v'

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

l!l., FoR
NBWTONIAN FLUID FLOW THROUGH CONCENTRICANNULI WITH
CENTRE BODY ROTATION

.' Engr.Md Mamunur Rashidr,Dr.J. A. Nasel

M.Scin Mech.Engg'96(BUET),M-136'77IEB,M-675BCS,MBSME
AssistantEngineer(Mechanical),JFCL,Tarakandi,Jamalpur-2055,
Bangladesh.
2MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,BangladeshUniversityof Engg.& Tech.,
Dhaka-I 000,Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT- Computationalfluid dynamics(CFD) hasbeenvery successful in modelingturbulentgas

and liquid flows in many situations.It can provideanswersto complexflow, heattransferand chemical
reaction(usuallycombustion)problemsthat are simply not solvableby any other meansexcepttesting.
Newtonianfluid flow phenomenonis very importantin all the pharmaceuticalindustriesand in many
chemicalindustries.A computerprogrammecapableof predictingNewtonianbehavior.This is because of
experimentalinvestigationof Newtonianfluid flow is not only expensive,laboriousandtime consuming;it
is impossiblein manycases.The powerof predictionenablesus to operateexistingequipmentmoresafely
and effrciently.Predictionsof the relevantprocesshelp us in forecastingand evencontrollingpotential
dangers.Thesepredictionsoffer economicbenefitsand contributeto human well being. The existing
analy'ticaland numericaltechniquescan only deal with very specificideal cases.Under the situation,a
reliablecomputerprogramme,which can run on a personalcomputer,is very much desirable.For this
reason,the laminarflow of Newtonianfluids throughconcentricannuli with centerbodyrotationhasbeen
studiednumerically.The scopeof this studyis limited to numericalpredictionof axial velociq'profilesand
tangentialvelocityprofilesat steadystatecondition.A generalcomputerprogram"TEACH-T" hasbeen
modifiedfor this purpose.The programwas usedafter suffrcientjustification.The computerprogramis
usedfor the predictionof the axial and tangentialvelocities. In the presentstudy,confinedflow through
concentricannuliwith centrebodyrotationis examinednumericallyby solvingthe modifiedNavier-Stokes
equations.Measurement of the axial andtangentialcomponents of velocityis presentedin non-dimensional
form for a Newtonianfluid. The annulargeometryconsistsof a rotatingcenterbodywith angularspeedof
126 rpm and a radiusratio of 0.506.The solutionof governingsetof partial differtial equationsis doneby
finite drfferencecomputation.A non-uniformgrid arrangement of 52x32with multiplerepetitionsis used.
The governingequationshavebeenintegratednumericallywith the aid of a finite-volumemethod.The
Hybrid schemeand the central differencingwere adoptedto properly accountfor convention-diffirsion
effects,and the coupling of continuity rvith the momentumequationswas treatedwith the SIMPLE
algorithm.The numericalpredictionshavebeenconfirmedby comparingthem with the experimentally
derivedaxial and tangentialvelocityprofilesobtainedfor a Newtonian.For the Newtonian(Glucose)fluid,
the studywascarriedout for Reynolds'snumberof 800and1200.

Keyword: efrectsandReynoldsnumber.
Centerbody.Hydraulicdiameter,convention-diftrsion

TNTRODUCTION present study deals with numerical investigationof

Newtonianfluid flow through concentricannuli with
In the present study, a detailed computational centerbody rotation. The fluids are dilute solutionof
investigationon the Newtonian fluid flow through Glucose.The glucosesolutionis a I : I ilw mixtureof a
concentricannuliwith centerbodyrotationwith glucose glucose syrup (cerestar) and water. The specific
as the working fluid will be carriedout. The geometry objectivesof this study are to developa computer
and dimensionsof the Newtonianfluid flow is basedon programfor theoreticalinvestigationofcombinedaxial
the experimentalstudiesEscudieret al. (1995). The and tangentiallaminar velocity of concentricannular

