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ANDERSON, Perry. Passages from antiquity to feudalism. Trad. Telma Costa. Ed 3.

Port: Afrontamento, 1989. By Eduardo Carneiro PS: look feudalism from which social
formation? "The transit ion from classical antiquity to feudalism has been much less
studied in the fram ework of historical materialism than the transition from feudalism to
capitalism ." - Put some problems of European development by changing the ancient
world to the medieval. - The book begins with a discussion of the slave mode of
productio n in the classical era.€Following is a comparison of "structures" of social and
political societies Greek, Hellenistic and Roman. Not emphasize the economic, is it? -
The reasons for the final fall of the Roman imperial system that led to t he end of
antiquity, are examined in light of the regional divisions within the Empire and the
evolution of the Germanic tribes. "A synthesis of the Dark Ages l eads to an overview of
the emergence of feudalism, as a new mode of production i n Western Europe." - The
formation of feudalism was not the same everywhere.€"It outlined the specific pattern of
development in Eastern Europe in medieval time s." - The book closes with a reflection
on the nature and purpose of the Byzanti ne Empire, whose demise marks the end
conventionally modern era in Europe. "The discussion that is intended mainly bounded
by the field of historical materialis m." - The method was explained in materialist work
Lineages of the Absolutist St ate. "It was not granted special privilege to Marxist
historiography as such ... €the great mass of serious historical work of the twentieth
century was written by foreign historians to Marxism. " "Historical materialism is not a
finished sc ience, not all those who practice it were of a similar magnitude. There are fiel
ds of research dominated by Marxist historiography. There are many others in whi ch the
contributions non-Marxists are superior in quality and quantity "p.7. "Th ey can not
simply take the letter to Marx and Engels: the errors of his writings about the past should
not be evaded or ignored,€but identified and criticized. Doing so is not to abandon
historical materialism, but rather approach it ... by passing the signature of Marx means to
achieve freedom of Marxism, "p. 7. PART I . CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY - The
boundaries between East and West is a convention. Only the West has participated in
major European barbarian migrations, the medie val Crusades and modern colonial
conquests. - In the Middle Ages the West was la te and the east was developed.€- There
is a tendency to explain the fall of the Roman Empire by the differences between east and
west. "The EAST with its prospe rous cities and large, developed economy, small farm
on civic unity and geograph ic distance in relation to the greater violence of the barbaric
attacks, survive d; the West with its sparse population and cities weaker powerful
aristocracy, p easants overburdened with taxes, political anarchy and strategic
vulnerability t o the Germanic invasions, perished "JONES, P. 14. "Then€fate was sealed
late ant iquity by the Arab conquests, which divided the two shores of the Mediterranean.
The Eastern Empire became Byzantium - a political and social system distinct fr om the
rest of Europe. It was this new geographical space, appeared in the High Middle Ages,
the polarity between East and West would swap its connotations "p. 14. - Even the
concept of Europe is unacceptable because it was formulated based on dividing the world
into five continents.€- Marc Bloch1 said that from the sevent h century were formed in
Central Europe similar elements in societies that exist there. "It was this region which led
to Central Europe" p. 14. "Understood in t his way, thus defined, Europe is a creation of
the early Middle Ages" Marc Bloch . 15.p. European countries and countries
Europeanized?? - Bloch excludes from it s definition of continental regions that today
constitute the Eastern Europe. "T he shaping of Europe and the germination of feudalism
have been generally confin ed to the history of the western half of the continent,
€excluding the eastern ha lf of the assessment "p. 15. - Duby studying the primitive
feudal economy that b egan in the ninth century. 1. THE MODE OF PRODUCTION
ESCLAVAGISTA2 (p.17). "The genesis of capitalism has been the subject of many
studies inspired by historica l materialism from Marx devoted his famous chapters of
Capital. The genesis of f eudalism, however, has remained largely unstudied in the same
tradition: as a di stinct type of transition to a new mode of production has never been
integrated
into the general body of Marxist theory "p. 17.€- The importance of this transit ion to
history may be less than the other. "The genesis of feudalism in Europe w as derived
from a catastrophic collapse and convergent two distinct modes of pro duction and
earlier, and was the recombination of its elements disintegrated tha t truly delivered the
feudal synthesis, which, therefore, always kept a hybrid c haracter" p. 17. - The transition
from which the speech was different from feuda lism to capitalism. "The double
predecessor of feudal mode of production was obv iously€the slave mode of production
in decomposition, which is based on the cons truction of all the huge building of the
Roman Empire, and the primitive methods of production expanded and deformed the
Germanic invaders, who survived in thei r new homelands, after the conquests barbaric P.
18. "These two radically differ ent worlds had suffered a slow disintegration and a subtle
interpenetration in t he last centuries of antiquity," p. 18. - The host of the entire classical
civil ization was the Greco-Roman.€"The Greco-Roman antiquity has always constituted
a universe centered on the cities' p.18. - The ancient Greek polis and Roman repu blic
represented an unparalleled model of urban life. - Philosophy, science, poe try, history,
architecture, sculpture, law, business, money, tax, vote, debate, recruiting - all that
civilization appeared unprecedented. - However, they lacke d an urban economy. "Rather,
the material prosperity that sustained its intellec tual vitality and civic came in
overwhelming proportions of the field," p. 18.€Economically the classical world was
rural. "Agriculture accounted for over its history, the absolute dominant industry in the
production, supplier invariant o f the largest fortunes of the cities themselves. Greco-
Roman cities were never p redominantly communities of Manufacturers, traders and
merchants: they were in t heir origins and principles of urban households own land, "p.
