Once upon a time there was a boy named Jacob who lived in

Mississippi USA. He was very weird, slightly weirder than his evil
assistant Harrison.

Jacob had just modified his ten megapixel camera so he could

take pictures of himself in the future. So he set the dial to ten years
later. And then he looked at his hair. “BALD!, ME bald?, NOOOOO!”

Then Harrison said, “A quest. A quest for the cure. A quest for the
cure of hair. A quest for the cure of hair loss. A quest for the cure of
hair loss to make you happy.”

“Yes, a quest!, for me. For the cure. Of my baldness, in the

future!” Jacob proclaimed, “So, what makes hair grow?”

Harrison began a long rant, “Keep your hair in excellent

condition. Seeing a hairdresser regularly to have your hair cut and
styled will keep it in top condition. Hair in good condition gives the
impression it's longer even if it's not because it looks good and has no
split ends, etc.

Use a quality brush to keep your hair brushed, such as a boar brush.
Tilt your head forward and brush with your head upside down to bring
the oils to the ends of your hair and stimulate the scalp. Keep your
hair well moisturized. You don't need to use commercial product but
you do need to know what can condition your hair properly if you
resort to natural items. Don't wash your hair every day; allow the hair
oils to condition your hair rather than constantly washing the oils out.
Massage your hair while washing it.

Be kind to your hair. Your hair falls out of its own accord
(approximately 70 to 150 hairs daily), but you may be pulling it out
faster as a result of the things you do to it. The gentler you are with
your hair, the less chances it has to fall out excessively. Some things
to keep in mind include: Don't put your hair into tight ponytails or
cornrows. Use butterfly clips and loose braids instead. Brush your hair
carefully. If you have wavy or curly hair, there are probably times
when you encounter resistance as you're brushing. Right before
brushing, use your fingers to gently comb through your hair. And
when you brush, start at the ends, and hold the strand you're
brushing with your other hand so that if you pull on the hair with a
brush, you're not pulling on the root (pull from the grip of your hand
instead). Brush your hair before you shower in the morning.
Throughout the night your hair can knot up a lot. Brushing your hair
before you shower reduces tangling when washing it in the shower.
When using conditioner, try sifting your fingers through your hair. This
reduces extensive combing after your shower and helps to distribute
the conditioner evenly. Minimize tangles in other situations, such as on
windy days, by containing your hair with buns, braids, hats, etc.
Minimize how much you style your hair. Any kind of styling that
involves pulling your hair at the root (blow drying straight, straight
iron, curling iron, rollers) will contribute to hair loss. Heat styling also
can encourage hair to break. If you really need to dry your hair fast,
use a blow dryer for 5 minutes only. Avoid or minimize harsh
treatments like dyes, tints, bleaches, straighteners, and permanent
waves. These weaken your hair and increase the likelihood of
breakage and loss. Minimize or stop using heating items on your hair.
Maintain good food nutrition or boost it by taking a daily multivitamin.
Your body needs several building blocks in order to produce a healthy
head of hair, and you can easily meet your body's requirement by
eating a balanced, nutritious diet, of by taking a multivitamin
consistently if you are not eating well due to illness, etc. Keep in mind,
however, that it can take several months to notice the results, so don't
get discouraged. Research suggests that iron deficiency makes hair
loss worse. Women with heavy periods are at a higher risk of iron
deficiency. However, unless you have an iron deficiency diagnosed by
a doctor, you shouldn't take iron supplements. They can upset your
stomach and cause severe constipation, and iron overload can be
dangerous. Taking a multivitamin and eating iron-rich foods (tofu,
lentils, beans, oysters, spinach, prunes, raisins, lean beef) is more
than enough. If you're a vegetarian, eat foods rich in Vitamin C
whenever you eat iron-rich veggies. Vitamin C will help your body
absorb the kind of iron that is found in vegetables. Avoid purchasing
unnecessary supplements such as biotin. Despite the many claims that
biotin promotes hair growth, no studies have shown this to be the
case. However, hair loss is a sign of severe biotin deficiency; in these
cases, the hair loss will be accompanied by a scaly rash around the
nose, mouth and genitals. Few people suffer this condition. Avoid
dramatic weight loss. As you shed pounds, you also shed hair. The
dramatic changes that your body undergoes when it loses weight
quickly (the change in nutrients, the stress involved) can cause your
hair to thin. Diets low in protein and iron (for example, very low-fat
diets) and also those high in protein but low in fruits and vegetables
(for example, Atkins) that result in dramatic weight loss can also
trigger significant hair loss. Instead, keep a balanced diet, and focus
on gradual calorie reduction (one or two pounds a week). Each hair on
your head grows for 2-5 years, slows down for about six weeks, and
rests for 3-5 months before falling out so a new hair can grow in its
place. Normally, 15 percent of your hair is at the resting phase, but a
sudden change in nutrition can cause some hair follicles in the growing
phase to switch into the resting phase prematurely, possibly raising
the percentage to more than 30 percent Relax. Stress is a common
cause of reversible hair loss. When you experience physical or
emotional turmoil, it can take anywhere from three weeks to four
months for the results to show up in your hair. It is important to
relieve your stress. Address any pressing health issues. Hair is a
strong indicator of overall health. Many nutritional deficiencies can
cause hair growth to slow, and can cause hair to thin. Hormonal
problems such as hypothyroidism and PCOS can also cause thinning. If
your hair has gotten seriously thinner, or stops growing for more than
a few months, discuss it with your doctor as soon as possible , that‟s
all I know, I will try to find more information later, Sir.”

“Thanks, Harrison, although that did take awhile, any information

is helpful!” Jacob said

“Hey, Hey Jacob Hey, Hey.” Olivia said in her „hey Zephy‟ voice

Tekoah and Olivia had been hiding behind the couch the whole
time, and found a bunch of hair bands in the cushion.

