(2009, Bilguruva)

Some group of people studied the improvement of properties of epoxy resin polymer composite
material with the addition of nano-sized powder such as nano iron and nano diamonds. It is
observed in SEM that the addition of 25 wt% iron increases the conductivity of the composite
polymers by 50times and on the other hand it is investigated that 0.65 wt% nano diamond
increased the epoxy resin strength by 2 times, respectively. These nano powders (nano iron and
nano diamonds by 1wt% and 0.67 wt%) with appropriate proportion mixed through ultrasonic
method with epoxy resin and further investigation is carried out by applying high specific surface
energy for electrical interaction of nano-particles and examined that dielectric permittivity
increased due to nano irons and decreases due to nano diamonds[1].

(2007, Jun Young)

Some other group of people explored PEN/MWCNT composite fabricated through intermeshing
co-rotating Melt spinning twin screw extruder that a low content i.e. 0.1wt% about 95% pure
MWCNT (Multi wall carbon nano tube) slightly improved the modulus of the PEN (poly
ethylene naphthalene) Composite from 1.65GPa to 1.75GPa. It is also inspected through DSC
that a very less improvement is seen in crystallization temperature such fewer decrement in cold
crystallization temperature (from 194.0 ⁰C to 183.3 ⁰C) and a reduced amount of increment in
Melt crystallization temperature (from 195.7 ⁰C to 222.1⁰C) [2].

(2010, Jun young. Influence of Matrix)

In recent experiments it is observed that PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) has found good place
in many researches due to its good mechanical Properties, low cost, high transparency, high
processabilty and moderate recyclability. Some researcher analyzed the physical and
crystallization behavior of Poly (PET) nano composite with different contents of acidically
modified MWCNT. The blending was carried out through Melt compounding twin screw
extruder .It was reported that PET/1 wt% c-CNT nano composite had slight improvement in
Mechanical properties such as. modulus value varied from 1.55GPA to 1.82 GPa and tensile
strength from 60.4 MPa to 77.8MPa as well a little enhancement in thermal stability [3].

(Mazinani,2010)

Further PET nano Fibers were reinforced with MWCNT and spun into fibers of length utmost
9µm through Melt spinning methods using twin screw extruder by several group of community
in order to study the effect of different draw ratios and different concentration on orientation of
PET and Mechanical Properties of PET/CNT composite. Experiment reported that at 3wt% of
MWCNT and DR 10% of DRmax = 470 crytallinity increases but very little increment and in
additional modulus strength is observed to be increasing with the addition of CNT content up to
2 wt% CNT above which it is seen that the value begins declining and also reasons for the
enhancement of the Brittle behavior[4].
(Munoz, 2004)

A few group of investigators manufactured a PVA/CNT Composite fiber of 50 µm diameter

from a 0.4wt%Single Wall Carbon nano tubes (SWNT) with surfactant (Lithium dedocyl sulfate)
reinforced the poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) using coagulation technique and which reported that it
can be drawn to 5 time its initial length. It is found that ultimate modulus strength is twice the
pristine PVA (80GPa) and tensile strength 8 times the Pure PVA material (230Mpa)[5].

(2010,Sarit)

Sarit et al studied the behavior of the Polymers like Poly propylene as a matrix with the contents
addition of dodeylamino dimethylene diphosphonic acid (DDD) or PMMT or Clay as
reinforcement. It is reported that the blended nano polymers composite had smooth surface when
content was between 2-6 wt% PMMT and rough surface when the contents of clay above6 wt%.
It is also noticed that Fiber diameter decreases with increasing contents of PMMT but 10wt%
content of PMMT made the fiber broken. Moreover it’s found that DDD internal lubricant ability
made the fibers to have steady decrement in melt viscosity. PMMT act as a nucleating agent and
its content percentage from 2wt% to 6wt% increased the polymer orientation and strength but
above 8% content these start decline. The study also documented that minimal change is found in
the crystallization temperature and furthermore decompose temperature increased with
increasing contents of PMMT since extra energy required tobreak the adhesion force at interface
[6].

