the type of records in the
RAS-Client.

The fourth field is the Record-Type. In the Record-Type there are three types of
records Start, Stop and Interim. Start record shows the starting time of Login or at
which time customer login to the DSL service. Stop record shows the ending time of
login or at which time the connection is break down.

Interim record is generated when the customer continuously working from 24 hours
without breaking down the connection. In our Radius Server we have set the default
time of 24 hrs. If the customer uses connection continuously from 24 hrs then the
Interim record is generated.

Interim record is more important than the Stop record because if there is an Interim
record then there is no chance of Stop record because in Interim record the
connection is not stop, it is working continuously. So there is more importance of
Interim record than the stop record.

The fifth field is the Full_Name. In this field there is customer or user’s full name. E.g.
- honda_del

The next field is the Acct-Status-Type. In this field there is value from the set {1, 2, 3}
either 1, or 2, or 3.

CHAPTER- 9
Operations Support System (OSS)

9.1 Introduction
An operational support system (OSS) is a set of programs that help a communications
service provider monitor, control, analyze and manage a telephone or computer
network. As the traditional voice telephone systems converges with packet-oriented
Internet traffic (including VoIP), broadband applications such as teleconferencing and
DSL, more sophisticated systems like OSS are needed activities.

72
An operational support system (OSS) is a set of programs that help a communications
service provider monitor, control, analyze and manage a telephone or computer
network. As the traditional voice telephone systems converges with packet-oriented
Internet traffic (including VoIP), broadband applications such as teleconferencing and
DSL, more sophisticated systems like OSS are needed activities like ordering and
tracking network components (including IP addresses), usage and traffic patterns,
billing.

Here’s the view of main interface of portal. It is active on this url and can be accessed
universally. http://172.18.201.68 / as shown below.

This is the main page before logging in….

This is the main page after logging in….

73
After clicking on OSS, We are able to open main page.

74
In which one of below fours options if we fill any one than all the information of
subscriber show on screen and give information about that number’s status i.e. active
and in which port it binds or no is terminate.

Chapter- 9

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 Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG)

9.1 Introduction

The Multi Router Traffic Grapher or just simply MRTG is free software for monitoring the
traffic load on network links. It allows the user to see traffic load on a network over time
in graphical form.
You have a router, you want to know what it does all day long? Then MRTG is for you. It
will monitor SNMP network devices and draw pretty pictures showing how much traffic
has passed through each interface.
Routers are only the beginning. MRTG is being used to graph all sorts of network
devices as well as everything else from weather data to vending machines.
MRTG is written in perl and works on Unix/Linux as well as Windows and even Netware
systems. MRTG is free software licensed under the Gnu GPL.

Or we can say that This paper describes the history and operation of the current version
of MRTG as well as the Round Robin Database Tool. The Round Robin Database Tool
is a program which logs and visualizes numerical data in a efficient manner. The RRD
Tool is a key component of the next major release of the Multi Router Traffic Grapher
(MRTG). It is already fully implemented and working. Because of the massive
performance gain possible with RRD Tool some sites have already started to use RRD
Tool in production.

Routers are only the beginning. MRTG is being used to graph all sorts of network
devices as well as everything else from weather data to vending machines.

Here’s the view of main interface of portal. It is active on this url and can be accessed
universally.
http://172.18.200.40 /

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This is the main page before logging in….

This is the
In this situation we have to give user name and password to OSS software given by Bharti IT Engineers.
first screen, it prompts for username and password. It is a security module in our web server
apache where website was hosted. Its access is given to the authorized persons only so that
nobody else can’t get to internal content. OS for web server was LINUX and all the coding
was also held in the same OS. Linux was chosen to ensure higher level security. Network
Security is one of the major concerns for the application
After connecting, the below page opens..

77
There are as many cities as well as Chandigarh. Every one city next divides in
several Dslams and for finding history of those sites we have MRTG graph. For

78
example We finding graph of switch 5 chandigarh so we have to click on switch 5
chandigarh and next page is showing bellow.

