Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 57

c  V   

 
   

  

Ú  
The McNemar test is a test on a 2x2 classification table when you want to test the difference between paired
proportions, e.g. in studies in which patients serve as their own control, or in studies with "before and after"
design.
In the McNemar test dialog box, two discrete dichotomous variables with the classification data must be
identified. Classification data may either be numeric or alphanumeric (string) values. If required, you can
convert a continuous variable into a dichotomous variable using the Create groups tools. The variables
together cannot contain more than 2 different classification values.
For example, in a study a test is performed before treatment and after treatment in 20 patients. The results
of the test are coded 0 and 1. Is there a significant change in the test result before and after treatment?



 




  

 


The dialog box for the McNemar test is completed as follows:


After you have completed the dialog box, click the OK button to obtain the classification table with the
relevant statistics.

c  
 

The program displays the 2x2 classification table.

Ú  

 

The program gives the difference between the proportions (expressed as a percentage) with 95% confidence
interval.
When the (two-sided) P-value is less than the conventional 0.05, the conclusion is that there is a significant
difference between the two proportions.
In the example, the difference before and after treatment is 10% with 95% CI from -11.86% to 18.35%,
which is not significant (P=0.625, n =20).

u

If the number of discordant pairs (3 + 1 in the example) is less than or equal to 25, then the two-sided P-
value is based on the cumulative binomial distribution. If the number of discordant pairs is more than 25
then a chi-square approximation with Yates' correction for continuity is used.
The 95% confidence interval is calculated according to Bland, 2000.

  

p Altman DG (1991) Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall.
p Bland M (2000) An introduction to medical statistics, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

p p
p p p p p p

Vtat Computing > VPVV > Whatstat Help the Vtat Consulting Group by aa

a

What statistical analysis should I use?


Statistical analyses using SPSS

a  

    




       VVV 
  
 
               
   VVV   VVV  
      

 

            

 
V     
      
     

  
      

   
    
   

       
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  

  
  !    
 
 
 
   
 
 "


    

G 
    


           6     


        #$$ 
  
     
      
 
          
 

   %        &
 
     

 
   
'        
 
 
   6     
       
  &  #

u
 



G   %        
  
  
  
 
 
   

  '  (
 
 #          
 

 
 

 
)$!    
m mm
mm

   mp



   
  
 
 
     )#**)  
      
 
     )$!     
  
        
  
    )$

u
 

 


G           


   

 
  '  !  
  
     %            
 
  
  
         
 

 + 


   

   VVV

Î  


G            


 

   
 %   
    
   

  ' 
 (
   #          
 


     
 
)$,
)!
   
 mm
   p

 
      
       
-##.


 

         


   '   )$,

c   

  

G %/
           
  
 

 

 
 
  

  ' 

 (
   0
       
        1$,+1$,
G1$,G
G
 *$,!   &!      
 

 

 
 
  
 
   ' 


 
 mm
   
 m



p


 
    
      
    
 

   '       %/
 
 
 

 -)$#.-1*$

  


 



G     %        


  

  
   
    
 
     
(

   #          
 
 

   
m mm  

   mp

 
      
      
  

 

    -%2*23-$$$ 

 
       

 
 )3..  
)$1#

V 

×p V VVpp
 pp p p pppV VVp

   



 !   % %!      %



      
  %              
 

  
   
 
       
    

       VVV  
 !   % %!     
                %  !  
    #     
     
    %           
   

 
  
  
 mm
  m 
p

 
     
      
  
 
 
     
     
 
 '-%22#.-$$$1

V 

×p ½ pppppppp
pp  p

c   



G %/
        

       
 
 
 VVV 
6         
  
 
                  % 4
 #     0 

         
   
6     0 
 5
    %/
  
      
  
  
   
     + 
      

      ( 
0    
 m 
m m  
mm m  p



 
      
      
      
       
 %/
   
 
 -$$3*
-$6#6

7 0 &  


    &   

     
 
    %              

 
   
         
   
   
            
      
       
 m 
m  
mm m  p



G    
      
      

  %/
    
 
 -3)**-$1$1

  

×p V VVpp
 ppp pV pppV VVp

½
 
 


 ( 
0            %/
    


  
    
/  
 5
    %
/
         
/  

  
( 
0          

    
  