(2009,Mmikolajczyk)

The study was carried out for manufacturing PAN fibers as precursors for carbon fibers. The
polymer Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by 23.5 wt% as a matrix Reinforced with different type of 1wt
% CNTs like MWCNT (length: 1000nm-30000nm, Averaged diameter 5nm-20nm),
functionalized MWCNT (Length 300-200nm), SWCNT (30nm-50nm, diameter 2nm-3nm),
Short & long CNTs spun by dimethyl form amide solution through multistage. The increment in
the tensile strength found to be 5% to 12% over a 510MPa tensile strength of pristine polymer where as
young modulus has significant increment from 32% - 64% over a 7.8GPa.It noticed that polymer
composite with short MWCNT and Modified MWCNT has maximum tensile strength of
570MPa. [7]
(2008, Zhi)

Poly methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) / Boron Nitrile nano tubes BNNT Composite are
manufactured and their mechanical & thermal properties are studied. It is noticed that 1wt%
BNNT addition into Polymer PMMA has dramatically increased the modulus of elasticity from
2.07MPa to 2.47MPa even though there has been a decrement in Tensile strength. Thermal
conductivity of the polymer in composite film has enhanced by 3 times its value (improved from
0.17 W/m K to 0.5 W/m K) due to the 10wt% BNNT addition into it. Slightly, Increment is
observed in glass transition temperature tg from 82.9 ⁰C to 85.2 ⁰C.[8]

(2008, Mathur)

PMMA/MWCNT (modified) and PS/MWCNT (modified) composites films were made by

Mathur and his company (2008, Mathur et al). They studied the above composites with 0.1 Vol%
- 10 Vol% and 0.3 Vol% - 10 Vol% of 90% pure MWCNT, diameter 60nm-70nm and length
50µm-100µm, modified with Ferrolene toluene solution and PMMA and PS respectively. These
composite uses the ultrasonically dispersed MWCNTs. The mechanical and Electrical properties
are observed to be enhanced in the polymer/ CNT composite due to the addition of CNT.
Electrical properties is increased through an addition of 0.1%Vol – 10%Vol CNT in PMMA/
CNT Composites and significantly it is found that 10% Vol MWCNT increased the electrical
conductivity by 9 times of PMMA/ CNT Composite where as for PS /MWCNT 10%Vol
MWCNT has improved 5 times the electrical conductivity of the pristine polymer. Although
the brittle behavior is increased in the composite due to increasing content of CNT but there is
improvement in Modulus strength that is 70% (1.78GPa) increment is seen in PMMA/CNT for
10%Vol MWCNT over 1.04GPa pure polymer whereas for the same content in PS/MWCNT
modulus observed observed to be 30% (1.42 GPa) increment over 1.07GPa.[9]

(2004, Gojny)

Epoxy matrix reinforced with 0.1 wt% Double wall carbon nano tubes (DWCNT) of average
diameter 2.8nm into the composite of 30nm-10nm thickness by Standard calendaring (shear
mixing) technique followed by ultra micro line cutting. While investigation is found that small
agglomeration is seen in the composite of about <1.5 µm diameter. Further, the mechanical
properties are improved in epoxy nano composite while addition of low content 0.1wt% of
DWCNT that Modulus strength increased from 3.29GPa to 3.51GPa which is matched with
theoritcal value obtained from Halpin Tsai equation where modulus value of epoxy / 1 wt%
DWCNT with amino group was lesser than the theoretical value (5.5GPa).Increased in tensile
strength found to be more in Epoxy/ 1% DWCNT With amino group rather decreased tensile
strength is seen in epoxy/ 0.1wt% DWCNT. Additionally slightly increment is found in the
fracture strain of 7.25% due to addition of 0.1wt% DWCNT where it remain same for 1wt%
DWCNT+NH2 but significantly increased in the fracture strength is seen in epoxy polymers
nano composite having 1wt% DWCNT+NH2 as a reinforcement. [10]
(2007, Mc clory)

