SYNOPSIS

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are widely used in analog design. Multistage op-
amps are essential for realizing high accuracy. Different techniques of realizing high gains
while retaining stability, increasing the output resistance, miller compensation are used to
design opamp. The design procedures for various op-amp architectures such as single stage
opamp, single stage telescopic cascode opamp, two stage opamp, two stage miller
compensated opamp and two stage telescopic opamp are designed. These opamps will be
compared in terms of their performance parameters-bandwidth, Gain, power dissipation, slew
rate, output swing, gain bandwidth product.
A compensation scheme for multistage amplifiers with out Miller capacitors is
presented. This scheme uses positive phase shift of LHP zeros created by the feedforward path
to cancel the negative phase shift of the poles. A single-ended amplifier using the proposed
NCFF compensation scheme was designed in 0.18Um technology. The amplifier combines
high gain, high gain bandwidth, and good phase margin. Pulse response shows that the phase
margin is better than 45° for capacitors in the range of 0.25– 2 pF. Simulation results of the
OTA show fast settling time and good stability.
By using this Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) architecture an efficient
Active RC filter is designed which is used for the high speed applications and ADC’s etc.
Fifth order Chebyshev Active RC filter using feedforwarded compensated OTA is designed.
This Active filter can pass the signals of frequency range up to 300 MHz. The filter core
designed in a 0.18μm CMOS technology and consumes 32.5mW from 1.8V supply.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE.NO

Figure 3.1 Basic Opamp Block Diagram 8

Figure 3.2 An n-channel MOSFET current mirror 11

Figure 4.1 (a) Differential pair with load structure 12

(b) Differential pair using resisters as load structure 12

(c)PMOS as load structure 12

Figure 4.2 (a) Single stage opamp 13

(b) Single stage equivalent small signal model 13

Figure 4.3 (a) Cascode Transistors 16

(b) Small Signal Model 16

Figure 4.4 Telescopic Cascode opamp circuit 17

Figure 4.5 Two stage opamp circuit 18

Figure 4.6 Small signal model for two stage opamp 19

Figure 4.7 Two stage opamp with miller compensation 20

Figure 4.8 Small signal model with miller compensation 21

Figure 4.9 Two stage opamp using telescopic cascade first stage 22

Figure 5.1 Transconductance Gm 23

Figure 5.2 OTA circuit and its equivalent small signal model 24

Figure 6.1 Conventional two stage OTA circuit. 25

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Figure 6.2 Block diagram of basic feedforward amplifier 27

Figure 6.3 Feedforward compensated OTA block representation 28

Figure 6.4 Feed forward compensated OTA circuit 32

Figure 7.1 a) Simple high-pass filter 34

b) Bode plot of transfer function amplitude 34

Figure 7.2 a) Simple low pass filter 34

b) Bode plot of transfer function 34

Figure 7.3 a) High-pass filter with Active element 35

b) Low pass filter with Active element 35

Figure 7.4 Ideal frequency characteristics: a) band pass filter 35

b) Band reject filter 35

Figure 7.5 General two pole active filter 36

Figure 7.6 Three different orders of lowpass Butterworth analog filters 37

Figure 7.7 Poles of a 10th-order ( n = 5) lowpass Butterworth filter 38

Figure 7.8 Fifth Order Chebyshev Filter Frequency Response 39

Figure 7.9 Third Order Analog Elliptic Function Lowpass Filter 41

Figure 8.1 Fifth Order Chebyshev Filter Frequency Response 44

Figure 9.1 Current mirror circuit 49

Figure 9.2 Current mirror waveform 49

Figure 9.3 Simulated Single stage opamp circuit 50

Figure 9.4 Single stage opamp output waveform 50

Figure 9.5 Gain plot for Single stage opamp 51

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Figure 9.6 Simulated Single stage telescopic opamp circuit 51

Figure 9.7 Single stage telescopic opamp output waveform 52

Figure 9.8 Gain plot for Single stage telescopic opamp 52

Figure 9.9 Simulated Two stage opamp circuit 53

Figure 9.10 Two stage opamp output waveform 53

Figure 9.11 Gain plot for Two stage opamp 54

Figure 9.12 Simulated Two stage opamp with miller compensation circuit 54

Figure 9.13 Two stage opamp with miller compensation output waveform 55

Figure 9.14 Gain plot for Two stage opamp with miller compensation 55

Figure 9.15 Simulated Two stage Telescopic opamp circuit 56

Figure 9.16 Two stage Telescopic opamp output waveform 56

Figure 9.17 Gain plot for Two stage Telescopic opamp 57

Figure 9.18 Single stage Opamp Gain and phase plot 57

Figure 9.19 Two stage Opamp Gain and phase plot 58

Figure 9.20 Gain plot chart 61

Figure 9.21 Band Width chart 62

Figure 9.22 Unity Gain Frequency chart 62

Figure 9.23 Output Swing chart 63

Figure 9.24 Power consumption chart 63

Figure 9.25 Slew Rate chart 64

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Figure 9.26 Gain and magnitude plot for basic two stage OTA 64

Figure 9.27 Gain and magnitude plot for feedforward compensated OTA 65

Figure 9.28 Second Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter 66

Figure 9.29 Frequency Response Second Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter 67

Figure 9.30 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter 68

Figure 9.31 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter output 68

Figure 9.32 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter output 69

Figure 9.33 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter output 69

Figure 9.34 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter 70

Figure 9.35 Fifth Order Lowpass Chebyshev Filter output 71

Figure 9.36 Fifth Order Bandpass Chebyshev Filter 71

Figure 9.37 Fifth Order Bandpass Chebyshev Filter Frequency Response 72

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO

TABLE I Specifications of conventional OTA 26

TABLE II Specifications of Feed forward OTA 29

TABLE III Summary of Single stage op-amp 60

TABLE IV Summary of Two Single stage op-amp 61

TABLE V Summary of Operational transconductance amplifier 65

TABLE VI Summary of Fifth Order Chebyshev Filter 72

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