112
with center- body rotation, to study the constant unity in the presentwork and consistencyindex K,
rotational speedwith different Reynoldsnumber of which is also temperatureindependent.The fluid flow
concentricannuli with centerbody rotation flow and in concentric annuli with center body rotation is
final aftemptwould be madeto establishreliabilities. consideredunderthe following conditions:a) The fluid
suitabilityand assessment of the qualityof this program flow in laminar and steady.b) The fluid density p,
through comparing the results obtained with those consistenryindex K, thermal conductivityk, and heat
availablein the literature. capacity Co are temperatureindependent.Under the
assumptionsstatedabove,continuity and momentum
PREVIOUSWORK equationsfor an incompr6essiblefluid in cylinder co-
ordinate(r,0, z) systemare:
Nouri et. al. (1994)presentedexperimentalresultsfor Continuity:
flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonianfluids in a Av- Av" V"
-----'--U t2l
concentricannuluswith rotationof the inner cylinder. Ar0zr
Experimentwasconductedfor the annularpassage flow Momentum:
with an outerbmsspipe of nominalinsidediameterDo
of 40.3 mm, lengthof 2.0 m and an inner stainlesssteel .. OoVz., Ad/, fu,n fuoo oo-
rod of 20 mm diameter,D-. They pointedout that the l 'r-^
Cr +t.-*=-:!
-d +--;-: i -r
d d r
mean velocity and the correspondingReynoldsshear
stressesof Newtonianand non-Newtonianfluids were
measuredin a fully developedconcentricflow with a )po }po 6o,o 6on -2o- ,e
t,,' 0-=r 0 z A * rl'_-
0 13
z r = --:L - -n | (3)
diamelerratioof 0.5andinner$linder rotationalspeed
of 300 rpm. With the Neqtonianfluid in laminarflow,
the effectsof the inner shaft rotationwere a uniform
increasein the drag co-efficientby about28 percent,a
flatter and less skewedaxial meanvelocity and swirl ,,
,r
W, ,,, W, -fur, - ,br, r ,o"-oeo
profile with a narrowboundarycloseto the inner wall ' c r n- d cT rr 7d r ^ ^

with a thicknessofabout 22 percentofthe gapbetween Wherethestress aregivenby

tensors
thepipes.

Escudieret. al. (1995)performedexperiments with test

sectionconsistsof five moduleseachof L027 m length
o,,=*(9?-")'
r)
'.=*(*)'
\oz )
\ct'
and one of 0.64 m which gives an overall length of
5.775. It waslengthto hydraulicdiameterratio of I 16. (av
The experimental flow geometry was that of a - P + 2 K l - ^ ' \I" o- z"r = K( 9!t *
avt\
concentricsmoothwalled annuluswith rotatingcenter \dz.) 0r)
bodyof radiusratio 0.506.The cenlerbodyrotatedat a
Iaz
speed not exceeding 126 rpm. They pointed out
increasingthe bulk velocitt' (for constantrotational
speed)producesa progressivereductionin the level of = -P + zK(Y')"
the tangentialvelocity that is similar for the Glucose \ar )
and carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) fluids, except
anomalousbehaviorfor CMC at low Reynoldsnumber.

In otherpaper,Escudieret.al. (1995a)demonstrated the DISCRETTZEDGOVERNING

applicabilityfor turbulentannularflow in theabsence
of
centerbodyrotationusing scalingcriterionproposedby
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Holt (1991)for dragreducingfluidsin pipeflow.

GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS In the presentstudy the finite volume approach,as
This work is concernedwith steadylaminar flow in
concentric annuli with center body rotation. The
describedby Gosmanet al. [989]. is adopted.Typical
however,the Newtonianterm,which is includedin the
(l ) presentstudy,is introducedthroughthe sourceterms.In
his approach,the governing differential equationsare
rheologicalequationusedin this work is well-known
discretizedby integratingthem over a finite numberof
power law, yiz. where t., in the shear stress,n is a
controlvolumesor computationalcells,into which the
temperatureindependentexponent,which is equal to