18. - The Democrat ic Athens, Sparta and Rome senatorial oligarchy were essentially
dominated by la ndowners.€- The big three basic items of the Ancient World were the
wheat, oil a nd wine. - Within cities manufactures were few and rudimentary. "The
standard of the goods of the cities has never been far beyond the textile, pottery, furnitu
re and glass," p. 18. "The technique was simple, the limited demand and transpor tation
exorbitantly expensive" p. 18. - Manufacturing in antiquity was not devel oped by the
division of labor, which dictate the cost of production was at a dis tance. Therefore, the
manufacturing was scattered. February 1 Even if he had the idea of unified identity and
homogeneous.€Eight centuries of existence: the rise of Athens to the fall of Rome. "The
time period equivalent t o the feudal mode of production" - About the degree of
importance of rural life in classical economics is given b y tax revenues of the Roman
Empire from the fourth century AD - The cities were subject to tax collection from the
crisis when it was found that neither amounte d to 5% total collection in rural areas. "The
precondition of this distinctive f eature of classical civilization was its coastal character"
p. 19.€- The classic al civilization was essentially Mediterranean in its inner structure.
The interregional trade was mediated by water. "The shipping was the only viable means
of exchanging goods the medium or long distance" p. 19. Ground transportation was very
expensive. "The water was the irreplaceable means of communication and comm erce
that made possible the growth of urban concentration and discharge much mor e
advanced than the rural hinterland that was behind him," p. 20. "The sea was u nlikely the
driver of the splendor of antiquity," p. 20.€- Antiquity was marked by the combination
Operational city \ field. MEDITERRANEAN was the big lake that offered the ancient
world the economic unit. "Only he offered speed maritime tr ansportation for a wide
geographical area" p. 20. - The highlight of the classic al world in ancient times in world
history can not be released this "privilege p hysical." The Mediterranean was the
necessary geographical environment, however, the social foundation was the relationship
between town and countryside.€"The s lave mode of production was a critical invention
of Greek-Roman world that provi ded the ultimate basis of their achievements as much of
your eclipse" p. 20. - S
lavery itself existed in various forms through the ancient East, but it was a le gal
condition impure who took the form of servitude. It was not the dominant typ e of
appropriation of surplus. "It was a residual phenomenon, marginal compared to the mass
of manpower rural" p. 21. - The empires of the Sumerians, Babylonian s, Assyrians and
Egípcio3 economies were not slaveowners.€Lacked in their legal systems to design clear
and separate property assets. "The Greek city-states bec ame the first absolute slavery in
dominant form and in extension, thereby transf orming it into alternative resource
METHOD OF PRODUCTION systematic" p. 21. - Th e Hellenic world was never
exclusively slavery. "All the concrete social formati on is always a specific combination
of different modes of production, and those of antiquity were not the exception," p. 21. -
There were free peasants, farmers , artisans, urban ...€But the dominant mode of
production was the slave. "The wh ole of the Ancient World was never in the continuity
and extent, marked by the p redominance of slave labor." P. 21. - But his great classical
times yes. (Greece of the fifth and fourth centuries BC and Rome of the second century
BC to AD II was here that the system had hegemony among other work systems. - Urban
life wa s linked to slavery. When one fell, the other went along.€- Estimates safer we a re
told that in Greece of Pericles the ratio between slaves and free citizens in the Athens of
Pericles was walking around 3 \ 2. "In classical Greece, so the s laves were first regularly
used in business, industry and agriculture in additio n to the domestic scale," p. 23. - It
was not slavery, but the complete absence of freedom. - It was the formation of a slave
class that, by contrast, raised ci tizens of Greek cities to levels of legal conscious freedom
hitherto unknown.€"S lavery and freedom were indivisible." One was the condition of the
other. - The Eastern communities ignored the notion of citizenship and freedom of private
pro perty. 3 Riparian states built on an intensive irrigated agriculture that contrasted with
the minor crops, rainfed, Mediterranean world of the future. - The Advent of the slave
mode of production has generated an "economic miracle" to the Greco Roman world.
"The civilization of classical antiquity represented as seen,€the supremacy of the city on
the anomalous field within a predominantly rural economy: the antithesis of primitive
feudal world that succeeded it, "p. 23. - The metropolitan greatness was only possible by
slave labor, "this could o nly release a class of landowners from their rural origins so
radically that it could become an urban citizenship despite that, it withdrew its rich soil
fundam ental" p. 23. - The ruling class abstained completely from any form of productiv
e work.€Even the administrative functions were performed by slaves - "a classic of
slavery palliative humanitarians" - The property in antiquity, unlike the feu dal, did not
require the presence of the owner to generate surplus. This could b e extracted without his
presence on earth. - What you linked to the slave was no t customary, but the act of
purchase. You bought the slave.€- Attributes contrad itórios4 of slavery of classical
antiquity: a) slavery represented the most radi cal degradation of the rural labor
imaginable: the conversion of their own men i n means of production through its inert
deprivation of social rights and their l egal assimilation of the beast load. b) slavery was
the most drastic urban labor market that can be conceived - the worker is reduced to an
object of sale in th e metropolitan markets.€"The fate of the bulk of the slaves in classical
antiqui ty was the agrarian labor" p. 24. "Slavery was the only city that spring economi c
field and disproportionate to the benefit of the polis" p. 25. - The slaves ga ve support to
agriculture and promoted the intra-urban. - The trade through the Mediterranean was
supplying the needs of rural areas. - The limitations of trans port shaped the structure of
the entire economy. The Slave was essentially a com modity mobile - could be easily
moved.€- The wealth and comfort of the urban lan dlord class in classical antiquity were
kept by the MPE. - The relations of prod uction slaveowners imposing limits on the
productive forces. Even with the few t echnical improvements that stage production
tended to fall. "No mode of producti
on is free of material progress in its ascending phase," p. 25. - An improvement in
disseminating the culture of wine and olive oil, improve the quality of brea d.€- The
classical world was not marked by breakthroughs that boosted the econom y considerably
towards "a qualitatively new forces of production" p. 26. - The M EP was characterized
by "stagnation" infrastructural and superstructural vitalit y. Slavery may be the cause.
