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DISORDERS/TREATMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
ii. Negatives- critics says that these labels are arbitrary value judgments that create
preconceptions that can bias our perceptions and interpretations; labels can also affect
people’s self-images; labels can serve as self-fulfilling prophecies
V. Somatoform Disorders
a. Psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms without any actual physical
causes
b. Types
i. Conversion Disorder- a psychological problem manifests itself as a deficit in
physiological function; the person appears to be, but is not, blind, dead, paralyzed, or
insensitive to pain in parts of the body; also called hysteria
ii. Hypochondriasis- the person is irrationally concerned with having a serious disease
iii. Pain Disorder- involves complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical
cause (typically in neck, chest or back)
c. Causes
i. Biological- none
ii. Psychological- pay too much attention to bodily sensations
iii. Social- enjoy being center of attention, reinforced for being sick
VIII. Schizophrenia
a. A family of disorders of thought and behavior
b. Symptoms
i. Delusions are false beliefs that are strongly held despite contradictory evidence
ii. Hallucinations are sensory or perceptual experiences that happen without any external
stimulus
1. Auditory
2. Visual
iii. Inappropriate or disturbed emotional responses and behaviors
c. Types
i. Paranoid- characterized by auditory hallucinations and feelings of persecution,
delusions are grandeur
ii. Catatonic- is marked by stupor and rigid body postures for extended periods of time;
unnatural speech patterns like absence of speech or parroting of other people’s speech
iii. Disorganized- characterized by incoherent speech and flat or inappropriate emotional
affect
1. World salads
iv. Undifferentiated- schizophrenics who do not fit easily into one category
d. Causes
i. Biological- hereditary, viral infection during pregnancy, high levels of dopamine
ii. Psychological- poor stress-coping techniques
iii. Social- disturbed communication in family
X. Organic Disorders
a. caused by damage to brain tissue; most are result of disease or chemicals
b. Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, drug/alcohol dependence
CHAPTERS 14-15
DISORDERS/TREATMENT
I. Treatment Approaches
a. Insight Therapies- insight into the cause of the problem is the primary key to eliminating
the problem
i. Psychoanalysis- focuses on probing past defense mechanisms of repression and
rationalization to understand the unconscious cause of a problem
1. Free association- the patient reports any and all conscious thoughts and
ideas, sometimes while under hypnosis
2. Manifest content- the images and occurrences in dreams; Freud believed
that the manifest content of dreams were actually symbols representing the latent,
or truly meaningful, content of dreams
3. Transference- occurs when the patient shifts thoughts and feelings about
certain people or events onto the therapist because the therapist stayed detached
from the patient; thought to help reveal the nature of the patient’s conflicts
4. Counter-transference- occurs when the therapist transfers his or her own
feelings onto the patient; in order to avoid this, therapists usually undergo
psychoanalysis themselves
CHAPTERS 14-15
DISORDERS/TREATMENT