Polyurethane /MWCNTs composite, of average diameter 50nmand length 1µm and 10µm were
made via addition polymerization technique .The study reported that 0.1wt% and 1.0wt% of
MWCNTs addition increased the young modulus by 97% from 6.4MPa to 12.6MPa and by
561% from 6.4MPa to 42.34MPa respectively. Improvement is observed in elongation at break
from 83% to 302% to slightly decrement by 272% when 0.1wt% MWCNTs and 1.0 wt%
MWCNTs added to PU respectively [11].

(2001, Yishan)

Yishan and James (2007) studied about crystalline structure of isotactic polypropylene with filler
or nucleating agent such as calcite , talc, clay with average sizes 0.4 µm 2.5 µm 20 µm
respectively. The composite were prepared through die extrusion and melt spinning using twin
co rotating extruder at 200 ⁰C. α- Crystals are observed for the compositions of PP:calcite =
90:10, PP:talc = 90:10, PP:clay = 90:10 and both α and β crystals are seen in PP:phenothiazine
= 100:0.5[12].
1 L. Bilogurova and Shevtsova M., "Investigation of the improvement of the physical and mechanical
properties of polymer composite materials with nano-sized powders", Materialwissenschaft und
Werkstofftechnik, Vol.40, No.4, (2009), P.331-333
2 Kim Jun Young, Sang-Il Han and Seong Hun Kim, "Crystallization behaviors and mechanical
properties of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites", Polymer
Engineering & Science, Vol.47, No.11, (2007), P.1715-1723
3 Jun Young Kim, Choi Hee Jun, Kang Chang Soo and Kim Seong Hun, "Influence of modified carbon
nanotube on physical properties and crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
nanocomposite", Polymer Composites, Vol.31, No.5, (2010), P.858-869
4 Mazinani Saeedeh, Abdellah Ajji and Charles Dubois, "Structure and properties of melt-spun
PET/MWCNT nanocomposite fibers", Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol.9999, No.9999, P.NA
5 E. Muٌoz, Dalton A. B., Collins S., Kozlov M., Razal J., Coleman J. N., Kim B. G., Ebron V. H.,
Selvidge M., Ferraris J. P. and Baughman R. H., "Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers",
Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol.6, No.10, (2004), P.801-804
6 Troy R Hendricks et al, "Processing of loose carbon nanotubes into isolated, high density submicron
channels", Nanotechnology, Vol.21, No.11, (2010), P.115301
7 T. Mikolajczyk, Szparaga G., Bogun M., Fraczek-Szczypta A. and Blazewicz S., "Effect of spinning
conditions on the mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile fibers modified with carbon nanotubes",
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol.115, No.6, P.3628-3635
8 C. Y. Zhi, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate-BN Nanotube
Composites", Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol.2008, (2008), P.1
9 R.B. Mathur, Pande Shailaja, Singh B.P. and Dhami T.L., "Electrical and mechanical properties of
multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced PMMA and PS composites", Polymer Composites, Vol.29,
No.7, (2008), P.717-727
10 F. H. Gojny, Wichmann M. H. G., Kِpke U., Fiedler B. and Schulte K., "Carbon nanotube-reinforced
epoxy-composites: enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content", Composites
Science and Technology
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11 Caroline McClory, McNally Tony, Brennan Gerard P. and Erskine James, "Thermosetting
polyurethane multiwalled carbon nanotube composites", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol.105,
No.3, (2007), P.1003-1011
12 Yu Yishan and James L. White, "Comparison of structure development in quiescent crystallization,
die extrusion and melt spinning of isotactic polypropylene and its compounds containing fillers and
nucleating agents", Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol.41, No.7, (2001), P.1292-1298