"The best of the States will not make a handyman a citizen, because the mass of manual
workers is now foreign slave or" Aristotle i n Politics. - This was the ideal norm of MPE,
however, was never actually perfor med.€"But his logic was present in one way
immanent in the nature of classical e conomies." - Given that manual labor was linked to
loss of freedom, it stifled t he inventions. Slavery jammed the technique, resulting in low
productivity of sl ave labor itself. - The slaves had little incentive to perform their duties.
- N otoriously slavery braked technology. - In the economic area, there was an exemp
tion from the application of culture to technology in order to inventions. - The freedom
was alien to work.€"The work is unrelated to any human value and in som e respects
seem to be the antithesis of what is essential to man" on duty. 4 What was the secret of
the world's urban paradoxical early Greco-Roman. - Who did not think worked - the
activity of thinking was free. - The classical civilization was essentially colonial.
Economic growth came through the war and pillage and tributes. "Military power was
more closely linked to economic growth than perhaps any other mode of production,€so
that the main source of slave lab or were prisoners of war "p. 29. "The recruitment of
urban free troops for war d epended on the maintenance of domestic production by
slaves" p. 29. The slaves a llowed the creation of the citizen army. " - EXPANSION OF
THREE CYCLES imperial characteristics in classical antiquity "structure the overall
standard of GrecoRoman world: a) Athens b) Macedonian c) Roman. In all three phases
of urban civi lization, the foundation remained intact.€What happened was repeated ways
to sol ve the problems created by conquest overseas. 2. GREECE. - The emergence of the
Hellenic city-states in the Aegean region predates the classical era. - After th e collapse of
Mycenaean civilization (1200 BC), Greece experienced a prolonged " dark ages": the
writing vanished, economic and political life reverted to a rudi mentary and primitive
rural world narrated by the Homeric poems. - It was the pe riod 800-500 BC that classical
civilization was forming.€Possibly the monarchies were toppled by the tribal
aristocracies. Cities were founded under the rule of the nobility. "In the mid-sixth
century, there were about 1,500 Greek cities in the Greek homeland and abroad," p. 30. -
The cities were residential centers, " the farmers lived within the city walls and out every
day to work in the field, returning at night," p.30. - The organization of these cities
reflected much of the tribal past of the people. The structure was even kinship. - Little is
known of the Greek cities in the archaic age.€One would assume that were based on ins
ider domination of the hereditary nobility. The rule by aristocrats. "The genera l collapse
of the last century occurred in the Archaic Age to the advent of the tyrants (650 510 BC)"
p. 31. - It was they who broke the might of the aristocrac y of the cities. "The tyranny of
the sixth century, in fact, constituted the TRA SINÇÃO crucial for the classical polis" p.
30. It was there that the foundations of this civilization were launched. - An increase of
population, restoration of trade and coinage.€"The wave of overseas colonization of the
VIII century BC wa s the clearest expression of this development," p. 31. - The trade took
place in the Mediterranean. - Increasing population and end the archaic economy created
conflict. The effect of the upheaval was the appearance of tyranny transitional end of the
seventh century and sixth century BC These tyrants did pass laws popu lar and economic
reforms. The people gave support to them, as opposed to the tra ditional nobility. -
Tyrants blocked the monopoly of landed property.€"The small family farm has been
preserved and consolidated throughout Greece during this p eriod," p. 32. The monopoly
represented the unlimited power. That created so muc h misery in Ancient Greece. - Were
the reforms of Solon in Athens who provided t he clearest and best known example.
Although not a tyrant, was invested with sup
reme powers to mediate conflicts between rich and poor. Abolished debt bondage i n the
field. "The result was a stop in growth properties of noble and stabilizat ion of the pattern
of small and medium agriculture" p. 33.€- The reforms have ha d success with length
parka ... conflicts lead to the tyranny. They held public works - which employed many.
Provided public credits to farmers. "The economic b ase of the Hellenic citizenship to
landed property would be modest," p. 34. - Th ere were also changes in military
organization of cities. Arise hoplites, compos ed of middle-class farmer class cities. - The
assumption of the future Greek democracy was an infantry armed citizens th emselves.
Sparta was the first to enter this strategy.€Sparta did not pass by ty ranny. - Other city
states of Greece were slower towards the classical form. - T he tyrannies were decisive
stages in development. "It was their land legislation or its military innovations that paved
the Hellenistic polis of the fifth centu ry BC," p. 37. - For the emergence of classical
Greek civilization was missing i ts key element: slavery on a massive scale. - Slavery was
a prerequisite for the leisure of the upper classes of the city. - The abolition of debt
bondage was f ollowed by slavery.€Slaves were first imported, and that to meet the
demand for manpower. The cost of a slave from Syria and elsewhere were extremely low,
their employment is widespread. Even humble artisans or farmers could have slaves. In
the classical era, the number of slaves was greater than that for free. - It was just the
employment of slaves in the mines and in rural areas that allowed t he "sudden flowering
of Greek urban civilization." - The impact of slavery was n ot only in the economic
realm, it was also vital for the whole of Greek social l ife.€- The discovery of freedom
was a function of the institution of slavery. Th e free citizen stood out in a panorama of
slave workers. - No matter how it was structured, it is clear that the polis stood with
hands-on slave labor. "In the fifth century there were perhaps 80 to 100 thousand slaves
in Athens for a 30 to 40 000 citizens," p. 40. - One third of the free population lived in the
town i tself, the other remained in the villages of the surrounding regions. - The bulk of
the citizens was formed by hoplites and teats.€- The council of five hundred was formed
by drawing lots among the citizens. (Raffle is better than electing? ). - The quorum for
deliberations of the Assemblies was 6000 members. - Athens h as never produced a
democratic philosophy. Almost all philosophers were oliarcas . "The dumb slave of
production underlying the Athenian civilization necessarily found its ideological
expression in the original more privileged social strata of the city, whose high intellectual
work was possible thanks to surplus funds i n the quiet of the polis" p. 42.€- The
Athenian dominance was also due to two fa ctors: a) was in Attica which was the richest
silver mines throughout Greece (wh o designed the silver was the Athenian naval
hegemony), "was the monetary and na val superiority of Athens gave rise to its
imperialism "p. 43. - Citizens were f ree of any direct tax. - The State survived with port
taxes, properties and expa nsion (taxes in favor of an armed conflict against the East). -
The internal har mony generated the need for external expansion. The operation had to
happen some how.€"The Athenian empire that emerged in the wake of the Persian Wars
was essen tially a marine system for the coercive subjugation of states in the Aegean," p.