“What was that about, how tight ponytails affect your hair?”
Tekoah asked.
 “heres how to do a cornrow, “Harrison said. “much better for your
hair!, number 1 Plan your style. Having in mind what your end goal
looks like will help you to form a path for getting there. You can do
this in your head, draw a picture, or make some marks on a
Styrofoam wig holder. The easiest amount to begin with will probably
be four to six sections from the front to the back of the head.

Number 2 Spritz some water, or water mixed with detangler, on the

hair. Comb or brush it through to remove all major tangles. The hair
should be slightly damp, but not too wet. The reason for this is that
you don't want to have to pull the hair a lot to create the tension
needed to hold the style together. Hair contracts when it's wet and
expands as it dries. Despite what some people say about a tight braid,
this is the best way to achieve it - not by pulling the hair hard away
from the scalp.

3 Part a section of hair that you would like the cornrow to follow
along. put the sides of the hair that you aren't braiding in two pigtails
so they don't get in your way. Move other hair out of the way so that
you have a clear path to follow. Then take a small section of hair
where you want the cornrow to begin. Don't take too much, especially
near the hairline, or you will have to pull too hard to continue.

4 Separate that small section into three strands and make a normal
braid of about 2 "stitches" to get it started.

5 Holding the two outer strands aside, reach down under this initial
braid to add a little hair to the middle strand. Fully merge this new
hair to the middle strand so that it becomes a part of it, and you again
have 3 strands. Make a braid stitch out of these strands.6

Continue braiding, each time adding a little more hair to the middle
strand, and repeat this until you've run out of hair to add. If you've
reach the end and there is still hair left over, then continue with a
regular 3 strand braid.7Secure the cornrow with a snap bead, hair clip,
end bar, barrette, bolo tie tip, or whatever you like, just so long as
you will be able to easily remove it later. Uncovered rubber bands
(elastics) are not recommended unless they are the kind made
specifically for hair. The ones made for office use will break off the
hair, Now if you would rather loosely braid instead, or use a butterfly
clip.”

Use the wide-tooth comb to comb out all the hair. Make sure that
there are no tangles. The comb should move easily through all the
hair. Make sure all hair is smooth and entirely free of even the
smallest tangles.

2Divide hair into small sections and use the fine-tooth comb to comb
the sections to make sure that all the knots have been removed. Even
small knots will cause problems down the road.

3 Make sure you keep a firm grip on the hair.Select section of hair
that you wish to braid. It can be on any part of the scalp and can be
any amount of hair. If you're starting out, it might be easier to work
with a smaller strand of hair because they'll be easier to control.

4 Here are the three sections - numbered for easy reference!Divide

the hair into three even sections. Separate the sections with your
hands and make sure they don't mix together at any time.

5 Cross the left hand section over the middle section. The original left
hand section is now the middle section.

6Still keep the sections separately and tightening the plait by pulling
all the sections away from each other.

7 Cross the right hand section over the middle section. The original
right hand section is now the middle section.

8Tighten the plait again.

9 Continue with this process alternating left and right sections over
the middle section, tightening each plait as you make it.

10 A completed braid.Repeat until you run out of room, leave about

an inch of unbraided hair at the end.
11 An elastic bobble is used to secure the braid Secure the end of the
braid with a hair-friendly ponytail holder.

12If you choose to put hair spray on the hair to hold it. This would be
the step where I would add that before the ribbon. So you don't mess
up the ribbon or this would be the last step.

13 Add a pretty ribbon or pretty clips to your completed braid!”

Harrison answered.

Jacob said, “I wonder if my AXE shampoo is good for my hair?”

he asked slicking his hair back.

“Well, it should be okay, as long as it doesn‟t come from dollar

tree.. and always check the bottle to make sure it wasn‟t made in
china, then it could be poisonous.” Harrison explained, in his scientific
voice.

Then the girls put Jacob‟s hair up in 101 little tiny pontails, all
over his head, and they were really tight. Now since he was very
inexperienced at taking ponytails out, all his hair fell out.

He fainted, Harrison lifted a finger and began explaining proper

hair care, “Hair care is an overall term for parts of hygiene and
cosmetology involving the hair on the human head. Hair care will
differ according to one's hair type and according to various
processes that can be applied to hair. All hair is not the same;
indeed, hair is a manifestation of human diversity.

In this article, 'Hair care' is taken to mean care of hair on the

human head, but mention should be made of process and
services which impact hair on other parts of the body. This
includes men„s and women‟s facial, pubic, and other body hair,
which may be dyed, trimmed, shaved, plucked, or otherwise
removed with treatments such as waxing, sugaring, and
threading. These services are offered in salons, barbers, and day
spas, and products are available commercially for home use.
Laser hair removal and electrolysis are also available, though
these are provided (in the US) by licensed professionals in
medical offices or speciality spas.

Hair cleaning and conditioning

Biological processes and hygiene

Care of the hair and care of the scalp skin may appear separate,
but are actually intertwined because hair grows from beneath the
skin. The living parts of hair (hair follicle, hair root, root sheath,
and sebaceous gland) are beneath the skin, while the actual hair
shaft which emerges (the cuticle which covers the cortex and
medulla) has no living processes. Damage or changes made to
the visible hair shaft cannot be repaired by a biological process,
though much can be done to manage hair and ensure that the
cuticle remains intact.

Scalp skin, just like any other skin on the body, must be kept
healthy to ensure a healthy body and healthy hair production. If
the scalp is not cleaned regularly, by the removal of dead skin
cells, toxins released through the skin or external hazards (such
as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals) may create a breeding
ground for infection. However, not all scalp disorders are a result
of bacterial infections. Some arise inexplicably, and often only the
symptoms can be treated for management of the condition
(example: dandruff). There are also bacteria that can affect the
hair itself. Head lice is probably the most common hair and scalp
ailment worldwide. Head lice can be removed with great attention
to detail, and studies show it is not necessarily associated with
poor hygiene. More recent studies reveal that head lice actually
thrive in clean hair. In this way, hair washing as a term may be a
bit misleading, as what is necessary in healthy hair production
and maintenance is often simply cleaning the surface of the scalp
skin, the way the skin all over the body requires cleaning for good
hygiene.