Lzo
solution dornain is divided. discretized transport u'ill
take the following quasilinearform.
(ao-b)00-Ianu0"u+ C
Where the O't6 are coefficicientsrnultiplying the values
of Q at the neighbouringnodessurroundingthe central
node P. The number of neighbour depends on the
interpolationpracticeor differencing schemesused.
Here ?p is the coelTicientof QO given bv
ao=Z anu,I = Summationover neighbours(N, S, E, W)
bounded by the inlet plane. exit plane. outside solid
rvall. inside rvall with constantrotationalspeedand axis
symmetry. The entire investigation domain is divided
into a non-uniform grid anangement of 52x32 rvith
multiple repetition is used.Fine grid spacingwas used
near the solid rvalls and a relative coursegrid was used
in the florv region. For the presentstudy the following
values of parameters are chosen: Porver law index
n = 1 . 0 0 .C o n s i s t e n ciyn d e x K = 0 . 0 1 N - V m 2 . D e n s i t vp
= 1134kg /m', OuterRadiusRo =0.0502m. Inner radius
Ri:0.0254 m, Length X=5.775 m and Rotational speed
of inner pipe N= 126 rpm.

For the presentstudy. the Hybrid Schemeis used.The

name Hvbnd indicates a combination of the Central
Difference Scheme (CDS) and Uprvind Difference N u r n c r i c a1l 5 2 r - 1 2 ) ,t'
Scheme (lDS) For the range of peclect number A n a l y t i c aYl u : n ( 1 9 6 9 ) ,/"
(puL/T-) -2 < P"< 2, both the difhrsion and convective
1f"?')
r.
42x32 /,\1

term are evaluated by the CDS. Outside this range t'

.ga
convectiveterms are evaluatedusing the UDS and the
u'
diffusion lerms are evaluatedusing CDS.
d

Boundary conditions of the Present study are at inlet

boundary. flat profile of axial velocity is specified.at
outlet boundary,the gradientsof all variablesare set to
zero in the axial direction and at rvall boundaries.outer
rvall velociryis set to a constantvalue.

SOLUTIONALGORITHM
( = r R- fy ( R , , - R) ,
The proceduredevelopedfor the calculationofthe flou,
field has been given the name SIMPLE, rvhich stands
for Semi- hnplicit Method for Pressure-Linked Fig. I Grid IndependenceTest for Glucoseof &:800
Equations. The procedure has been described in at )V Dr =104
Patankarand Spalding(1972),Carettoet al. (1972).and
Patankar (1975). Operation in the order of their x/ Dh=
t0
executionare as follorvs:a) Guessthe pressurefield p*. '\
t'' \t
b) Solvethe momentumequationsto obtain u ; r,'. and - Ir't
w'. c) Solve tlte p* sqttlion. d) Calculatep by adding l*,b"ffil|
$R*. .; Calculateu, v, and rv lrom their starredvalues
using the velocities -+orrection formulas. I Treat the
a 5
--l-l--\
I
- PresartPrelcicn
i\
fip
5 ]t
corrected pressurep as a nerv guessedpressurep*. i)

return to stepb, and repeatthe rvhole procedureuntil a

II
.-o
f
convergedsolutionis oblained. Numericalsolutionof
the governing equation for transport of rnornenturnis
i i
1
obtainedby using the SIMPLE algorithm. The fluid is a

consideredNewtonian.The florv geometryis concentric

ti
.1 i,
u'ith the inner pipe rotating. More correctorstagesmay
be added following procedure used for the second
corrector stage. For the florv concentric annuli rvith 1)

center body rotation in the calculation domain can be

doneby inserting'jnternal'boundarycondition.