43. - There were 150 cities on the cover of the Athenian empire. The cities pai d tribute,
which was equivalent to more than 50% of the income of the empire. Th is funded the
cultural heyday of the Greek polis. It was built the Parthenon. Externally the police
stations of the Aegean Sea. In states submitted, there was a link to the formation of a
magistracy obedient to the empire.€- The poorest w ere in favor of empire. - In Athenian
society there was no difference between st ate and society. "The cities of the fourth
century BC sank in exhaustion, while the classical polis was experiencing increasing
difficulties in finance and recr uitment, symptoms that foreshadowed his anachronism" p.
47. 3. The Hellenic world. P. 48. 4. ROME (p. 56.) "The Rise of Rome marked a new cy
cle of imperial expansion-urban, which represented not only a geographic shift o f the
center of gravity of the Ancient world to Italy€but also a socio-economic mode of
production which had been inaugurated in Greece, which made possible a m
uch more dynamic and more durable than that produced by the Hellenistic period, "p. 56.
- Initially, the Roman Republic followed the normal course of the classi cal city-states,
war against rival cities, annexation of territory, the subjugat ion of allies, the foundation
of colonies, etc.. - The difference of the Greeks was the fact that Roma have kept the
political power of the aristocracy intact " to the classic phase of its urban civilization," p.
€56. - The archaic monarchy w as overthrown by a nobility in the late sixth century BC,
then there never was a stage there to the Greek tyrant, which diminished the power of the
aristocracy and build democracy in the city. - The hereditary nobility retained the power,
t he law supported it. "The Republic was dominated by the Senate, controlled in it s first
two centuries of existence, by a small group of patrician clans" p. 56. He was a senator
for life.€"The consulates (two) were the supreme state executiv e authorities and were
legal monopoly of a limited order of patricians until 366 BC," p. 57. - Thereafter
commoners enriched patrician nobility forced to open a ccess to one of two consulates
year. Only in 172 BC the two consuls were commone rs. - Former consuls automatically
became senators. "The Roman Republic retained , so the traditional oligarchic
government by means of a composite constitution, until the classical era in its history," p.
58.€- The Roman citizen had a diffe rent social structure of Greek. - The patrician
nobility struggled early to conc entrate ownership of land in their hands, reducing the
poor free peasants into s ervitude for debt. - When the Gracchi tried to follow in the
footsteps of Solon, was too late. In the second century BC, the situation of the poor was
sad. Ther e has never been in Rome a lasting land reform. - The nobility used the policy t
o block any significant change in the agrarian structure.€- The debt bondage hel ped to
focus even more land in the hands of the nobles. - While the field was co vered with great
masters - Rome withdrew its allies not only imposed as did the Greeks, but also recruits
for his army. - The decisive innovation of Roman expan sion was economic: "It was the
introduction of large estates cultivated by slave s on a large scale for the first time in
antiquity," p. 63. The Greeks were coas tal, employment of manpower had been confined
to small areas.€"It was the first Roman republic allied to the great landed property flocks
of slaves in large-sca le field. The advent of slavery as METHOD OF PRODUCTION
inaugurated, as happened in Grécia5, stage proper of the classical Roman civilization, the
pinnacle of i ts power and culture ... Rome was systematized by an urban aristocracy that
has enjoyed the social and economic control over the city. This resulted in new rura l
institution of landlordism extensive cultivated by slaves, "p. 64. - The manpo wer for the
operation originated in massive wars.€"The state of constant warfare required a constant
mobilization" p. 64. 5 Agriculture and a small compact body of citizens. - Back in the
second century BC, more than 10% of the population were permanentl y embedded with
the troops. This tremendous effort was made possible thanks to t he slave economy. The
successful wars, in turn, afforded more slaves. "The end r esult was the emergence of
properties of land cultivated by slaves never seen an awful lot," p. 65. "Maybe 90% of the
artisans of Rome itself were of slave orig in," p. 66.€"Any potential METHOD OF
PRODUCTION Slavery was first revealed by Ro me, who organized and led to a logical
conclusion that Greece had never known" p 66. "The predatory militarism of the Roman
Republic was its main lever of econo mic accumulation. The war brought land, taxes, and
slaves, slaves, taxes and the land provided the material for the war, "p. 67. - The Roman
conquests are not l imited, of course, to the wealth of the senatorial oligarchy. - The
conquest of the Mediterranean was decisive to the republic.€- Was the Roman city-state
that developed the rural plantation with slave labor. "The successful organization of
agricultural production in large-scale slave labor was the prerequisite for the conquest
and colonization of large permanent territories" p. 68. - Some provinc es were more
marked by the system than the other: Gaul, Hispania, etc.. - The ru ral economy of
slavery depended on a network of prosperous cities, where they we
re going to produce a surplus. - In the eastern Mediterranean has not become wid espread
slavery.€The slaves seized there were sent to the West. - Roman law to g uarantee private
property. "It was Roman law that for the first time, freed the private property of any
requirement or restriction extrinsic to the developing n ovel distinction between mere
possession" p. 72. - Have the property was much sa fer than just land tenure. Such was
the legal guarantee a healthy innovation. "T he Republic won their empire to Rome: his
own victories to become anachronistic" p. 72.€- The recruitment was a way of reducing
the class of smallholders, but t he economic aspirations of them were alive. The push for
redistribution of land has increased from Mario. - The wealth of Rome came from the
exploitation of lab or, slave labor, taxes, looting, extortion, etc.. Despite all the luxury,
the so ldiers were paid leaner. Pay them well meant burdening the class with high taxes .