The sebaceous glands in human skin produce sebum, which is

composed primarily of fatty acids. Sebum acts to protect hair and
skin, and can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin.
Sebum contributes to the skin‟s slightly acidic natural pH
somewhere between 5 and 6.8 on the pH spectrum. This oily
substance gives hair moisture and shine as it travels naturally
down the hair shaft, and serves as a protective substance
preventing the hair from drying out or absorbing excessive
amounts of external substances. Sebum is also distributed down
the hair shaft “mechanically” by brushing and combing. When
sebum is present in excess, the roots of the hair can appear oily,
greasy, generally darker than normal, and the hair may stick
together.

Hair cleaning

One way to distribute the hair's natural oils through the hair is by
brushing with a natural bristle brush. The natural bristles
effectively moves the oil from the scalp through to the hair's mid-
lengths and ends, nourishing these parts of the hair. Brushing the
scalp stimulates the sebaceous gland, which in turn produces
more sebum. When sebum and sweat combine on the scalp
surface, they help to create the acid mantle, which is the skin's
own protective layer.

Washing hair removes excess sweat and oil, as well as unwanted

products from the hair and scalp. Often hair is washed as part of
a shower or bathing with shampoo, a specialized surfactant.
Shampoos work by applying water and shampoo to the hair. The
shampoo breaks the surface tension of the water, allowing the
hair to become soaked. This is known as the wetting action. The
wetting action is caused by the head of the shampoo molecule
attracting the water to the hair shaft. Conversely, the tail of the
shampoo molecule is attracted to the grease, dirt and oil on the
hair shaft. The physical action of shampooing makes the grease
and dirt become an emulsion that is then rinsed away with the
water. This is known as the emulsifying action.

Shampoos have a pH of between 4 and 6 and do not contain

soap. Soapless shampoos are acidic and therefore closer to the
natural pH of hair. Acidic shampoos are the most common type
used and maintain or improve the condition of the hair as they
don't swell the hairshaft and don't strip the natural oils.
Conditioners are often used after shampooing to smooth down
the cuticle layer of the hair which can become roughened during
the physical process of shampooing. There are three main types
of conditioners. Anti-oxidant conditioners; which are mainly used
in salons after chemical services and prevent creeping oxidation,
internal conditioners, which enter into the cortex of the hair and
help improve the hair's internal condition (also known as
treatments), and finally external conditioners, or everyday
conditioners, which smooth down the cuticle layer making the
hair shiny, comb-able and smooth feeling. Conditioners can also
provide a physical layer of protection for the hair against physical
and environmental damage.

Western cleaning products and methods

A more alkaline rated (meaning a high pH) shampoo is stronger

and harsher to one's hair. This can mean that the hair will be left
dry and brittle. Shampoos containing citric, lactic or phosphoric
acid are most likely balanced. Oily hair might require a more
acidic pH shampoo. Anti-dandruff shampoos have been implicated
in irritation of the scalp, and an increase in the production of
dandruff. Anti dandruff shampoos may be available over-the-
counter or on prescription, based on the strength of the medicine.
Dandruff, despite common belief, is more often related to too
much, or an issue somehow with, sebum production and not dry
scalp skin. Not all flakes are dandruff and only a qualified
physician can determine not only that one indeed does have
dandruff; but also, what type of dandruff one may have. If one is
experiencing redness of the scalp skin, bumps on the scalp skin,
and any weeping from sores and/or bleeding in addition to flakes,
professional medical diagnosis should be sought.

Conditioner choice is greatly dependent upon hair type and hair

status, such as colored, permed, dry, and the like. Commercial
conditioners contain a variety of ingredients such as plant oils,
provitamins, acidic compounds, plastics, stabilizers, thickeners,
emulsifiers, and fragrances.

Conditioners may sometimes add weight to hair, creating an

adverse effect in the shampooing/conditioning process. Some
conditioners, especially those containing a silicone compound,
may coat the hair and lead to build up on the hair, making it dull,
and lead to harsher shampoo use; in a sense, an endless cycle of
shampooing and conditioning. When used correctly, however,
conditioners are helpful in temporarily coating the hair to increase
shine and ease tangles.

Build up is when the hair has a sticky or gummy feel, the

conditioner choice seems to work less well, or the hair may be
more prone to tangling. Buildup occurs when the minerals from
water and/or products are not rinsed away during shampooing. A
clarifying shampoo may be required to remove it. Clarifying
removes all things on the surface of the hair strands, essentially
leaving the hair without moisture. Failure of conditioning as part
of a clarifying hair wash process may lead to excessive drying of
hair.

Viable natural ways to condition the hair include rinses with

lemon juice, lime juice, vinegar or for brunettes, rosemary tea.
The use of acid rinses may assist those who have itchy scalps,
depending on the cause for the itchiness. Hair which is lacking
sebum may also be softened using plant oils such as olive oil and
coconut oil.

Washing

The most effective way to wash hair is to wet the hair then apply
shampoo two times, rinsing between each application of
shampoo. Apply a small amount of shampoo onto the palm of the
hand and rub between palms to get an even coverage. Run
through the hair, focusing on the scalp for the first shampoo
application and the hair for the second. Some specialized
shampoos require a development time for the second shampoo so
manufacturer's instructions should be followed.

