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APES STUDY SHEET

(not comprehensive, just a partial reminder)

Power – Most frequently used in APES problems. If you remember one, you can get the other by reversing the
math 
Convert from To Equation
Kilowatts Watts Kilowatts x 1000
Watts Kilowatts Watts x 0.001
Megawatts Kilowatts Megawatts x 1000
Kilowatts Megawatts Kilowatts x 0.001
Watts Btu/hour Watts x 3.413
Btu/hour Watts Btu/hour x 0.293
Kilowatts Btu/hour Kilowatts x 3414
Btu/hour Kilowatts Btu/hour x 0.000293
Watts Horsepower Watts x 0.00134
Horsepower Watts Horsepower x 746
Kilowatts Horsepower Kilowatts x 1.34
Horsepower Kilowatts Horsepower x 0.746

Kilowatt = 1000 watts

Megawatt 1000 kilowatts

LD50 – (lethal dose 50%) the amount of a toxic material that will kill ½ of a population at a certain time

TFR – total fertility rate = number of children an average woman would have assuming she lives her full
reproductive rate. Replacement TFR is 2.1 in US, global average is 2.9, developing countries is 3.2 due to high
infant mortality and early death rates.

Loss of energy as you go up the trophic pyramid = 90% due to respiration, heat loss, feces, wasted energy.
Going down from tertiary consumers multiply by 10. This is used for questions where they do not provide specific
values.

Primary productivity is expressed in units of energy and is the amount of biomass produced through
photosynthesis per unit area per time by plants.

60% of the world’s freshwater withdrawals goes toward irrigation with rice production leading the way for usage,
soy and oats use the least.

Supply and Demand – price goes up as demand goes up, price goes down as supply increases or demand
decreases.

K species (strategists) – elephants, slow, older reproduction , fewer offspring

R species (strategists) – rapid, reproduction, lots of offspring, younger fertility, little parental involvement, die early
remember r=rapid, rats, roaches

Population at year 1 = Original population + birth – death + immigration (entering – emigration (leaving)
Biggest component of earth’s crust = oxygen (46.6%) Silica (27.7), earth’s atmosphere = nitrogen (78.8),
oxygen (20.95) water (0 to 4%)

Humans lose about 12 8 oz cups of water per day but consumes only about 9, most need to drink more than they
do.

Mark and recapture M= first sample of marked and released organisms; p = second sample from same
population; m= number that is recaptured in second sample; P= total population size. Example: Measuring
population of butterflies. 100 captured on first day, marked and released. 100 captured on second day, 20 had
marks.

m/p = M/P or 20/100 = 100/P P = 500 OR P = (first sample) X (second sample) 10000

number recaptured 20

Rule of 70: To calculate population doubling time, divide the country’s growth rate by 70. Thus a growth rate of 2
will double in 35 years, 1% will double in 70 etc.

Dissolved oxygen levels are lowest just downstream of the discharge (not at the discharge point) because the
organisms (mostly aerobic bacteria) increase rapidly and use up the oxygen as the river flows downstream. As
these decomposers use up the waste, algae appears (further downstream) and re-oxygenates the water.
Dissolved and suspended solids are highest at the discharge, smell (decomposition) is worst where the DO is the
lowest (most bacteria).

K = carrying capacity, number of individuals a given area can support

Why be a vegetarian? we feed 72% of all grain grown in the world to livestock. It takes about 660 gallons
of water to produce a pound of chicken. Due to wasteful fishing practices, 57 billion pounds of sea life is
caught unintentionally every year and thrown away. One acre of land could produce 50,000 pounds of
tomatoes, 40,000 pounds of potatoes, 30,000 pounds of carrots or just 250 pounds of beef. To produce a
year's supply of beef for a family requires over 260 gallons of fossil fuel, or approximately one gallon of
gasoline per pound of grain-fed beef. Finally, it takes 2,500 gallons of water to produce one pound of
beef; to produce one pound of wheat requires 25 gallons. Different for each species, But the rule of thumb
is 10 pounds of grain for each pound of meat (World Resources Institute).

butterfly effect – a butterfly flaps its wings in China and the effect is changed and magnified until it could cause a
tornado in Texas. All things interconnected, not all complex dynamic systems (ecosystems) are always predictable
but there are many many connections.

economic impacts – remember that most environmental decisions hinge on cost/benefit ratios.

H habitat destruction/fragmentation

I invasive species

P population growth

P pollution

O over harvesting

sustainability – goal of all ecological movements, mimics nature

Less than 3% of all the sunlight that reaches earth is used (fixed) in photosynthesis
Soil Layers (Over an extraordinary bridge came bedrock)

O Surface litter – dead leaves, thick in deciduous, very thin in rain forest

A topsoil – humus and minerals

E zone of leaching (dissolved and suspended materials move downward)

B subsoil (accumulation of iron, Aluminum, humic compounds & clay leached down from A & E

C weathered parent material

BEDROCK

Nitrogen fixation (legumes) – convert N2 to ammonia; Nitrification – convert ammonia to nitrate; both are
bacterial functions

Denitrification – different bacteria convert soil nitrogen forms (NH3, NH4 into atmospheric N2)

Acid Precipitation – Formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that combine with water vapor to form rain,
snow, sleet and even fog with pH of less than 5 (5.6 is normal rain, 7 is pure water). Worst in north America is 4.2
near Lake Erie. Living things have zone of tolerance.

MAKE SURE YOU REVIEW ALL THE POPULATION CURVES: figure 9-4 page 166, 9-5 page 166, 9-6 page
167; 9-7 and 9-8 page 168; 9-9 page 169, 9-11 page 171; 10-20 page 189;

Places to know:

Lake Washington, Mono Lake, Aral Sea, Chernobyl, 3-Mile Island, Yucca Mtn, Love Canal, Bophal India, Cuyahoga
River, 3 Gorges Dam,

Tests that can be done to on soil: pH, permeability, porosity, composition (sand, clay etc), nutrients –
nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, slope (erosion), depth of layers, humus present, types of biodiversity

Tests that can be done on water: pH, salinity, DO (dissolved oxygen – available to sustain life, measure of
living activity) BOD (biological oxygen demand – how much oxygen is being used –demanded- by the living things),
nitrogen, phosphate levels, temperature, clarity/turbidity (use a black and white Secci disk that is on a string, drop
into water and measure the clarity by the depth at which it becomes difficult to see to measure amounts of
sediments suspended in water), speed of current, biodiversity counts

Tests that can be done on air : low level ozone, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulate matter
(dust, smoke, volcanic ash), water vapor levels (relative humidity, humidity), smog (secondary pollutant from
smoke, other pollutants and water vapor – smoke + fog), CFC levels, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, wind
currents, sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, radon (usually done inside a building, but radioactive particles attach to dust
and enter lungs causing cancer). For more see global warming/ ozone handout.

Common Air Pollutants – ground level (you need a noseclip to protect yourself – NOSCLP)

N=NOx O= ozone S= SOx C= CO L=lead P=particulate matter (2.5/10 microns)


Need a change of pace? This is an excellent review site that is based on your book. Check out the vocabulary list
and also the list of important diagrams in your book.

http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/ReviewSheets.htm

Here’s 2 more:

http://www.riverdell.k12.nj.us/staff/molnar/apesexamreview.htm

http://facweb.msjnet.edu/awhite/APES%20Review%20Page.htm

Review how to read a soil pyramid, especially the direction of the arrows:

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