- At the end of the republic had a tendency to infidelity military in the stat e. - Civil wars
were largely unavoidable.€- The evil peasant was the basement of military turmoil and
disorder of the end of the republic. The misery of the urb an masses fueled the crisis. -
Public pressure has caused some transfers. "It wa s the popular outcry that gave Pompey
the military extraordinary powers that put into motion the final disintegration of the state
Senate, was the popular enthu siasm for Caesar that made such a threat to the
aristocracy," p. 74. It was the end of the republic. - The nobility was unable to manage
the Roman provinces.€Th e privileges that had were not compatible with their work. -
Civil wars have sho wn that the dynamic center of the Roman imperial system was in the
western Medit erranean. - It was the imperial Rome which provided the theorists of
democratic freedom: Cicero and Tacitus. - The Imperial State was based on Roman civil
law. "The subsequent history of the principality was a lot to a growing provincianiza ção
the central power within the empire." P. 81. "The political and administrative unification
was marked by the external securit y and economic prosperity ...€with the principality,
economic growth has followe d the flowering of Latin culture and poetry, history and
philosophy, etc.. "p. 8 2. "For nearly two centuries, the quiet magnificence of urban
civilization of th e Roman Empire hid the limits and tensions underlying the productive
base on whi ch sat" p. 82. "Unlike the feudal economy, its successor, the Slave Mode of
Prod uction of antiquity did not have an internal mechanism, natural, self-reproducti on,
€because its work force could never be stabilized within the homeostatic syst em "p. 82. -
The supply of slaves depended on conquest. Prisoners of war have al ways been the main
source of menial labor. "The Republic looting across the Medi terranean in search of his
human material, to install the Roman imperial system, " p. 83. - After the wars and
delineated the boundaries of the empire, the crisi s came. - Each slave represented an
investment of capital perishable.€The paid c apital and profits should come as quickly as
possible through the work on. - Mai ntaining the slave offspring was a financial burden
for the owner unproductive a nd was obviously neglected. - The free rural population has
not expanded enough to meet the demand for slaves. - The MEP was not devoid of
technical innovations as the rotary mill and screw press. - But in general, the dynamics of
the syste m was very limited. The productivity increase was tied to the diligent work forc
e.€There was no significant technological edge that the economy was not facing t hat
focus. Everything revolved around gaining more slaves. - There were insurmou ntable
obstacles to technical progress. - AZENHA represented the first applicati on of force to
inorganic economic production, and this, in the first century AD Its use was not
widespread. The technique itself was not the first engine of the economy. Inventions
remained isolated for years.€"The slave mode of production had no room or time for the
mill or the harvester: agriculture Roman ignored the m throughout their existence," p. 87.
- The principality was responsible for sev eral major urban works, however, there has
never been a qualitative change in th e structure of all production. - Costs in
transportation prevented the concentra tion of manufactures. - The merchants were a
despised profession.€"The state was by far the single largest consumer of the Empire and
the only real center of th e mass production of goods that could have given rise to a
dynamic manufacturing sector," p. 88. "Throughout classical antiquity, the normal public
works were o
ften executed by slave labor," p. 88. - The structural feature was the use of sl ave. This
remained until the Byzantine Empire. - The state expanded, while the e conomy or both. -
With the end of expansion and the lack of slaves, did nothing the system could produce
more.€The crisis came from the early third century AD A S barbarian pressures did not
cease. "In the fifty years that have elapsed chaot ic 235-284 AD there was nothing more
nor less than 20 emperors, eighteen of whom died a violent death" p.90. "The internal
political turmoil and foreign invasio n soon left a trail of successive epidemics that
weakened and reduced population s of the empire, already diminished by the ravages of
war," p. 92. "The lands we re abandoned and grew up the flaws in the agricultural
supply" p. 92.€- The urba n decay. "Under intense pressure internally and externally, for
about fifty year s - 235-284 - Roman societies seemed to collapse," p. 92. "At the end of
the third century, the beginning of IV, however, the Imperial Sta te recovered and moved
to ... security has been gradually restored ... at the ti me of Diocletian (284). " - The
recruitment was again done by increasing the arm y. "A large number of volunteers
barbarians was incorporated into the army," p. 93. The senatorial aristocracy was
displaced from its central role in politics.€ Power was shifted to the officers of the
armies. New tax system. Tried to fix pr ices and wages. The political center of the empire
tended toward the east. Emerg y Constantinople. "The tremendous expansion of the state
machine material from t hese measures will inevitably contradict the attempts of
Diocletian ideological" p. 94. - The crisis was most visible in the west. The east was
packed with natu ral wealth. Christianity was born in the east and spread during the third
centur y. Since then, the Romans no longer had the majority of the Senate.€The exchange
of the emperors was outside the arc of influence of the Senate and was in the h ands of
the generals. - The source of soldiers became the Balkans and the Danube . Dynasties
began to come from the east. The Empire sighed a little early in the fourth century, but it
had high price. - The aristocracy western Italy and Gaul remained the richest
economically. However, he was now divorced from the milita ry command that support
the political leadership. A POLITICAL CRISIS. - Constant ine tried to return the focus to
the West. Read page 99 - about Christianity.€Soma financial crisis the whole apparatus
clerical imposed by Constantine. Also increased the number of soldiers. "The expansion
of the state was accompanied by a contraction of the economy" p. 100. - With the crisis
was the tendency for re covery from the periphery, where they kept the production
centers. "There was a ruralization gradual but unmistakable Empire" p. 102. - While the
city stagnated field generated the imperial crisis. "There have been changes in the rural
econ omy of larger scale, foreshadowing the transition to another mode of production" p.