Following shampooing, towel dry the hair and apply a conditioner

to the mid-lengths and ends of the hair. Conditioners should be
combed through the hair with a wide tooth comb. Care should be
taken when combing because wetting hair breaks the internal
hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds give hair its dry strength and
help maintain its shape. Develop the conditioner according to
manufacturer's instructions and rinse. Note that some
conditioners are left on the hair and do not require rinsing.

Microfiber towels that help absorb the water from hair faster than
conventional towels are available on the market. These are
particularly helpful for those with very thick or damaged hair, that
may otherwise take a while to dry.

Hairstyling tools

Main article: Hairstyling tool

Hair lengths

 Bald - having no hair at all on the head

 Shaved - hair that is completely shaved down to the scalp
 Buzz - hair that is extremely short and hardly there
 Cropped - hair that is a little longer than a buzz
 Boy's cut - hair that is longer than a crop, but not yet hits
the ears
 Ear length - hair up to one's ears
 Chin level - hair grows down to the chin
 Flip level - hair reaching the neck or shoulders
 Shoulder length - hair reaching the shoulders
 Midback level - hair that's at about the same point as the
widest part of one's ribcage and chest area
 Waist length - hair that falls at the smallest part of one's
waist, a little bit above the hip bones
 Tailbone length - hair that is at about the area of one's
tailbone
  Classic length - hair that reaches where one's legs meet his
or her buttocks
 Thigh length - hair that is at the mid-thigh
 Knee-length - hair that is at the knee
 Calf length - hair that is at the calf
 Floor length - hair that reaches the floor

Chemical alteration

Chemical alterations like perming, coloring can be carried out to

change the perceived quality and texture of hair. All of these are
temporary alterations because permanent alterations are not
possible.

Chemical alteration of hair only affects the hair above the scalp;
unless the hair roots are damaged, new hair will grow in with
natural color and texture.

Hair coloring

Hair coloring is the process of adding pigment to or removing

pigment from the hair shaft. Hair coloring processes may be
referred to as dyeing or bleaching, depending on whether you are
adding or removing pigment.

Temporary hair tints simply coat the shaft with pigments which
later wash off.

Most permanent color changes require that the cuticle of the hair
be opened so the color change can take place within the cuticle.
This process, which uses chemicals to alter the structure of the
hair, can damage the cuticle or internal structure of the hair,
leaving it dry, weak, or prone to breakage. After the hair
processing, the cuticle may not fully close, which results in coarse
hair or an accelerated loss of pigment. Generally, the lighter the
chosen colour from one's initial hair color, the more damaged it
may be. Other options for applying color to hair besides chemical
dyes include the use of such herbs as henna and indigo, or
choosing ammonia-free solutions.
Perms and chemical straightening

Perms and relaxation using relaxer or thermal reconditioning

involve chemical alteration of the internal structure of the hair in
order to affect its curliness or straightness. Hair that has been
subjected to the use of a permanent is weaker due to the
application of chemicals, and should be treated gently and with
greater care than hair that isn't chemically altered.

Environmental factors

Minerals in water can affect hair.

Calcium causes hair to feel dry and lack shine and volume. It can
prevent the proper processing of color, highlights, perms or
relaxer/straighteners and can cause a perm to appear relaxed.
Calcium builds up on the scalp causing flaking of the scalp, giving
the appearance of dandruff. Calcium can choke the hair at the
mouth of the follicle causing the hair to break off, then coat the
scalp, blocking further new hair growth.

Iron can cause water to have a red or rusty hue. Iron leaves hair
feeling dry, brittle and weighted down. It causes lack of shine and
can cause dark hair to tint darker and blonde hair to turn orange.
Iron can inhibit the proper processing of perms, color, highlights,
and relaxers/straighteners

Copper discolors hair causing blonde hair to turn green and dark
hair to tint darker. Copper can weigh hair down and cause
dryness, and can inhibit the proper processing of perms, color,
highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Magnesium causes hair to lack shine, feel dry, appear weighted

down therefore lacking volume, and can inhibit the proper
processing of perms, color, highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Silica causes many of the same effects on the hair as calcium. It

causes hair to feel dry, lack volume, and can cause dandruff-like
symptoms of flaking. Build-up of silica can choke the hair follicle
causing hair to fall out.

Lead can cause the hair to feel dry. Lead can prevent the proper
processing of perms, color, highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Typically, these minerals can be found in groundwater usually

extracted using a well. The level of calcium that is found naturally
from the ground determines the hardness of water. While calcium
is the element that determines hardness of water, there are many
other elements in well water that affect hair, scalp and skin.

To improve the hair health and further prevent issues with

dryness and buildup, people can use a shower head filter that will
remove the minerals found in most city waters. However, hard
water minerals and the sanitizing agents like Chlorine and
Chloramine can also deposit in or on the hair, building up over
time. The chemical and mineral content of water varies by
geography. Filtering water through very fine mesh cloth may help
to remove larger deposits in the water. Many enjoy collecting rain
water, although acid rain is an increasing issue in many parts of
the world.

Treatment for well water and hard water conditions are available
in a variety of products, such as demineralizing shampoos and
conditioners.

Those who swim in chlorinated or salt sea water may benefit from
first wetting the hair entirely and then applying conditioner to
completely swell the entire hair shaft. Swimmers may also benefit
from products on the market that remove chlorine after
swimming in pool water.

Special considerations for hair types

Children's or superfine hair

Children's hair is often a problem because it is supremely fine and

may be difficult to care for because of its nearly downy softness
and fluffiness. Up until the age of 7-10, this fine hair will remain
about the head.

Children‟s hair is different from adult hair in texture, density, and

likely also colour, body and so on. Hair's traits change over time
as humans physically develop, and even age. Like the rest of the
human body, (example, teeth), hair has different stages of
development spanning the full lifetime from birth to death.

