'.?

1lSMIt-ASMli I ntennl i uta I Conference on Thermal Ettgineer ing

3l December 2001-2.lannry2002.Dhaka
lSBN

Fluid Flow ThroughConcentricAnnuli

Non-Newtonian

.' Engr.Md Mamunur Rashidr,Dr.J. A. Naser2

(BUET),
M.Scin Mech.Engg'96 M-136771E8,M-675BCS,MBSME
Engineerln-charge,JFCL, Tarakandi,Jamalpur-2O55,
^Mechanical Bangladesh.
'Mechanical
EngineeringDepartment,BangladeshUniversityof Engg & Tech.,
Dhaka-I000, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
The laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluid through concentric annuli with center body
rotation has been studied numerically.The scope of this study is limited to numerical
prediction of axial velocity profiles and tangential velocity profiles at steady state
condition. A general computer program "TEACH-T" has been modified for this purpose.
The program was used afterrsufficient justification. In the present study, confined flow
through concentricannuliwith centerbody rotation is examinednumericallyby solvingthe
modified Navier-StokesEquations

Kelrvords: Annuli, Flux, Peclectnumber,iso-viscousand Hydraulic diameter.

l.INTRODUCTTON
In Bangladeslr,we usually have no other alternativebut to approachthe foreign consults to
solve problems arising due to fluid flow of non-Newtonian nature. A computer package,
which can run on available personal computers, will be of much help for Bangladesh.In
the present study, a detailed computational investigation on the non-Newtonian fluid flow
through concentric annuli with center body rotation with CMC (carboxymethylcellulose)as
a working fluid will be canied out. The geometry and dimensions of the non-Newtonian
fluid flow is based on the experimentalstudies Escudier et al (1995) The specific
objectivesofthis study are to developa computerprogram for theoreticalinvestigationof
combined axial and tangential laminar velocity of concentric annular with center body
rotation, to study the constant rotational speed with different Reynolds number of
concentric annuli with center body rotation flow and final attempt would be made to
establishreliabilities,suitability and assessmentof the quality of this program through
comparingthe resultsobtainedwith thoseavailablein the literature.

2.GOVERNING DIfIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

This work is concerned with steady laminar flow in concentric annuli with center body
rotation.The rheologicalequationusedin this work is well-known power law, viz.
( o^ u r
ov
r/?
'r:
r-Kt ----r=-l, I (l )
l. or oz )

L1 0
Where r., in the shear stress, n is a temperature independentexponent, which is less than
unity in the present work and consistencyindex K which is also temperatureindependent.
The fluid flow in concentric annuli with center body rotation is considered under the
following conditions. a) The fluid flow in laminar and steady. b) The fluid density p,
consistency index K, thermal conductivity k, and heat capacity Co are temperature
independent.Under the assumptionsstated above, contiruity and momentum equationsfor
an incompressible fluid in cylinderco-ordinate(r,0, z) systemare:
Continuity:
0v, 0v- V. n
(2)
0r0zr
Momentum:

,, )il, , ,, W, -4, , fu=,,orr-oeo

'&
, {--7,
-e A e r
.v . -)- Tp n , -y . -) p n 06,, ,0oo ,Zo,n
(3)
'r ^dj ar - A : 0 r D : r T-T-

7a{zav,ry:%t*%t+c*
'd@der
Where the stresstensorsare given by

/ ;tr \"

o* - -P +2K[o"
l, & J
I 6*=K
*)" ",,=*(*-?)'
. o--' - = K ( Y t * a v ' ) " o s o = - P + 2 K(Y,)"oo=-p*zK(+)"
\dt or) \r / \or )
3.DiscretizedGoverning Differential Equations and Solutions Procedure
In the present study the finite volume approach, as describedby Gosman et al. [1989], is
adopted. Typical however, the non- Newtonian term, which is included in the present
study, is introduced through the source terms. ln this approach, the governing differential
equations are discretized by integrating them over a finite number of control volumes or
computational cells, into which the solution domain is divided. discretized transport will
take the following quasilinearform.