/ VVV    VVV     
 

( 
0    ##    
 

   
   
 
  /
   

u
 GuG

G %   


G89G     
 
   
    

 
 
  
   
 
  
       
 
      

 
&          
 (
 
 #          
    
  



      
     :
  m  p


      
  
      


+ 
  &   
         

 
     (  
     (  

       
  
      

 
    
  (  
       
 
  
    
    

 
 m  m  p


(
         

     

 
          

    

  

×p V VVp !p"#  p$p


p %p&#p'p
×p V VVp !p"#  p## 
p( p %p&#p)p
×p V VVp½ p* pp+p
p,-p ppV VVp
×p V VVp  p.

p
p+#p p"pp
( p
p,-p
Π   


 ;
& !           
    


   
    
  

   %



  G89G 
 ' 
   %!       

   


!        G89G
    #     
    
      
  
   
 
 
 mm
  m  p


   

  
& 

  
   
   
    %/
 ! 
    
     

      
  
  



£ 



G
   %        
    
    

  
<          
 

   
 
  

  
(
   #
       
  /     
m mm    m m  p


 
              
 

    -%$6=*-$26*

  
  


 !    
&    %


  
  
%    !    
&        
   
    
  
  
  
   
   

 !     
      
    
  

  
  
 mm
   m m   p



 
     
       

   

    


   
 
    

              

   
&  G  
   
     
 
 
 mm
    m m  p


!            
  -))=

 


   

 
0   
 
   
 
/
  
    
        
  
   
 &% 
  
     
 
 

     #    
     
 
 
    
   :66 6    
  
   %             

 
    66
  

     
6
         

 m mm !

 m   !

m

 m 
m  m"# 
mm m   
 mp

,/p pp pppp pp pp

ppp# #  p p


ppp6 6p #p
pp# #  p p

ppp6 p #0p
u
 




GuG

   

 % 
  
  
    
 
    
  
  
   
    

   
      
 <   /    

   %    
  

     
 
 
     
      
  
   
 

 !       
3    ;
&0 &

  >        
  
  

   
      < 

$%
m %p





          
 
 %        
? 
  ? % $$$$        
    
 
% 

@    
     
 
%  

 

   +  %( +%


(A
 %A
A%A 7 
%    
  %  


               $)  

  

×p V VVp !p"# p p$p


p  p&#p12p
×p V VVp  p

p+ pp.p
p.

pV VVp,-p
×p V VVp&
p½ p(#
p p,-p

0




 

 

  
   
 
  
 <     

  



     
     

 
<  


  
  

 VVV 
  A         
  

       &        
  
   2 
 
  2$    # 
   

  2 


 

  ?  ?  

1$$ 
   
        
 
A &'( )*+,m,  )p
A ('  - & - * (./
"# m  0 /* 0'A
120 ( m
0'/-'"3'2"'21'.(
('(2A'
-  . 0/3"4 * *2--#  *5.A ."( p


 
           !  %V/
-
1)=#-$#11

½  GuG

G
 G89G   

 
    
  
 

    
    
  
   
    

 (
   #     & 
 
 
    
   
    %      
   
      
          
VVV        
   
 
   5 
 
 VVV
  B  

    
&  
 
  &  
   

 m 
p

 
       
        (-)===-
$$$ 
     
       (-1=).)-
$$$$ (-==11-$$$#
  + 
   
  
           (-$122-$6*)

  

×p V VVp !p"# p p$p


p  p&#p13p
×p V VVp½ p* pp+p
pp p# ppppV VVp
×p V VVp½ p* p
p+p# p,-p pppV VVp
×p V VVp  ppp pV VVp4p

½
 


 

(
        %<    
 
   

      
     
  
 

      
 !       
 


 
 
   
       
   
    
&    

 
   

     (
         
 VVV
  
   
    &    
    

       
 mm
    mmp


(
 0 %/
   $=3) %  $*#3  
     + 
      
    

 

 
 

u

 

 

8

   

       
 

   
   (
   #    
 

 
 
     
     1# 2    

  
 
!  
 
   
'   

   C
 
 
  
  !
  
 
 
     



 

    !    &  
    
/   
 
     

         
     
 m
  m%6 m
 m%7  m  m$
 m 6  m
 m
m

 m m m
  m
 m  m  m  p

 
       
        D$$$

   
 

 D$$$ 

  
 
   
 


       
 !         


