61.Branch of medicine that studies the kidneys and the disease is called...

A. neurology
B. nephrology
C. sociology
D. geography
E. biology

62.What other names from the adrenal gland

A. adrenol gland
B. super gland
C. adrenoid gland
D. suprarenal gland
E. mega gland

63.Where the glomerulus are

A. nephridia
B. malphigi body
C. capsule bowman
D. nefron
E. medulla

64.What the main function of kidney

A. as breathing apparatus
B. remove sweat
C. digesting food
D. sense of sight
E. excrete metabolic waste substances

65.Where’s capsule bowman

A. glomerulus
B. malphigi body
C. nefron
D. medulla
E. cortex

66.Where’s malphigi and tubulus

A. nefron
B. glomerulus
C. medulla
D. malphigi body
E. cortex
67.What tubules in the Malpighian bodies
A.proximal
B.distal
C.secondary
D.primary
E.medium

68.What’s the second tubules

A.proximal
B.distal
C.secondary
D.primary
E.medium

69.Where the collecting vessels are

A.malphigi
B.nephron
C.cortex
D.kidney cavity
E.medulla

70.Where urine is expelled

A.anus
B.uretra
C.ureter
D.urination
E.urinization

71.Where urine is stored

A.anus
B.uretra
C.ureter
D.urination
E.urinization

72.What’s bladder
A.peritoneum
B.juxtaglomerular
C.macula densa
D.vesika urinaria
E.aldosteron
73.What’s the sequence process on kidney
A.filtration-reabsorbtion-augmentation
B.digestion-reabsorbtion-filtration
C.reabsorbtion-augmentation-digestion
D.filtration-digestion-reabsorbtion
E.augmentation-filtration-reabsorbtion

74.Where’s filtration happened

A.nephron
B.capsule bowman
C.ureter
D.tubules contortus proximal
E.tubules contortus distal

75.What is the name of the glomerular filtration

A.primary urine
B.secondary urine
C.sweat
D.globular
E.glomerulation

76.What is the name of the glomerular reabsorbtion

A.primary urine
B.secondary urine
C.sweat
D.globular
E.glomerulation

77.Below are some kidney disease, except

A.diabetic nephrophaty
B.glomerulonephritis
C.hydronephrosis
D.afrodisiac
E.cancer

78.How much kidneys most of people have

A.1
B.2
C.3
D.4
E.5
79.Below are some of the renal therapy, except
A.TPG
B.ECG
C.hemodialitic
D.peritonial dialitic
E.transplantation

80.Which country's most lots do a kidney transplant

A.canada
B.US
C.spanyol
D.italia
E.indonesia
96.What’s 3 main parts of kidneys?
97.explain what’s filtration!
98.explain what’s reabsorbtion!
99.explain what’s augmentation!
100.mention 3 kidney’s diseases
61.b
62.d
63.c
64.e
65.b
66.e
67.a
68.b
69.d
70.b
71.c
72.d
73.a
74.a
75.a
76.b
77.d
78.a
79.b
80.b
96. korteks (bagian luar)
medulla (sumsum ginjal)
pelvis renalis (rongga ginjal).

97. Filtering (filtration)

Filtration occurs in glomerular capillaries in Bowman's capsule. In glomerular endothelial cells have a
porous capillary (podosit) thus simplifying the screening process. Some of the factors that facilitate
the screening process is the hydraulic pressure and high permeabilitias the glomerulus. In addition to
filtering, in glomelurus there is also the binding of re blood cells, platelets, and most plasma proteins.
Small materials dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, chloride,
bicarbonate, salt, and urea through the filter and become part of the sediment.

The result of glomerular filtration in the form of glomerular filtrate (primary urine) whose
composition is similar to blood but did not contain protein. In the glomerular filtrate can still be found
in amino acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, and other salts

98. Re-absorption (reabsorption)

Human urine volume of only 1% of glomerular filtrate. Therefore, 99% of glomerular filtrate will
direabsorbsi actively in kontortus proximal tubule and by an additional residual substances and urea
on kontortus distal tubule.

The substance is still useful, such as glucose and amino acids returned to the blood. Time waste
excess salt, and other materials in the filtrate removed in the urine. Every day more mereabsorbsi
kidney tubes from 178 liters of water, 1200 g of salt, and 150 g of glucose. Most of these substances
direabsorbsi several times.

After the tubular reabsorption Secu Zder will produce urine whose composition is very different from
the primary urine. In secondary urine, of substances that are still required not to be found again. In
contrast, the concentration of substances that are toxic metabolic waste increases, for example, urea
from 0.03 `, in the primary urine may reach 2% in the urine secondary.

Pervasiveness of this substance in the tubules in two ways. Sugar and acid diffusion Mino seep
through the event, while the water through the event Osmosis. Water reabsorption occurs in proximal
tubule and distal tubule.
99. Augmentation

Augmentation is the process of adding substances waste and urea which began to occur in the distal
tubules kontortus. The composition of urine is expelled through the ureter is 96% water, 1.5% salt,
2.5% urea, and the rest of other substances, such as bile pigment that serves to give warm and the
smell of urine.

Things that Affect Urine Production

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the posterior pituitary gland will affect water absorption in
the distal tubule cells permeabilitias karma increases to water. If the hormone ADH is low, water
absorption is reduced so that the urine becomes more and watery. Conversely, if the hormone ADH
lots, lots of water absorption so little and dark urine. Losing the ability to secrete ADH causes diabetes
insipidus defect. Sufferers will produce very dilute urine.

100. Congenital

     * renal tubular acidosis

     * Congenital hydronephrosis
     * Congenital obstruction of urinary tract
     * Duplicated ureter
     * Kidney horseshoe
     * polycystic kidney disease
     * Renal dysplasia
     * Unilateral small kidney

  Be obtained

     * Diabetic nephropathy

     * Glomerulonephritis
     * Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both kidneys caused by obstruction of urine flow.
     * Interstitial nephritis
     * Kidney stones are a common abnormality and usually painful.
     * Kidney Tumor
           o Wilms tumor
           o Renal cell carcinoma
     * Lupus nephritis
     * Minimal change disease
     * In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerulus has been damaged so much protein in the blood into the
urine. Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling, low serum albumin, and
high cholesterol.
     * pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and is often caused by complications of urinary tract
infection.
     * Renal failure
           o Acute renal failure
           o Chronic renal failure