Very curly hair

Very curly hair requires unique care. Hair can be ruined if

brushed out dry. There are many different kinds of hair products
catering to frizz control and curl definition. Curly hair tends to dry
out easily, leave-in conditioner can help. Hair that is very curly
often requires careful detangling. Those with dry, curly hair
should shampoo less often than those with straight hair, or
consider cleaning hair with conditioner (cowashing).

Long hair

Many industries have requirements for hair being contained to

prevent worker injury. This can include people working in
construction, utilities, and machine shops of various sorts.
Furthermore, many professions require containing the hair for
reasons of public health, and a prime example is the food
industry. There are also sports that may require similar
constraints for safety reasons: to keep hair out of the eyes and
blocking one's view, and to prevent being caught in sports
equipment or trees and shrubs, or matted hair in severe weather
conditions or water. Safety is also the reason behind not allowing
hair to fly loose on the backs of motorcycles and open-topped
sports cars for longer tresses.

Delicate skin

Scalp skin of babies and the elderly are similar in subdued

sebaceous gland production, due to hormonal levels. The
sebaceous gland secretes sebum, a waxy ester, which maintains
the acid mantle of the scalp and provides a coating that keeps
skin supple and moist. The sebum builds overly, between every
2–3 days for the average adult. Those with delicate skin may
experience a longer interval. Teenagers often require daily
washing of the hair. Sebum also imparts a protective coating to
hair strands. Daily washing will remove the sebum daily and
incite an increase in sebum production, because the skin notices
the scalp skin is lacking sufficient moisture. In cases of scalp
disorders, however, this may not be the case. For babies and
elderly, the sebaceous gland production is not at peak, thus daily
washing is not typically needed however not a bad idea.

Treatment of damage

Split ends

Split ends, known formally as trichoptilosis, happen when the

protective cuticle has been stripped away from the ends of hair
fibers.

This condition involves a longitudinal splitting of the hair fiber.

Any chemical or physical trauma, such as heat, that weathers the
hair may eventually lead to split ends. Typically, the damaged
hair fiber splits into two or three strands and the split may be two
to three centimeters in length. Split ends are most often observed
in long hair but also occur in short hair that is not in good
condition.

As hair grows, the natural protective oils of the scalp can fail to
reach the ends of the hair. The ends are considered old once they
reach about 10 centimeters since they have had long exposure to
the sun, gone through many shampoos and may have been
overheated by hair dryers and hot irons. This all results in dry,
brittle ends which are prone to splitting. Infrequent trims and lack
of hydrating treatments can intensify this condition.

Breakage and other damage

Hair can be damaged by chemical exposure, prolonged or
repeated heat exposure (as through the use of heat styling tools),
and at times by excessive perming and straightening.

Infections and skin disorders

When hair behaves in an unusual way, or a scalp skin disorder

arises, it is often necessary to visit not only a qualified physician,
but sometimes a dermatologist, or a trichologist. Conditions that
require this type of professional help include, but are not limited
to, forms of alopecia, hair pulling/picking, hair that sticks straight
out, black dots on the hair, and rashes or burns resulting from
chemical processes.

There are a number of disorders that are particular to the scalp.

Symptoms may include:

 Abnormal odor
 Bleeding
 Bumps
 Caking skin buildup that appears white or another color than
one's natural skin tone
 Chafes
 Clumps of hair falling out
 Clumpy flakes that do not easily slough off the scalp skin
 Dandruff
 Excessive itchiness that doesn't go away with a few hair
wash, redness of scalp skin
 Patches of thinning
 Pus-like drainage
 Shedding

Any of these symptoms may indicate a need for professional

assistance from a dermatologist or trichologist for diagnosis.

Scalp skin can suffer from infestations of mites, lice, infections of

the follicles or fungus. There could be allergic reactions to
ingredients in chemical preparations applied to the hair, even
ingredients from shampoo or conditioners. Common concerns
surrounding dandruff (often associated with excessive sebum);
psoriasis, eczema, or seborrheic dermatitis.

An odor that persists for a few weeks despite regular hair

washing may be an indication of a health problem on the scalp
skin.

Not all flakes are dandruff. For example, some can merely be
product buildup on the scalp skin. This could result from the
common practice of applying conditioner to scalp skin without
washing. This would dry upon the scalp skin and flake off,
appearing like dandruff and even causing itchiness, but have no
health effects whatsoever.

Preventive action – nutrition

Genetics and health are factors in healthy hair. Proper nutrition is

important for hair health. The living part of hair is under the scalp
skin where the hair root is housed in the hair follicle. The entire
follicle and root are fed by a vein, and blood carries nutrients to
the follicle/root. Any time an individual has any kind of health
concern from stress, trauma, medications of various sorts,
chronic medical conditions or medical conditions that come and
then wane, heavy metals in waters and food, smoking etc. these
and more can affect the hair, its growth, and its appearance.

Generally, eating a full diet that contains protein, fruits,

vegetables, grains, and even an appropriate amount of fat is
important (several vitamins and minerals require fat in order to
be delivered or absorbed by the body). Any deficiency will
typically show first in the hair. A mild case of anemia can cause
shedding and hair loss. Among others, the B group of vitamins
are the most important for healthy hair, especially biotin. B 5
(pantothenic Acid) gives hair flexibility, strength and shine and
helps prevent hair loss and graying. B6 helps prevent dandruff
and can be found in cereals, egg yolk and liver. Vitamin B 12 helps
prevent the loss of hair and can be found in fish, eggs, chicken
and milk.
When the body is under strain, it reprioritizes its processes. For
example, the vital organs will be attended to first, meaning that
healthy, oxygenated blood may not feed into the hair follicle,
resulting in less healthy hair or a decline in growth rate. While not
all hair growth issues stem from malnutrition, it is a valuable
symptom in diagnosis.