      % -)=28    
 

    
 
 

    
    
  
    
  


   


         
 
      
  
   
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
          
    

 
     

     
 
  


   @ 
      
 
 
 
               
    
    
 ' 

      

 
      
    


  

×p V VVp$p p"#  pp



p p p
×p V VVp 
p #  pp
 p p( p

½   



 

G
   

       

 
 
   
        
 (
 
 #      
   
     
  
  
   C
     
  
 
   
 !   

     

6  

 

 @   
 
   

    
    
 VVV   
  
&   
 
     
 & 
 6VVV   

   
   
C      
    & 
 
  
    & 

 m      m m   m 
 m m   m p


 
       
         75 #-
213*-$=**(


     
     
 
      
       

  

×p  
p # p p p p
×p V VVp # pp p( p

c
  

G

         


       



  
   
 
 (
   #   



         


   
 m  
    mp

     




       



      
  G       

 
 
  
  
      
  




   
 m  
   mp

p
 
      

      


$).*@ /
 

        1$$   



  
   
   
 7 0
 $).* $=   
/
   2=    1$$  2=,+ 
  
2=,  
        
    


       $#)=V/


 
  
$=))2=    

  =),  
    

  

×p  
p # p p   p
×p V VVpp
 ppp pV pppV VVp
×p V VVp½ p* pp+p 5pp
p p p
×p p$ppV VVp

V



 

V  


    &   

      

  
   
 
 
  
  
   
    

 (
   #       &  
    
 
 
  
 
C 



   

      m 
   m m
m m p



!   
         ))#   
 % 1$3* % $$$$      
    
     +    
     
   

     
  
 

  

×p ( ppV VV p&#p1ppV# p


p # p( p
×p  
p # p p p
×p V VVp # pp( p
×p V VVp !p"#  p+
 p pp p pV%p&#p13p
×p V VVp !p"#  p( pp4#%p&#p6p
×p V VVp !p"#  p## 
p( p %p&#p7p

   

  

GV


      


   
 
   

  
    
  
  
     

 
 
 
&  

    
   &


       !       

 

   
 
   
    m
 m   p
p

 
     
       
-$=1*-
$$$$     

V
 

 

7  

       
 
  $ 
1!    
   #       $ 1   
 ! 
         
    &

  
 

       

   
    
   
 
     

 
    
 
     
   
      

  
     
   
 

 

   

  
       
    

 

 G 87V

  
 

   

  
   C    
 
 m      m p





 
     
 
      
 

 
 ! -)=#-$3)27&     

         75 %/
 %$)=-$3)2

  

×p  
p # p p p p
×p V VVp # pp p( p
×p V VVp  pp!
p p ppp




 

  

 
 
  

      


   
  
 

  /  (
 
  #    
  
 

 
 
 
      


      m m  m
   m m
m m p





 
       
        (-)6=$-
$$$$(


   
 

 
      



  

×p ( ppV VV p&#p1ppV# p


p # p( p
×p  
p # p p p
×p V VVp # pp( p
×p V VVp½  p!
p  p
×p V VVp !p"#  p( pp4#%p&#p8p
×p V VVp !p"#  p## 
p( p p

G      


G   


 &G89G       
 

 
       
 
 (
    
G89G       
       

 7 0    
       
 m m   p


 
      
 < 

 

 

    
 

   (-)6=*-$$$2

  

×p V VVp !p"# p p$p


p  p&#p19p
×p V VVp  ppp pV VVp4p
×p V VVp  p* p
p+p
p p p  p
p  p
 p


 

 

    

  &   

     

  



 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
    
 
 
    
    

  
 !    
  
   
   $ 1    ! 
      