RESULTAND DISCUSSIONS Fig.2 Axial velocityprofilesfor Glucose

The resultsof numericalsimulationof Newtonianfluid
florv through concentricannuli rvith center body
rotation are presentedand compared with the
experiments of Escudieret al. (1995).The resultsare
obtainedby the numericalmethoddescribedin above
Solutionalgorithmsection.The solutiondomainwas
at &:800
Grid Independence Testis necessary
to testwhetherthe
predictedresultsareindependentof grid. At a constant
Reynoldsnumber,Re=800with 32x22, 42x32 and
52x32 grids. The 52x32 grid gave reasonablygrid
predictionsrvhencomparedto the theoreticalpredicted

xzL
of Yuan et al. [969] as shownin figurel. Figures2 and
3 representthe developingaxial velocity profiles. The
profrles at different non-dimensionalaxial distance is
shorvn in such a way so that the gradual changesin
profiles from flat to developedparabolic tlpe can be
easily inspected.
The last curve (at length to hydraulic diameter ratio.
X/Dh=104) of Figure 3 shows the developedvelocity
profrle comparedwith experintenlalresult of Escudieret
al. (1995). The last curve (at length to hydraulic
diameterratio, X/Dh:104) of figure 2 is comparedrvith
laminar Neptonian profile. From Figure 3. the
maximum velocity for experimentalresult is 1.22 and
numerical solution 1.38. Hence again the difference
may have occurred due to developed of turbulence by
the inner rotating pipe. From figure 2. the maxilnum
velocity for laminar New'tonian profile is 1.484 and
numericalsolution1.49.
xzDi,j
Hence percentage of deviation 0.5%o in maxlmum
velocity profile observed.This indicatesthe validity of
the presentmethodology.For both Figures 2 and 3 the
maxirnum velocity occurs near center of the annuli for
Nestonian fluid. Figures 4 and 5 represents the
tangential velocity profiles for Neu.tonian fluids. The
gradual change of tangential velocity prohle is shown
in concentricannuli rvith centerbody rotation . The last
curve (at lenglh to hydraulic diameterratio, )Vdh=104)
of Figure 4 is in excellentagreementwith the theoretical
data. The last curve (at length to hydraulic diameter
ratio, X/Dh=104) of Figure 5 is compared with the
experimentaldata of escudieret al. (1995).Also in the
caseof Newtonian fluid it is shownthat as the Reynolds
number is increased, the tangential velocity levels
within the annular gap are progressivelyreduced.The
same qualified behavior was found by Escudier et al.
(1995)and Nouri and law (1994).
10
10

, ' ''' il\1

# X/Or=l04csdds et at1995)

' ll*-
H x/D=104
e X/D=50
ll F::'::i::i:'
- I
Prssrrt tiedcllcn
.- xDl=rs ,fl
g /

i l-T---T---r- " \ f 9J
(H
X/D=5
x/D:=l
Il /
| ,/
.g! /' JJ l
/
s5r I r I 1 lf,
(- X/D=05
-r
|
.i
/a
fl

s li I r
la I I

rrr ,'
/t
t/'
./.../
**j*J-r
I /I
I
"3'l I I i I /fl *^<-
*-'i'rt
+44
,".rt .,* 1
' i
I
/

i
l

tl I i i I I
,i I I ,t ;' i' f i
t) l4 . " 1 a ! * r p
1,,

o
,tt' .i
,'' , , /t
oll , ,tf I
010101o1o10l'
FI
(={R,'r)rtR.
l; l-l

Fig. 3 Arial velocitv profiles for Glucoseat R*=1200 Fig. 5 Tangentialvelocity profiles for Glucosefluid al
R*= 1200

. ,{E\.!O!l /un s iY(1%91

---' KD-104 - . xcynokl nurttber8-O0^tGlucoset .l
H XO.50 * R e v n o l dn u m b e F l l w { U l u c o s e l -+ .'
.'-----.x'd.rs - R c y n o l dn u m h e r = l l 0 i C I \ I C )
H / ;
x,ct_s t+ r l ey n o l d n u m b e = 3 5 0 l C l r l C r , f " t
o
H
I
KO-l
i/ H ricynold numbee4-J00 (C;\lC; ' .