After Clicking on Chandigarh switch 5

Working and approach

Basically it uses SNMP protocol for the purpose i.e. Simple Network
Management Protocol. It takes the information from switches and MRTG scripts
take that information and plot the corresponding graph accordingly. This polling is
done at every 5 minutes. We use Crone tag for the purpose in Linux.

SNMP AND MRTG:

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 Multi Router Traffic Grapher

The Multi Router Traffic Grapher or just simply MRTG is free software for
monitoring the traffic load on network links. It allows the user to see traffic load on
a network over time in graphical form.
MRTG is written in Perl and works on Unix/Linux as well as Windows and even
Netware systems. MRTG is free software licensed under the GNU GPL.
It was originally developed by Tobias Oetiker and Dave Rand to monitor router
traffic, but has developed into a tool that can create graphs and statistics for
almost anything.

10.2 How does it work?

MRTG uses the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to send requests with
two object identifiers (OIDs) to a device. The device, which must be SNMP-enabled, will
have a management information base (MIBs) to lookup the OID's specified. After
collecting the information it will send back the raw data encapsulated in an SNMP
protocol. MRTG records this data in a log on the client along with previously recorded
data for the device. The software then creates an HTML document from the logs,
containing a list of graphs detailing traffic for the selected device.

10.3 Features

• Measures 2 values (I for Input, O for Output) per target.

• Gets its data via an SNMP agent, or through the output of a command line.
• Typically collects data every five minutes (it can be configured to collect data less
frequently).
• Creates an HTML page per target that features 4 graphs (GIF or PNG images).
• Results are plotted vs time into day, week, month and year graphs, with the I
plotted as a full green area, and the O as a blue line.
• Automatically scales the Y axis of the graphs to show the most detail.
• Adds calculated Max, Average and Current values for both I and O to the target's
HTML page.
• Can also send warning emails if targets have values above a certain threshold.
• MRTG is freely available under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
MRTG can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS and NetWare.

User Interface Designing and management of all index generated :

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As told before, when we will click on left frame it should display the contents of all the
respective ports. Here’s the screenshot.

As the Chandigarh Switch 1 was clicked the contents of the respective switch are
displayed. For eg on right frame u can see contents, first fa 0/1 Link 1 delhi this denotes
that Delhi link 1 is plugged into first port of switch 1, this link is the backbone of internet
in Punjab all WAN traffic flows through this only, there are similar 4 links to Punjab. As
we click there we will get traffic details of this port.

Details will ensure how much data in uploading and how much is downlaoded.
Let’s see a screenshot for the same.

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As Link 1 Delhi is clicked results are displayed in main middle frame. Green is the
downlaod traffic and blue is the upload traffic. From his utilization report is prepared and
necessary actions can be taken. Three such graphs wll be plotted as for last 5 minutes
average as per time, daily average graph and weekly average graph.

Similar graphs are plotted for each port with downlaod and upload data fugures
obtained for SNMP communities in router.

CHAPTER- 11

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 Alarm Monitoring

In broadband System, all the connection or services in a particular region is operated

by a site. For eg. We have 10 DSL andvoice customers. All these customers service is
managed by a site installed in thar region.
Further, these sites are provided with electrical power by power plants
and electric board using electricity next operations of transferring or receiving data can
take place. NOC has to proper take care of this thing that every site is provided with
proper electricity or not, if not then person at NOC has to inform the person managing
the site about this alarm which if generated at NMS if there is some power cut on
electricity problem. So tht site managing person can avoid the site down problem.

Types of alarms generated

1) EB Fail – Electric Board supply stop.

2) PP Fail – Power Plant Supply stop.
3) Mail Fail – failure of the main supply to the power plant.

The above alarms were shown for power failure.

DG On – When the power failure occurs and the DG gets started at the site then it show
DG On.

Heartbeat Connection Lost – When the site got unmanaged and it cannot be opened
or accessed on the remote location. To clear this we have to sync that site.

DG F/S – DG fail to start, when the DG is not able to start at the site at the time of
power failure.

Site Low Battery/ PP Low Battery – When the Site battery goes down. This is one of
the most critical alarms of all.

Card Pulled Out – When any card is pulled out from the board.

V5 Signalling – This alarm is indicates Voice Down.