  
    &
  
 

  
     
   
    
   

 
     

      
 
     

  
         
   
    

   
 

 

   
     
 
& 
 6 
       
 
     
 

 
 m      m  mp


 
       
 
 
  

  

×p  
p # p p p p
×p V VVp # pp p( p
×p V VVp !p"#  p## 
p p( %p&#p6p
×p V VVp&
p½ p4#p( pp p( p

Ú     

>
       


  
  
 
    
   
    
  
 
   /    
          

 

  

   
    
 (

   #        6
 

     

       
   m   
    mmp





 
 VVV   
 
 
/         
      + 
         

 
       
     

    


     

  

×p
p  p p
×p V VVp  pp* p pV VVpV p½ p

u
 GuG

G89G 
   
 &G89G    


 

   
  %  G89G 
  
 
   
    

   
 (
 
 #        

  6
&  

   
  mm  p
      
 

 
 
<   
  
  6

  

×p V VVp  p

p+ pp.p
p.

pV VVp,-p
×p 4 p,-p
p,&-p
×p V VVp  p,-p
p4p

  



 

 
   

       


   


   
  


 

  
  

    
 6

     


 m  mm  mp



 
       
          

      <   
     

c   
  

  

    
   /   
    
   
 
 (
   
  
    
 
  &  
         
     
 
   
 
  
  
  VVV
/
       

 
 
    & 
 6 
  / 

 
    

  
  6
   m mm  
  p
p p p p p pppppppppppp ppp
pp pppp p pp pppp p p p p p p
p
ppppp  p
p !  p  p p   p"p#p$%pp#p&$%pp#p'(p)p
p
p  p* ppppppppp
 pp++ ,pp+ -p.ppp  p.ppp pp
p
p/pppppppppp0'(12ppp3''4'3ppppppp355ppppp2'355ppppppp555p
p pppppp3124'ppp($2$'43ppppppp355ppppp2'555ppppppp555p
p6pppppppppppp35$3'ppp043(545ppppppp355ppppp2'$55ppppppp555p
pppppppppppppp0'($1p
p pp    p  p78p*9pp , p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
ppppp  p" )p
p:!  p  p; -p"$%'()p.pp
p
p
 9 pppp<pppp=p<pp+ -ppppp  ppppppppppppp
p
p.pppppppppppp0204pppppp0514$pp02(44'44pppp0400$2ppp52''51p
pppppppppppp32040pppppp3$''$pp21'33$0'3pppp0$12'pppp(45204'p
p
p
 9 pppppp pp
p
p.pppppppppppppp555p
pppppppppppppp555p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p;p  p     p  p./.p! 9 p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp542p
ppppppppppppp53'p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p  > p  p     p  p./.p! 9 p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp43'p
ppppppppppppp34(p
p
p p p p p pppppppppppp ppp
pp pppp p pp pppp p p p p p p
p
p  p9 ; p./.pp  p! 9 p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp'$(p
ppppppppppppp103p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p
  pp +   p! 9 p ,+ p9p  p! 9 p
p
pp
pp/ p
 p.p*p/ p.p/ p
 p?p*p/ p?p
p
ppppppppppppppp('33ppppp('33ppppp3(33'ppppp3(33'p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p;p  p     p  p?
p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p?
pppppppppppp
p
pppppppppppppp54(p
ppppppppppp531p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p  > p  p     p  p?
p
pppppppppppp
p
p
p?
pppppppppppp
p
pppppppppppppp4$1p
ppppppppppp3(1p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p  p9 ; p?
pp  p! 9 p
pppppppppppp
p
p
p!  pppppppppppp
p
pppppppppppppp'$'p
ppppppppppp1(2p
p
p p p p p pppppppppppp ppp
pp pppp p pp pppp p p p p p p
p
p
  pp !  p ,+ p9p  p! 9 p
p
pp
pp/ p
 p.p*p/ p.p/ p
 p?p*p/ p?p
p
ppppppppppppppp31033ppppp31033ppppp1$(0ppppp1$(0p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p  pp  ppp  p *p
pp!p:!  p'055p    p !p
p. +   p! 9 pp.pppppppppppppp p  p
p
p?
pppppppppppp@pppppppp@ ppp p ppppp 
 pppp p p
p
ppppppppppppp31$'pppppp32'((pppppppp5(5ppppppp4141pppppppp555p
pppppppppp2402$pppppp20$(1pppppppp544ppppppp005'pppppppp555p
p
p?
ppp; p'0Appp:++ p
p
ppppppppppppppp232pppppppp4'p
pppppppppppp$20pppppppp3'4p
p. +   p! 9 ppppppppppppppp;  p  p
p
p?
pppppppppppp@pppppppp@ ppp p ppppp 
 pppp p p
p
ppppppppppppp32$'5pppppp3$(1(pppppppp5(5ppppppp4$52pppppppp555p
pppppppppp$1((0pppppp2550(pppppppp544ppppppp3201pppppppp555p
p
p?
ppp; p'0Appp:++ p
p
ppppppppppppppp$'0pppppppp0(p
pppppppppppp01pppppppp31p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p
p p p p p pppppppppppp ppp
pp pppp p pp pppp p p p p p p
p
ppp?p
p !  p  p p   p"p#p%pp#p5%pp#p'(p)p
p
p  p* ppppppppp
 pppp, pp+ -p.ppp  p.ppp pp
p
p/pppppppppp033ppp$(1'0'ppppppp$55ppppp'455ppppppp555p
p ppppppp250ppp$(1'0'ppppppp$55ppppp'455ppppppp555p
p6pppppppppppp11304ppp$(1'0'ppppppp$55ppppp'455ppppppp555p
pppppppppppppp033p
p pp    p p , p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
ppp?p" )p
p:!  p  p; -p"%'()p.pp
p
p
 9 ppp+ -pppp  pp+ -pppp  pppppppppppppp pp
p
p.pppppppp224'4$$5p5(4515(pp224'4$$5ppp0400$2pppp40$2$'ppppppp5p
ppppppp$5'1111p55'55$2p$5'1111ppp0$12'ppp$24$$5$ppppppp555p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
ppp?p" )p
p;p * p  p     p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp53p
ppppppppppppp$3p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p  > p * p  p     p
ppppppppppp pp
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp$'2p
ppppppppppppp11'p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp
p * p p p  p  p! 9 p
ppppppppppp p
 9 p
p
pp/ * ppppppppppp
p
pppppppppppppppp$'4p
p
p p p p p pppppppppppp ppp
pp pppp p pp pppp p p p p p p
p
ppp?p" )p
p  p9 ; p./.pp  p! 9 p
ppppppppppp p
 9 p
p
p
 9 ppppppppppppp
p
p.ppppppppppppp053p
ppppppppppppp'0'p
p
pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp

        


   

    


   


   G        
     

    

      


   

   **#6 (%      


       
   

   /  '
 
(-
)=3*$=     + 
     

    
$#2)       
 
'
(-$1$6*-$*3#$

½    

(
 
 

 
       


  
 
   
    
     
 
G 
    
    
  
  

  
         
    
  
 
 
  
 

 
   
  


 
 (
 
   0    &   


   
 
 
   
!   
  


       ! 

    
    
   
4     
& 

      
VGV V   
 
 
         
m 
    mm  m
 m m $
m m   
 mm   
 m  p








          / 

  
 

      
    
 &  
 

        
        

 
     
  
 
 
(
    
         
    

 
                
 

  
  
   
     

  


  
     
      
1
   
# 
        

        

 
    

 

  

×p V VVp½ pp
p&  /p #pp

p
+      5



   

47G5
 

    
V      V

!
   
  
   8 
5 

V      + 
 
 
   47GG    V

p
p p pp pp
p p p  
ppp
p pp
# p p%p !%p p p#
p pp.p p&  0p

p
pp
p p
p p p p p p

Vtat Computing > VPVV > Modules Help the Vtat Consulting Group by aa

a

SPSS Learning Module


An overview of statistical tests in SPSS

8:     


 VVV
 1)   
  
& 


  VVV& 
 *)

8:G    
 G77GV  
!
  VVV       & 
  
    

VVV    
& 
   


 
  
  
VVV     

 
 

8:       


   

    
  
   
 
      
    
  4
 
 
  
  
  

ë a   
    

! 
  


       VVV   %
  /


   

    
  
      

 
     
  


VVV   

   
        
         
 G 
  


    
 
   
 G 
     
 
0..('/&' 0
. 7 $ $ $!  6$6 
$
m  %   m %
 m%$ %%m %! %
  %7  m   !    6
" A'0..
.1**  %
77$ $7
6!%
$ 6

.1* %%7

%
$ 6$ 

.1*/ m77
$$!%
!6 $
6

. 