1E-b)$o{a"u$nu+ C

q7
Wherethe O116are coefficicientsmultiplyingthe valuesof Q at the neighbouringnodes
surroundingthe centralnode P. The numberof neighbourdependson the interpolation
practiceor differencingschemes
used.
Here Bn is the coefficientof QOgivenby
ao:Lara, I : Su**ution over neighbours(N, S, E, W)
nn
For the present study, the Hybrid Scheme is used. The name Hybrid indicates a
combination of the Central Difference Scheme(CDS) and Upwind Difference Scheme
GfDS) For the range of peclect number (pul/f) -2 < P"< 2, both the diffirsion and
convective terrn are evaluated by the CDS. Outside this range convective terms are
evaluatedusing the LIDS and the diffi.rsionterms ar€ evaluatedusing CDS.
Boundary conditions of the Present study are at inlet boundary, flat profile of oiial velocity
is specified, at outlet boundary, the gradients of ail variables are set to zero in the axiai
directionand at wall boundaries,outer wall velocityis set to a constantvalue.

4.Resultand Discussions
The entire investigationdomain is divided into a non-uniformgrid arrangementof 52x32
with multiple repetition is used. Fine grid spacingwas used near the solid walls and a
relative course grid was used in the flow region. For the present study the following value^s
of parametersare chosen.Power law index n:0.75, Consistencyindex K:0.04 N-Vm',
Density p =1000 kg /m3, Outer Radius Ro=0.0502 m, lnner radiusRi =0.0254 m,Length
X=5.775 m and Rotationalspeedof innerpipe N=126 rpm.

Figue I r\xial velocih profiles Irigue Arial veknity profiles

for CMC {luid at &=l l0 for CMC fluid at R"=350
Figuresl,2 and 3 representthe developingaxial velocityprofilesi, e. dimensionless
radius.The profilesat differentnon-dimensional axial distancesare shownin sucha way
so that the gradualchangein profilesfrom flat to developedparabolictype can be easily
inspected.The last curve(at lengthto hydraulicdiameterratio, X /Di, =10a) in eachcase
showsthe developedaxial velocity profile and comparedwith experimentalresultsof
Escudieret al. (1995).The predictionis for the iso-viscous laminarflow of fluids.From
Figure1 the last curveof the graphshowsthe developed velocityprofileand pointsof

(v
experimentalresult liom Escudieret at. (1995). The maximum velocity for experimental
result is 1.7 and lor numericalsolutionsit is 1.5. Hence a percentagedeviationof l2o/oin
maximumvelocityis observedat the last station.

----
tl
!l
ui

tt j
t,'-1-)
,, t'i'l
.,,;
,.'- ,, i
;/-tJ/'-./ ..1

I rrr",ri.r

Figurc 3 rlrial velocity profrles Figurc 4 Tangcntial vclocitv profiles

lor CMC l'luid at R"=4400 for CMC t)uid at [d=i 16
In the Figure 3 at the last station the maximumvelocity for experimentalresultsis 1.4 and
for numericalsolution it is 1.65. Hence percentagedeviationsof 177oin maximumvelocity
observed.For both figures I and 2, it is seen for laminar flow (low Reynolds number
respectively 110 and 350) the maximum velocity occurs near the inner wall. Higher
rotation of inner pipe gives rise to higher shear stress adjacent to the inner wali resulting
lower viscosity, consequentlymaximum velocity near the inner wall occurs due to lower
shear stress.The flow becomesturbulent at Re=4400, the present prediction is carried out
under the laminar flow assumption.This is becausethe study of turbulent flow is beyond
the scopeofpresent study.The resultsobtainedfor Re=4400is presentedin Figure 3. This
figure shows that the matmum velocity for experimental result is 1.22 and for numerical
solutionit is 1.423.Flencea percentagedeviationof 16% in ma.ximumvelocity observedat
the last station. Due to existenceof turbulencethe experimentalvelocity profile appearsto
be flatter than that by the presentnumericalprediction.

nl
l .-".. lll
'':::i::: /"1 |
, l' l,=. :; ,r-: -l . _ t . . -, . . ' i ' : l I
l
-, ; -:il
.1 , y ' , . . - r " ' '' I t
| ,/---' ,. i li
,t /' ,
-..'. :
.1 ',-'
,114..'.1',',:l-- "