-n' rt .1."
a
,a/ ,lt /
6'
JI
F'
,/ ;1'
,r' .d

.'r**tl.' -
_i = (Ro-r)/(R,,-Ri)

Fig.4 Tangentialvelocity profiles for Glucoseat Fig. 6 Effectsof R" of Tangentialvelocity profiles at
&:800 )V Dn =194

12L
Due to the turbulent diftrsion of fluid at Reynolds
number=1200this predictedresultsshownin Figure
5 are not in good agreementwith our numerical
predicton.The reasonis that Escudieret al. (1995)
mentionedthat in their showedexperiments turbulent
diftrsion waspresent.Due to this turbulentdiftision
the fluid particlesmovefrom highervelocityregionto
lower velocity region and hence uniform velocity
occur at the centralregion of the annuli. But in our
numerical scheme turbulent diffi.rsion was not
considered.
So that for the Newtonianfluid flow the tangential
velocity gradient in the inner layer must be
substantiallyhigher than in the outer layer. This
expressionhas a consequence of the torque being
constantwithin the annulargapandthe assumption of
laminarsub-layers at eachsurface.This situationfor a
non-Newtonianfluid is more complex, although
qualitatively,the same trend evidently exists. The
presentpredictionfailed to reproducethis behavior.
As the Reynoldsnumberis increasedthe tangential
velocity levels within the annular gap are
progressivelyreduced except for non- Newtonian
fluid (CMC)at Re 110,whichis shownin figure6. In
Figure4 Newtonianlaminartangentialflow for
Glucoseat Re1'noldsnumber800 is comparedwith
f- e r
-l
7 lr,"ri - ( D 1 l ' 1' - f
Le= ., ., l-(t)1
r;-r;l r Engineering, Vol. l16, pp.82l-827,(1994).
_l
the analyical data for following Equation (Yuan S.W.
1969) and it is found to be in excellent agreement.
This shows the validity of present numerical
predictions.
CONCLUSION
Laminaraxial andtangentialflow throughconcentric
annuli with centerbodyrotationhavebeensimulated
for Newtonian(glucose). The main findings are
summarizedbelow: a) For Newtonian fluids, the
axial velociff profile at inlet is flat and gradually
transformsto parabolic shape.b) Maximum axial
velocityoccursat a regioncloseto the inner wall. c)
The tangentialvelocitydecreases with the increaseof
radius.Nearthe inner wall it changessharply,while
near the outer wall it changes slowly. And d)
Increasing the Reynolds number for constant
rotational speedproducesa progressivelyreduced
levelofthe tansentialvelocitv.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The same prediction can be carried out for the
turbulent cases by incorporating the turbulent
transportequationsfor bothNewtonianfluid andnon-
Newtonianfluid. Similar study can be madefor
eccentricannularwith centerbodv rotation.Hieher
order schemes(e.g. LUDS, Quick Scheme)can be
usedto havebetteraccuracyin this ffi ofprediction.
Similar studycan be madefor different size,length,
diameterand rotationalspeed.Similar predictioncan
be madegiving the innerbodyrotationwith vibration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authorsare grateful to the Ministry of Science
and technology,Bangladeshfor providingfellowship
during this researchwork.
REFERENCES
Escudier,M.P. and Gouldson,LW., "Concentric
annularflow with centerbodyrotationof a Newtonian
and shear-thinning liquid" Int. JournalofHeat and
FluidFlow.Vol.16,No.3,(1995).
Gosman,A.D. and Iderials,F.J.K, * TEACH-T: A
General computer Program for Two Dimensional
Turbulent Recirculating Flows", Department of
MechanicalEngineering,Imperial College,London,
sw7,(1e76).
Nouri, J.M. and Whitelaw,J.H., " Flow of Newtonian
and non-NewtonianFluids in a Concentricannulus
I with Rotation of the Inner Cylinder", J. Fluid
1
Nouri,J.M.,Umur,H. andWhitelaw,J. H., " Flowof
Newtonianand non-NewtonianFluids in Concentric
and EccentricAnnuli", Journalof Fluid Mechanics,
(1993).
253,6t7-64t,
Popovska,F. and Wilkinson, W.L., " Laminar Heat
Mass Transfer to Newtonian and Non-Newtonian
Fluids in tubes", Chemical Engineering Science,
32,t154-tt64,(197',t).
Yuan, S.W., " Foundationsof Fluid Mechanics",
Prentice-Hallof India Private Limited, New Delhi,
(1969).
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