102.€- When the borders of the empire ceased to move forward, the EPC went i nto
decline. - At the end of the third century the price of slaves tended to fal l, which shows
the decrease in demand. The owners no longer supplied the slaves, they were placed on
plots of land and operated only in the production surplus. - The countryside was a refuge
for those fleeing charges of tax and recruitment. - Surge figure of the colon - the peasant
cultivator dependent, tied to ownersh ip of the master, to whom he paid rent in cash or in
kind on his lot,€or growing it in partnership. Thus, the boss was concerned to exempt the
settler recruitme nt. - The slaves left, slowly, they are treated as commodities in the
convention al sense. Valentino until I banned for the same time seeing the part of the land
they worked. - Thus was formed a distinct class of farmers and tenants of the s laves free.
- The productive forces remained locked. - The settlement changed th e axis of the entire
economic system. - The state began to tax the urban area,€w hich languished trade and
craft production. - The tax falls heaviest on the peas ants. Only the State absorbed 1 \ 3 of
agricultural production. The taxes were t o uphold the privileges of civil servants that the
Sangria. - The Empire in the West found itself torn apart inside, because of economic
crises on the outside, the collapse was due to the barbarian invasions. - This interpretation
emphasize s the catastrophic nature of the fall, versus those who say it was peaceful and
hardly felt by those who lived it.€- Others say that the fall was not due to int ernal crisis. -
Attacks on the eastern empire were far more violent and he manag
ed to survive. It was logical that the internal contradictions of MPE is to deve lop more
advanced in the West. - In the East, the Hellenistic culture prevailed. She did not feel
much the fall population of the third century. There the trade was more alive. "The rise of
Constantinople as the second capital of the empire was the biggest success of urban
fourth and fifth centuries" p. 108. Ali always subsisted on small properties.€There the tax
burdens appear to have been lighte r. - The EPC of which we speak is that of the West.
Ler.p. 107. - The institution o f the settlement had its origin in the east, particularly in
Egypt. - The two re gions were dominated by different classes. "In the East, the
landowners formed a nobility average, based in cities, so accustomed to their exclusion
from politi cal power as central to the actual obedience to the commands and procedures:
it was the only wing of the landed class in the provinces that never produced any i
mperial dynasty "p. 109.€- The Senate order of the West was the most powerful se gment
of the feudal nobility of the whole empire. Were pagans against Christiani ty. II. THE
TRANSITION CAP. 1 - THE CONTEXT GERMANO (p. 117). - Among the German s
prevailed primitive communism. The herd was private property. Many of the clan s were
even matriarchal. This structure was modified from the first century AD t hey began to
come into contact with the Romans, began to negotiate with them: ca ttle and slaves.
There were wars between the tribes. Formed a hereditary aristoc racy that made up the
council of the tribe,€the assembly was composed of warrior s. Dynastic lineages appear
almost real. - The heads of the tribes around him ha d an escort of warriors. This escort
was maintained by the producers of the eart h. Was the core of class division. Such
privileges have marked the transition fr om clan \ tribal. For it was no longer the
solidarity of kinship, but fidelity t o the warlord. - The Romans encouraged the war
between the barbarians by making alliances with some. - The Romans pressed the
disintegration of primitive commun ism among the Germans.€"The more the imperial
Roman persisted, the more its powe r, influence and example tended to drag the
Germanic tribes arranged along its b orders to greater social differentiation and higher
levels of political and mili tary organization," p. 120. - The danger of the barbarians was
increased as the contact with the Romans were changing their structures. - Rome co-
opted many bar barians to the imperial army. Diplomacy Roman wanted to take
advantage of a netw ork of clientele barbaric around its borders.€People who supported
the Roman int erest in the barbarian world in return for financial subsidies, political
suppor t and military protection. "There was some intermingling of Roman and Germanic
e lements within their own state apparatus Imperial P. 121. Many barbarians stood in the
military. - In tribal societies barbarian had a tendency to stratificatio n and social
differentiation. Many "evils" were learned from the Romans. The Ger mans of the time of
Caesar, were not the same at the time of the end of empire.€ "The rough equality of the
clans originating outside succeeded by individual wea lth in land and the consolidation of
an aristocracy of warriors coming from the escorts. The long symbiosis of Roman and
Germanic social formations in the borde r regions gradually narrowed the gap between
the two, although this was still a lot on what matters most. Of its final crash, catastrophic,
and its merger would finally be born Mayor "P. 121. -A barbarian periphery of empire,
where the Roma ns went in search of allies and slaves, for many,€became part of the
empire itse lf. Who collapsed with an alliance white one was the coming of the Huns who
forc ed these early barbarians to invade the empire. CAP. 2 - THE RAIDS (p. 121) - in
vasions that swept the Western imperial occurred in two distinct phases: a) firs t began
with the passage of the cold waters of the Rhine at the end of the year 406, by vandals
and others. In 410, Visigoths had sacked Rome. In every invasion , there was a
connection to the Latin legacy. - Around 480,€established on Roman soil before the first
system of primitive barbaric state: they were the Visigot hs in Aquitaine, the Ostrogoths
in northern Italy, the Vandals in North Africa, etc.. "In the first half of the fifth century,
the imperial order was devastated by th e flood of barbarians throughout the West," p.