Scalp hair grows, on average, at a rate of about half an inch per

month, and shampoos or vitamins have not been shown to
noticeably change this rate. Hair growth rate also depends upon
what phase in the cycle of hair growth one is actually in; there
are three phases. The speed of hair growth varies based upon
genetics, gender, age, hormones, and may be reduced by
nutrient deficiency (i.e., anorexia, anemia, zinc deficiency) and
hormonal fluctuations (i.e., menopause, polycystic ovaries,
thyroid disease).

Then Jacob sighed, sucking in a mouthful of hair, then he

choked, coughed up a hairball, then died.

Sir do you need CPR?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency

procedure which is attempted in an effort to return life to a
person in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are
unresponsive with no breathing or only gasps. It may be
attempted both in and outside of a hospital.

CPR involves chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per

minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually
pumping blood through the heart. In addition the rescuer may
provide breaths by either exhaling into their mouth or utilizing a
device that pushes air into the lungs. The process of externally
providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current
recommendations place emphasis on high quality chest
compressions over artificial respirations and a method involving
only chest compressions is recommended for untrained rescuers.
CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; its main purpose is to
restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. It
may delay tissue death and extend the brief window of
opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent
brain damage. An administering of an electric shock to the heart,
termed defibrillation, is usually needed to restore a viable or
"perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is only effective for
certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless
ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystolic or pulseless
electrical activity. CPR may however induce a shockable rhythm.
CPR is generally continued until the person regains return of
spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.

Indications

CPR is indicated for any person who is unresponsive with no

breathing or only gasps as breathing as it is most likely that they
are in cardiac arrestIf a person still has a pulse, but is not
breathing (respiratory arrest), artificial respirations are more
appropriate. However, many people often have difficulty
detecting a pulse and CPR may thus be used.

Methods

CPR training: CPR is being administrated while a second rescuer

prepares for defibrillation.

In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison

Committee on Resuscitation updated their CPR guidelines. The
importance of high quality CPR (sufficient rate and depth without
excessively ventilating) was emphasized. The order of
interventions was changed for all age groups except newborns
from airway, breathing, chest compressions (ABC) to chest
compressions, airway, breathing (CAB). An exception to this
recommendation is for those who are believed to be in a
respiratory arrest (drowning, etc.).

Standard
A universal compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 is
recommended for adult and in children and infant if only a single
rescuer is present. If at least 2 rescuers are present a ratio of
15:2 is preferred in children and infants. In newborns a rate of
3:1 is recommended unless a cardiac cause is known in which
case a 15:2 ratio is reasonable. If an advanced airway such as an
endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway is in placed delivery
of respirations should occur without pauses in compressions at a
rate of 8-10 per minuteThe recommended order of interventions
is chest compressions, airway, breathing or CAB in most
situations. With a compression rate of at least 100 per minute in
all groups. Recommended compression depth in adults and
children is about 5 cm (2 inches) and in infants it is 4 cm
(1.5 inches. As of 2010 the Resuscitation Council (UK) still
recommends ABC for children. As it can be difficult to determine
the presence or absence of a pulse the pulse check has been
removed for lay providers and should not be performed for more
than 10 seconds by health care providers. In adults rescuers
should use two hands for the chest compressions, while in
children they should us one, and with infants two fingers (index
and middle fingers)

Compression only

Compression only (hands-only) CPR is a technique that involves

chest compressions without artificial respiration. It is
recommended as the method of choice for the untrained rescuer
or those who are not proficient as it is easier to perform and
instructions are easier to give over the phone. In adults with out-
of-hospital cardiac arrest, compression-only CPR by the lay public
has a higher success rate than standard CPR. [ The exceptions are
cases of drownings, drug overdose, and arrest in children.
Children who receive compression only CPR having the same
outcomes as those who received no CPR.:S646 The method of
delivering chest compressions remains the same, as does the rate
(at least 100 per minute). It is hoped that the use of compression
only delivery will increase the chances of the lay public delivering
CPR.
Interposed abdominal compression

Interposed abdominal compressions may be beneficial in the in

hospital environment. There is however no evidence of benefit
pre hospital or in children.

Internal cardiac massage

Internal cardiac massage is the process of cardiac massage

carried out through a surgical incision into the chest cavity. This
distinguishes the process from conventional, external cardiac
massage, which is carried out by compression near the sternum
during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Effectiveness

Type of Arrest ROSC Survival

Witnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 48% 22%

Unwitnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 21% 1%

Bystander Cardiocerebral Resuscitation 40% 6%

Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 40% 4%

No Bystander CPR (Ambulance CPR) 15% 2%

Defibrillation within 3–5 minutes 74% 30%

Used alone, CPR will result in few complete recoveries, and those
who do survive often develop serious complications. Estimates
vary, but many organizations stress that CPR does not "bring
anyone back," it simply preserves the body for defibrillation and
advanced life support.[13] However, in the case of "non-shockable"
rhythms such as Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), defibrillation is
not indicated, and the importance of CPR rises. On average, only
5–10% of people who receive CPR survive. The purpose of CPR is
not to "start" the heart, but rather to circulate oxygenated blood,
and keep the brain alive until advanced care (especially
defibrillation) can be initiated. As many of these patients may
have a pulse that is impalpable by the layperson rescuer, the
current consensus is to perform CPR on a patient who is not
breathing.

Studies have shown the importance of immediate CPR followed by

defibrillation within 3–5 minutes of sudden VF cardiac arrest
improve survival. In cities such as Seattle where CPR training is
widespread and defibrillation by EMS personnel follows quickly,
the survival rate is about 30 percent. In cities such as New York,
without those advantages, the survival rate is only 1–2 percent.

In most cases, there is a higher proportion of patients who

achieve a Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), where their
heart starts to beat on its own again, than ultimately survive to
be discharged from hospital (see table below). This is due to
medical staff either being ultimately unable to address the cause
of the arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, or in some instances due to
other co-morbidities, due to the patient being gravely ill in more
than one way.