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 Network Security issues and action implemented:

During the training period we faced a serious problem, some other person in same VLAN ID
related it to serious security issue that was accessing of local ADSL router at customer premises.
It was a major security breach. By this any external entity could enter in to other customer router
and do unwanted things.

Solution and actions taken:

To solve this, an access list was implemented at the outbound of each ADSL router at customer
premises, which would ban the local access. It was first tested for quite a while as if it should not
affect user browsing. Then action was taken and we implemented the access list on whole
Chandigarh region and the problem was solved successfully.

Conclusions :

• Practical knowledge and hands-on experience increased our prior knowledge of

communication.
• Learned advance concepts in networking.
• In depth knowledge of ISDN BRI and PRI.
• Experience of working on NMS (Network Management System).
• Configuring static ip for the customers gave hands-on experience on Ethernet switches.
• Development of MRTG North completed successfully.
• Development of MRTG Kolkata completed successfully.
• Learned about designing and implementing security to network.
• Establishment web server and ftp for MRTG.
• Frequent field visits for Lease Line and ISDN troubleshooting issues infused a lot of
confidence for the Job.

To conclude, overall it was a good experience, working in industry with real life
Parameters have infused a confidence boost for working in a tele-communication industry
and I like to give my sincere gratitude towards Mr. Baljinder Singh, Mr. Nitin Sharma
and Mr. Ramnik Patheja who have been guiding me at all the possible points in project
semester training.

REFERENCES:

• DSL Sourcebook-Provided by the organization.

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 • DSL Handbook- Provided by the organization

• www.howstuffworks.com

• www.wikipedia.org

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line):- A high-speed transmission

technology using existing twisted pair lines that permit simultaneous POTS and high-

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 speed data communication. A much higher data rate is employed downstream than
upstream.

 ATM: (Asynchronous Transfer Mode):- A high-bandwidth, low-delay and

connection oriented switching and multiplexing technique using fixed- sized cells.

 BANDWIDTH:- The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of

band that can be passed by a transmission medium without undue distortion.

 Bps: - Bits per second. Indicates the speed at which bits are transmitted across a
data connection.

 Cable Binder:- A cable binder is used to bundle multiple insulated copper pairs
together in the telephone network.

 CAP Carrier less Amplitude & Phase Modulation:- A transmission technology

for implementing a DSL connection. Transmit and receive signals are modulated into
two wide-frequency bands using pass band modulation techniques.

 CO Central Office/Central Site:- In North America, a CO houses one or more

switches to serve local telephone subscribers. Known as a public exchange elsewhere.

 CPE Customer Premises Equipment:- Terminal equipment supplied by either

the customer or supplier, which is connected to the telecommunications network.

 DHCP:- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A TCP/IP protocol that provides

static and dynamic address management.

 DLC Digital Loop Carrier:- Network transmission equipment, consisting of a CO

terminal and a remote terminal, used to provide a pair gain function.

 DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier:- The virtual circuit number

corresponding to a particular connection between two destinations. This number is used
as part of the frame relay header.

 DMT Discrete MultiTone:- DSL technology using digital signal processors to

divide the signal into 256 subchannels. Downstream Refers to the transmission direction
from the CO to the customer premises.

 DSL Digital Subscriber Line:- The non-loaded, local-loop copper connection

between the NSP and the customer premises. DSL can provide simultaneous high-
speed digital data access and POTS service over the same twisted-pair wiring.

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 DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer:- A platform for DSL
modems that provides high-speed data transmission and optional POTS service
simultaneously over traditional twisted-pair wiring.

 TCP/IP:- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The dominant protocol

suite in the worldwide Internet, TCP is Layer 4, the transport layer. IP is Layer 3, the
network layer.

 TDM Time Division Multiplexer:- A device that enables the simultaneous

transmission of multiple independent data streams into a single high- speed data
stream.

 VC Virtual Circuit:- A logical connection or packet-switching mechanism

established between two devices at the beginning of a transmission.

 VDSL Very-high-bit rate DSL:- Generally refers to a data transmission speed

from 25 to 50+ Mbps over very short distances.

 WAN Wide Area Network:- A network that spans a large geographic area.

 XDSL:- Refers to all DSL-based services.

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