123. - The provinces have entered
into total disarray, the administration customary submerged. Banditry espalhous e. It was
a return to local culture archaic.€"The Germanic tribes who tore the W estern Empire was
not able to dust itself replaced by a new political universe o r coherent ... the barbarians
were still rudimentary and primitive communities w hen storming the West. " - Do not
know any lasting experience of the territorial state. Ignored the writing. The property
system was not yet fully stabilized. " The improvised structures of the first states
barbarians reflected this basic si tuation of relative weakness and isolation." - When they
settled on land before Roman€the Germans tended to imitate the practices of Roman and
broke in part to the tribal past. - In general, the system adopted is that of Hospitality,
learne d from the Romans. Grant of land in exchange rates. - Each tribe had its barbari c
experience, one can not homogenize it. Missing documents to prove all the talk about
these tribes. - The distribution of land was the case for fear of spreadi ng the military. -
The lands were not distributed to all warriors. The pacts wer e made between two people,
who would become nobles.€Who got distributed to other until reaching the small farmer,
who all held. - Originally the lands were not full and hereditary properties. "But the
system logic was obvious: in about one generation was consolidated Germanic
aristocracy on earth, with a peasantry depe ndent on it," p. 126. - The formation of the
state defines the end of primitive communism barbarian. "The kingdoms of this phase
typical Germanic monarchies wer e still rudimentary, with rules of succession uncertain,
based on bodies of roya l guards or escorts of the court,€midway between the personal
retinue of the pas t tribal and feudal landed nobility of the future "p. 128. - The economic
profil e of the early Germanic invaders was based on a formal division of the Roman lan
ds. - The author believes that the barbarians are unable, because no organized p olitical
system the height of the former. - The military apparatus was the admin istration
Germanic Roman era. This was the Dualism which the author says that pr evailed,
especially in Italy. Preserved the imperial legacy. "In many respects,€ the Roman
political and legal structures remained intact in these early barbaria n kingdoms "p. 128. -
The tribal social organization of tribal religion were ins eparable. "Thus, the political
transition to a territorial system of state made it invariably accompanied by an ideological
conversion to Christianity," p. 129. "In general, this barbarian kingdoms changed the
social, economic and cultural world of late Roman in a relatively small proportion." "The
lifetime of the orig inal barbarians States was not long," p. 131.€- The village
communities, brand o f feudalism, we are deploying, first in France. - The VILAS as
organized units o f production go into decline. The villages were trademarks of
colonization rural America. Reappear in the freehold and communal land peasants of the
village. The confusion this time was great. The darkness that surrounds it is a lot. The
combinations between the Roman and Germanic culture. - The second wave of raids
produced everywhere a Germanic aristocracy endowed with wider areas.€These raids
marked the end of the administration and the right dual. The Merovingians also tried to
keep them, however, the Germanic law the end prevailed. The tax also di sappeared As
the State did not run more public services. "All taxes lapsed progressively i n the
Frankish kingdoms." The Franks adopted Christianity. - The transition was not unique.
Each tribe had its Germanic experience. - Overcoming tier by itself did not produce a
new political formula is well defined in the late Middle Ages. €- The process of
abandonment of the classical heritage was concomitant with the advance in the Islamic
Mediterranean. - The Merovingian abandoned the minting o f coins. "In its economic
structures, social and political Western Europe left b ehind the dualism ... had become a
crude process of merging, but the results wer e still disparate and reports. Neither the
merger nor a simple juxtaposition gro ss were capable of giving rise to a new mode of
production generally able to ove rcome the impasse of slavery and settlement "p. 139.
"Only a genuine synthesis c ould get it," p.€139. CAP. 3 - SUMMARY (p. 140). "The
historical synthesis that eventually gave up was the Mayor" P. 140. - Summary \
Interaction \ Fusion View dialectic. - Catastrophic collision of the two previous modes of
production: the primitive and ancient. Note: the merger of two will always result in
feudalism?
"This Western feudalism was the specific result of a merger of Germanic and Rom an
legacy, which was already evident to the thinkers of the Renaissance, when it was first
debated the question of its genesis" p.140. - Montesquieu said the Ge rmanic origin of
feudalism.€- The debate is the proportion of the mix, who contr ibuted more to the
emergence of feudalism: Roman or Germanic? - THE END OF ANTIQ UITY: a)
PACIFICA: For some historians the collapse of the Roman Empire was only the
culmination of centuries of absorption by the Germanic peoples. It was a qu iet release.