Compression-only CPR is less effective in children than in adults,

as cardiac arrest in children is more likely to have a non-cardiac
cause. In a 2010 prospective study of cardiac arrest in children
(age 1–17), for arrests with a non-cardiac cause provision by
bystanders of conventional CPR with rescue breathing yielded a
favorable neurological outcome at one month more often that did
compression-only CPR (OR 5.54; 95% confidence interval 2.52–
16.99). For arrests with a cardiac cause in this cohort, there was
no difference between the two techniques (OR 1.20; 95%
confidence interval 0.55–2.66)This is consistent with American
Heart Association guidelines for parents

Pathophysiology

CPR is used on people in cardiac arrest in order to oxygenate the

blood and maintain a cardiac output to keep vital organs alive.
Blood circulation and oxygenation are required to transport
oxygen to the tissues. The brain may sustain damage after blood
flow has been stopped for about four minutes and irreversible
damage after about seven minutes. Typically if blood flow ceases
for one to two hours, the cells of the body die. Because of that
CPR is generally only effective if performed within seven minutes
of the stoppage of blood flow. The heart also rapidly loses the
ability to maintain a normal rhythm. Low body temperatures as
sometimes seen in near-drownings prolong the time the brain
survives. Following cardiac arrest, effective CPR enables enough
oxygen to reach the brain to delay brain death, and allows the
heart to remain responsive to defibrillation attempts.

Adjunct devices

While several adjunctive devices are available none other than

defibrillation as of 2010 have consistently been found to be better
than standard CPR for out of hospital cardiac arrest These devices
can be split in to three broad groups - timing devices, those that
assist the rescuer to achieve the correct technique, especially
depth and speed of compressions, and those which take over the
process completely.

Timing devices

They can feature a metronome (an item carried by many

ambulance crews) in order to assist the rescuer in getting the
correct rate. Some units can also give timing reminders for
performing compressions, breathing and changing operators.

Manual assist devices

Studies have shown that audible and visual prompting can

improve the quality of CPR and prevent the decrease of
compression rate and depth that naturally occurs with fatigue,
and to address this potential improvement, a number of devices
have been developed to help improve CPR technique.
These items can be devices to placed on top of the chest, with
the rescuers hands going over the device, and a display or audio
feedback giving information on depth, force or rate or in a
wearable format such as a glove Several published evaluations
show that these devices can improve the performance of chest
compressions

As well as use during actual CPR on a cardiac arrest victim, which

relies on the rescuer carrying the device with them, these devices
can also be used as part of training programs to improve basic
skills in performing correct chest compressions

Certain defibrillation pads are capable of performing similar

function, in that they may display rate and depth of
compressions. Additionally, a certain algorithm may allow them to
monitor electrical activity even during CPR.

Automatic devices

There are also some automated devices available which take over
the chest compressions for the rescuer. These have several
advantages: they allow rescuers to focus on performing other
interventions; they do not fatigue and begin to perform less
effective compressions, as humans do; and they are able to
perform effective compressions in limited-space environments
such as air ambulances, where manual compressions are difficult.
These devices use either pneumatic (high-pressure gas) or
electrical power sources to drive a compressing pad on to the
chest of the patient. One such device, known as the LUCAS, was
developed at the University Hospital of Lund, is powered by the
compressed oxygen supplies already standard in ambulances and
hospitals, and has undergone numerous clinical trials, showing a
marked improvement in coronary perfusion pressure and return
of spontaneous circulation.

Another system called the AutoPulse is electrically powered and

uses a large band around the patients chest which contracts in
rhythm in order to deliver chest compressions. This is also backed
by clinical studies showing increased successful return of
spontaneous circulation.

Prevalence

Chance of receiving CPR

Various studies suggest that in out-of-home cardiac arrest,

bystanders, lay persons or family members attempt CPR in
between 14%] and 45% of the time, with a median of 32%. This
indicates that around a third of out-of-home arrests have a CPR
attempt made on them. However, the effectiveness of this CPR is
variable, and the studies suggest only around half of bystander
CPR is performed correctly.

There is a clear correlation between age and the chance of CPR

being commenced, with younger people being far more likely to
have CPR attempted on them prior to the arrival of emergency
medical services. It was also found that CPR was more commonly
given by a bystander in public than when an arrest occurred in
the patient's home, although health care professionals are
responsible for more than half of out-of-hospital resuscitation
attempts.[ This is supported by further research, which suggests
that people with no connection to the victim are more likely to
perform CPR than a member of their family. This is likely because
of the shock experienced by finding a family member in need of
CPR; it is easier to remain calm - and think clearly - when the
person in need of CPR is a complete stranger, as in this case one
will not be as frightened.

There is also a correlation between the cause of arrest and the

likelihood of bystander CPR being initiated. Lay persons are most
likely to give CPR to younger cardiac arrest victims in a public
place when it has a medical cause; victims in arrest from trauma,
exsanguination or intoxication are less likely to receive CPR.

Finally, it has been claimed that there is a higher chance of CPR

being performed if the bystander is told to only perform the chest
compression element of the resuscitation
Chance of receiving CPR in time

CPR is only likely to be effective if commenced within 6 minutes

after the blood flow stops,because permanent brain cell damage
occurs when fresh blood infuses the cells after that time, since
the cells of the brain become dormant in as little as 4–6 minutes
in an oxygen deprived environment and the cells are unable to
survive the reintroduction of oxygen in a traditional resuscitation.
Research using cardioplegic blood infusion resulted in a 79.4%
survival rate with cardiac arrest intervals of 72±43 minutes,
traditional methods achieve a 15% survival rate in this scenario,
by comparison. New research is currently needed to determine
what role CPR, electroshock, and new advanced gradual
resuscitation techniques will have with this new knowledge A
notable exception is cardiac arrest occurring in conjunction with
exposure to very cold temperatures. Hypothermia seems to
protect the victim by slowing down metabolic and physiologic
processes, greatly decreasing the tissues' need for oxygen. There
are cases where CPR, defibrillation, and advanced warming
techniques have revived victims after substantial periods of
hypothermia.