Figrne 5 I'angentialvelocity'protiles Figure 6 1'angentialvolu"ity profilcs

for CMC fluid at R"=lJ6 f<x CMC fluid at R"=.1400
Figures 4, 5 and 6 representthe tangential velocity profiles. The tangential velocity levels
within the annulargap are progressivelyincreasedclose to the centerbody. The tangential
velocity increaserapidly across a thin layer to match the peripheral speedofcenter body. It
is seenthat the tangential velocity gradually transforrnsto developedprofiles and the curve
for the length to hydraulic diameter ratio )0 Dr, =104 of the figures are comprred with

q2
experimentalresults of Escudier et al. (1995) In figure 4 it is observedthat curves for
length to hydraulic diameter ratio of 50 and 104 superimpose.Experimental tangential
velocity curves of Escudier et al. (1995) are not in agreement with our numerical
prediction. The reason is that Escudier et al. (1995) mentioned that in their showed
experiments turbulent diffusion was pres€nt. Due to this turbulent diffirsion the fluid
particles move from higher velocity region to lower velocity region and hence uniform
velocity occur at the central region of the annuli. But in our numerical schemeturbulent
diffusion was not considered.In Figure 7. Newtonian laminar tangential flow for Glucose
at Reynoldsnumber 800 is comparedwith the analyticaldata for following Equation

vu=-l .,1"' '] ,, - r,t,r,'rf

ri-r;L r j
and it is ficund to be in excellent agreement.This shows the validity of present numerical
predictions. In the experiments of Escudier et al. (1995), the center body is slightly
distorted, and so it is impossibleto achievea concentric geometry over the entire length of
the test section.In our numerical prediction this eccentricity was not considered ln contrast
to the negligible influence of friction factor, rotation has a strong influence on the
tangential mean velocities, which generally reveal a triple layer structure of speed;Nouri
and Law (1994) also reported very similar observation for CMC. As the Reynolds number
is increasedthe tangential velocity levels within the annular gap are progressivelyreduced
exceptfor Re I 10, which is shown in figure 8.

I"igure 7 1'angentiai vclocity prolile F'igure 8 El1'cctsof l1"of Tange'ntial

for Glltcose fluid at R.=36,6 velocity profrle at X/ Dn = 164
So that the tangential velocity gradient in the inner layer must be substantially higher
than in the outer layer. From figure 6 we see that the tangential velocity profile
is gradually developed. Escudier et al. (1995) has shown that the tangential velocity
reveal three distinct regions across the radial for all Reynolds number. Flow regions have
been categorized as region adjacent to inner pipe, central region of almost constant
velocity and region adjacentto outer pipe. Present prediction reveals a pattern of

b-
 exponentialdecay of tangentialvelocity towards
the outer wall. This is due to laminar
assumptionin the presentstudy.

5.Conclusion
The.main findings are summarizedbelow: a) the
axial velocity profile at inlet is flat and
gradually transforms to parabolic shape. b) maximum
a^iut ueto"ity occurs at a region
close to the inner wall' This tendencyis particularly
a-Reynolosnumber of
110' c) The tangentialvelocity decreases ""ti"*ur"'",
with the increase orraoius-xear the inner wall it
changes sharpry, while near the outer wall it
changes ,ro*iv.-a"a d) Increasing the
Reynoldsnumber for constantrotationarspeedprodufe,
;;.";;";;ery reducedreverof
the tangentialvelocity, except for anomaloui betravior
at ro* irefrora, number for CMC.

6. Recommendations
The same prediction can be carried out for
the turbulent cases by incorporating the
turbulenttransportequations. similar study can be
made for eccentricannularwith center
body rotation. Higher order s^chemes (e.g. LUDS, euick s"r,"r"j-"un be used
better accuracy in this type of predictionl Similar to have
tloy .un ;; ;";. for different size,
length' diameter and rotational ipeed. Similar prediction
can be made giving the inner
body rotation with vibrarion

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to. the Ministry of
Science and technology, Bangradeshfor
providing fellowship during this researchwork.

REFERENCES
Escudier,M.P. and Gourdson,r.w. (1995), ..concentric
annular flow wrth center body
rotation of a Newtonian and shear-thinning liquid"
Int. Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.
Vol.l6.No.3.

Gosman,A.D. and lderials,F.J.K, (1976), * TEACH-T:

A Generalcomputer program for
Two Dimensionar Turburent Recircurating
Flows", Department of Mecharrical
Engineering,ImperialCollege,LondorL SW7.

Nouri, J'M and whitelaw, J.H., (1994) " Flow

of Newtonianand non-Nefionian Fluidsin
a concentric annuluswith Rotation of the Inner cylinder",
l HuiJe"g,neering, Vol. 116,
pp.821-827.

Patankar,S v., and soard_ing,

D B., (1970) "Heat and Mass Transferin Boundary
Layers,,,
2ndEdn. Intertextgook, London.

Ft