Were achieved within the few. b) disasters. - The feudal mode of pr oduction can be seen
in various social formations, not always equal. "We need to develop a typology of
European feudalism, rather than simply to determine its g enealogy" p. 142.€"The
original membership of the feudal institutions specific s eems in any case often
inextricable, given the ambiguity of the sources and para llel developments within the
previous two social systems" p. 142. "The allegianc e may have its main roots in both the
Germans as the Comitato CUSTOMER Gallo-Rom an: two forms of aristocratic escort
that existed on each side of the Rhine long before the end of the Empire" p. 142. "We
also benefit, with which it merged to form the fief,€can be related to the ecclesiastical
practices of the Roman Empi re and later with the distribution of tribal land between the
Germans, "p. 142. "The medieval village communal enclaves were primarily Germanic
heritage, a surv ivor of the rural systems of the forest intact after the general trend of
peasan ts barbarians allodial regime for schemes of dependency" p. 143. "The very servi
tude descendant of both the classic status of the settlers as the slow degradati on of free
peasants Germanic" p. 143.€- The legal and constitutional system of t he medieval world
was also hybrid. The legacy of Roman law was codified importan t. "On top of the
medieval political system, the very institution of feudal mona rchy was an unstable
amalgam of Germanic warlord, semi-elective and secular rudi mentary functions, and the
Roman imperial sovereign, sacred autocrat with unlimi ted powers," p. 144. - The general
structure of an ENTIRE FEUDAL in Europe has a double array, which we have seen. -
The only institution of antiquity that has survived throughout the Medieval er a was the
Christian Church. She was the reservoir of the classical world. Writin g became a clerical
privilege. "The church has never been theorized in the conte xt of historical materialism,"
p. 144. - The role of Church in Transition has be en emphasized and despised as
historiography. - All clerical apparatus after the formalization of Christianity meant more
burden on the state budget. - Others s ay that the ideology of Christian love ruined the
empire, as it undermined slave ry.€- Christianity was important in the process of
Latinization at the end of an tiquity. That was the main function of the church in
transition. - The church re tained the Roman part of the superstructure. "The Church was,
therefore, the ind ispensable bridge between two eras, in a catastrophic way, not
cumulative from o ne mode of production to another" p. 151. "With the state begins to
Carolingian history of feudalism itself," p. 150. - There was a huge ideological effort to r
ecreate the Roman imperial system. - Islam had defeated the Visigoths in Spain.€ - In
800, a barbarian is proclaimed emperor of the Christian West. - It was at t his stage that
emerged more clearly the fundamental institutions of feudalism. I t was this government
that has joined the oath of allegiance to the monarch with CONCEÇÂO land. "But it was
really the time of Charlemagne who introduced the de cisive synthesis between the
donations of land and the bonds of service," p. 153 . - End of the eighth century - the
allegiance (personal tribute) and BENEFIT (l and grant) were gradually assimilated. -
During the ninth century,€The benefit w as gradually assimilated to HONOR. "The
concessions of land left by the rulers t hen be donated to become conditioned rights
conferred in return for jury service ," p. 153. - Were being formed a class of vassals
linked directly to the emperor . Whose benefits were paid directly by Charlemagne
himself. These were the core of the Carolingian army. "The end result of convergent
evolution was the appeara nce of the manor - the granting of land, lined with power
politics and legal€in exchange for military service "p. 153. "The system FEUDO took a
century to take shape and roots in the West, but its first undisputed core formed with
Charlemag ne," p. 155. - NOTE: with expansionist goals, Magno appreciated and formed
the m
ilitary. He's a question of loyalty. - The war reduced the rural population. The military
campaigns demanded an economic base to support them. The warriors beca me nobles.
Sedentary and unarmed peasants supported the king's army. It was ther e that the
dependence peasant was consolidated.€- The Carolingian Empire was a c ontinental
reality. Isolated by Islam Empire "The response to the economic isola tion was the
development of a Master" p. 154. - 20% of rural population was stil l a slave in the
Carolingian Empire. - The unit broke down, the trend was the re gionalization of the
aristocracy. - Attacks from all sides sprayed the entire im perial system. They were the
Saracens, Vikings and Magyars. NOTE: The term FEUDO has come into use in the last
decades of the ninth century. It was about this t ime that because of the invasions,€France
was all covered with castles and forti fications, built by rural landowners without imperial
permission. - The fortific ations were both a prison and a protection. The peasants were
released to an eas ement across the board. - The roots of you to land and consolidation of
susseran ia solidified the feudal system. PART I. WESTERN EUROPE CAP. 1 - The
feudal mode of production (p. 163) "The feud al mode of production that arose in
Western Europe was characterized by a comple x unity."€"It was a mode of production
dominated by land and by a natural econom y in which neither the work nor the work
products were commodities. The producer immediately - the peasant - was linked to the
honey of production - soil - for a specific social relationship, "p. 163. - The servitude was
a legal situation. "A landed property it owned on private property by a class of feudal
lords who e xtracted a surplus of peasants through political-legal relations of coercion,"
p . 163. - The word SERVANT was an invention of the twelfth century (Marc Bloch).€ -
The feudal lord was a vassal of another chain and thus ended the monarchy. - P olitical
sovereignty was never concentrated at a single point. The feudal divisi on of sovereignty
in particularized areas - Existence of village communal lands and freehold peasants
(survivors of the MEP). These two features represented for ms of peasant resistance. -
There was not a homogeneous property. The structure was variable. There were areas
where the operation was straightforward.€There we re also those areas entirely divided
into parcels cultivated by farmers. "But th e modal type has always been a combination of
reserve and noble peasant plots, i n varying proportions," p. 165. "The sovereignty of the
feudal parcellization pr oduced the phenomenon of medieval Western Europe ... Can not
find yourself in fe udalism as such, the genesis of urban production of goods: it is clear
that prev ious "p. 166.€- The MPF was the first to allow autonomous development of
urban p roduction within an agricultural economy natural. "The typical European
medieval towns, who were engaged in trade and manufactures, were self-governing
communes who enjoyed political and military organization autonomous in relation to the
C hurch and nobility" p. 167. - Marx: "The history of classical antiquity is the h istory of
cities, but cities based on land ownership and agriculture ... the Mid dle Ages (Germanic
period) begins when the field becomes the seat of history,€wh ose subsequent
development takes place through the opposition between town and c ountryside, modern
history is the urbanization of the countryside and not, as be tween the old, the city
ruralization "pre-capitalist formations. "Only the feuda l mode of production was possible
dinâmica6 an opposition between town and count ryside," p. 167. "The feudal mode of
production was mainly agrarian," p. 167. You only had power in his fiefdom. The
fragmentation of sovereignty was incompat ible with the unity of the nobility. The system
was a potential anarchy.€There w as a structural contradiction. The system required a
final system of authority, however, the monarchy was naturally weakened. - The church
that has always been linked to the state, was unattended. His source of authority was the
force exert ed over the minds and its huge expanse of land. - Monarchs kept their
positions thanks to the preservation of traditional laws. Political power was identified w
ith law enforcement. Within the policy, justice was central. "She was the common name
of power," p. 170. 6
Urban Economics - based on commodity exchange,€with merchants in guilds and corp
orations. Rural Economy - a natural exchange, controlled by noble. CAP. 2 - TYPE OF
SOCIAL FORMATIONS (p. 171). II. EASTERN EUROPE NOTE: "The mix produces
unpredictable" Paul Gilroy. If feudalism was the synthes is of "mixed" ... different
mixtures can not generate the same summary.

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