Society and culture

Portrayed effectiveness

CPR is often severely misrepresented in movies and television as

being highly effective in resuscitating a person who is not
breathing and has no circulation. A 1996 study published in the
New England Journal of Medicine showed that CPR success rates
in television shows was 75% for immediate circulation, and 67%
survival to discharge. This gives members of the public an
unrealistic expectation of a successful outcome. When educated
on the actual survival rates, the proportion of patients over 60
years of age desiring CPR should they suffer a cardiac arrest
drops from 41% to 22%[

Stage CPR
Chest compressions are capable of causing significant local blunt
trauma, including bruising or fracture of the sternum or ribs.
Performing CPR on a healthy person may or may not disrupt
normal heart rhythm, but regardless the technique should not be
performed on a healthy person because of the risk of trauma.

The portrayal of CPR technique on television and film often is

purposely incorrect. Actors simulating the performance of CPR
may bend their elbows while appearing to compress, to prevent
force from reaching the chest of the actor portraying the victim.
Other techniques, such as substituting a mannequin torso for the
"victim" in some shots, may also be used to avoid harming
actors.

Self-CPR hoax

A form of "self-CPR" termed "Cough CPR" was the subject of a

hoax chain e-mail entitled "How to Survive a Heart Attack When
Alone" which wrongly cited "ViaHealth Rochester General
Hospital" as the source of the technique. Rochester General
Hospital has denied any connection with the technique.

Rapid coughing has been used in hospitals for brief periods of

cardiac arrhythmia on monitored patients. One researcher has
recommended that it be taught broadly to the public. However,
“cough CPR” cannot be used outside the hospital because the first
symptom of cardiac arrest is unconsciousnessin which case
coughing is impossible, although myocardial infarction (heart
attack) may occur to give rise to the cardiac arrest, so a patient
may not be immediately unconscious. Further, the vast majority
of people suffering chest pain from a heart attack will not be in
cardiac arrest and CPR is not needed. In these cases attempting
“cough CPR” will increase the workload on the heart and may be
harmful. When coughing is used on trained and monitored
patients in hospitals, it has only been shown to be effective for 90
seconds.[
The American Heart Association (AHA) and other resuscitation
bodies do not endorse "Cough CPR", which it terms a misnomer
as it is not a form of resuscitation. The AHA does recognize a
limited legitimate use of the coughing technique: "This coughing
technique to maintain blood flow during brief arrhythmias has
been useful in the hospital, particularly during cardiac
catheterization. In such cases the patients ECG is monitored
continuously, and a physician is present."

History

Sign showing old Silvester and Holger-Nielsen methods of

resuscitation

In the 19th century, Doctor H. R. Silvester described a method

(The Silvester Method) of artificial respiration in which the patient
is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head
to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid
exhalation.[ The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute.
This type of artificial respiration is occasionally seen in films made
in the early part of the 20th century.

A second technique, called the Holger Neilson technique,

described in the first edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in the
United States in 1911, described a form of artificial respiration
where the person was laid on their front, with their head to the
side, resting on the palms of both hands. Upward pressure
applied at the patient‟s elbows raised the upper body while
pressure on their back forced air into the lungs, essentially the
Silvester Method with the patient flipped over. This form is seen
well into the 1950s (it is used in an episode of Lassie during the
Jeff Miller era), and was often used, sometimes for comedic
effect, in theatrical cartoons of the time (see Tom and Jerry's
"The Cat and the Mermouse"). This method would continue to be
shown, for historical purposes, side-by-side with modern CPR in
the Boy Scout Handbook until its ninth edition in 1979. The
technique was later banned from first-aid manuals in the UK.
However, it was not until the middle of the 20th century that the
wider medical community started to recognize and promote
artificial respiration combined with chest compressions as a key
part of resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The combination
was first seen in a 1962 training video called "The Pulse of Life"
created by James Jude, Guy Knickerbocker and Peter Safar. Jude
and Knickerbocker, along with William Kouwenhoven and Joseph
S. Redding had recently discovered the method of external chest
compressions, whereas Safar had worked with Redding and
James Elam to prove the effectiveness of artificial respiration. It
was at Johns Hopkins University where the technique of CPR was
originally developed. The first effort at testing the technique was
performed on a dog by Redding, Safar and JW Perason. Soon
afterward, the technique was used to save the life of a child.
Their combined findings were presented at annual Maryland
Medical Society meeting on September 16, 1960 in Ocean City,
and gained rapid and widespread acceptance over the following
decade, helped by the video and speaking tour they undertook.
Peter Safar wrote the book ABC of resuscitation in 1957. In the
U.S., it was first promoted as a technique for the public to learn
in the 1970s.

Artificial respiration was combined with chest compressions based

on the assumption that active ventilation is necessary to keep
circulating blood oxygenated, and the combination was accepted
without comparing its effectiveness with chest compressions
alone. However, research over the past decade has shown that
assumption to be in error, resulting in the AHA's acknowledgment
of the effectiveness of chest compressions alone (see
Cardiocerebral resuscitation in this article).

In other animals

Like you Jacob.

It is entirely feasible to perform CPR on animals, including cats

and dogs. The principles and practices are virtually identical to
CPR for humans. One is cautioned to only perform CPR on
 unconscious animals to avoid the risk of being bitten and that
animals, depending on species, have a lower bone density than
humans, causing bones to become weakened after CPR is
performed.

But by the time Harrison finished, Jacob‟s life was long past.