7!7
 
 $6
67$

. &!$7 $$ $

%!7

"18$
7 $ %$ $$!
%$!%
" * m %6!$
% !$
7!%
7!$7

"  m 6$ %%
$
%
6
$$$%
$%

" (/  666%
$!
$6%$$

" 2 %% $!

$$

%
%$6

" - 67$
$
!$6
$

%$7!$7

" -   
$! 66
$
%$$7

" / %
6$7 %

$

%$$
6

*0 6 %%
$
%
$$%%%$ $$6

*  %

%$ !7

$
%%
$7

*/  7
!$
%$7
$
%% 
$$%

**mm$77$7$ 7$
!%$$7

*'  
!%%
$
!7
$$%$
$ !

*1 %
%$$ 6
7$

$

*1 m*  
%$$$$
!$$
$

%$

$

*1 !!$%$$
$
7%
 $

*7 7 %
7%$
$ !

0m $

!$$7$% !$

 767
0m $
% 67  $
6$
$
! $6 

0m  

7$%%$ 6$$6

%7 %
0m 6
6$7$%$ 6$
6%6%! 
0*m76%
 $
6$$
! 76 %

00 m%

6$%
!

$
!%!6$%

01  66!!$%
!

$
!%!6$%

0/m- !%$$% $%
$$
%!$$ $7%

& m/m %$7!$$ !$
!!

& & m%67$6% 76

%76 

& 1m %6$$

$!
7%%

6

5 .  77$  

$$%
$!


5 *  %%77$6%$  !
%7%7

( * m  m%7$ $$%6%
$ %

$%

( 1 9 7%$$ 6%$
$
%6%

$%

( 9  %!!%  6
$
%
$$%

1A(*77 
% 76
 %6!
1 " m6$7$$%
7$ 6
!77%
$

1 *  7%% !%
!
$$%6
$$ 

1 1  !!   $$
$$%%
$$$!

1 1  % !6
 
76%$
$%

1 - !
%%
!%
$% 
$$ 

1 :  $7$
 $6
7 %%

6

27666%$%%
$
%
!
$$
%
$%

2*m/  $7$
!
76%$$$7

2*m%7% !

76%$$$7

20m66%67
6%%
$
!7
$6%$$$

22%67% %
$

%$
6

2/m  %7 $%$

$
6
%
 $

2  
! %

$
!%
$%

m!
%$77
% %%$
7$6! 6
. %!%$6$
$!

 !


* %%$ % $ 6

 6!$7

5  %%6$$ %
$$

! !


/  !%6!$! 6$ $
6$67 %

9 %
!
6$ 
!
$
%%$$ $

 m*m  766%%
$


$%%$$$

 m&  %7%6 %
76%$$
6

 mA    $$$7$
!$
$
% $$7

 m(1 %$7 $

77%
$$7

 m %%$%7 %$
$
%$
6

 m/ %$$%$$
$!7
7% $

- m(* 67 $!

6
%$%7$
/  76  $ $

!%!76
m*  6776 $ %$%
%!%
!
m* %6 
7$$

!  7$
m*   76 $
$!
 !%

9$!
77  $ %
7!$76
980 %
$%$ $$!
$!7%
980  7% 
 $
%
  7
6
98- m%!7$ %
 7
  676
98/ !6
$ %$
!77
 !!76
00..
&2-1./ & m &%$p

        


   &    
 


      &       

 

d 
 

! 
      
  
 
 
  

 

 



  /
A-23/   

9.-'."( / p

+
    
   
  
    

 
   
     
     
 
*1 *3  
2   
    

  
   
  


       
         


    
   

        %
           
       



/ + 
   
   
 

       
 !      %
 / 
/ 
   &    
    
A
V        
     
  
   
  

   
   / 

  
 %     
     
   

     


        %    / 

 

[ c   

 

! 
      



  
 
 
1 
 



)  



   

  1    $4 
6 & 
    
   

/  %/


       
   
 
   
     
*-2//."/
."( /  6"#   
/.'/'*/*5'/;p

 
 
  
  
 
      
 %/
  





   VVV     
 1$        
  %/
 
            
    ( 
0        
 

 4
  ( 
0         
       %    VVV

ë c
  

7 0 
       
    
  
    6
*2-- (.'2/
9.-'."( /   m

 
   
     
  

    

   

 
    6  %    


:

       


  %
    %   % 
        

   $

@  &   '  


       
 V   
    

   
    *1 
   

   
   *3
   
       VVVV  

  % 
 
 
  
     
   &VVV


             


  

                 
      
 

  
 
  
  
/             & 
 
       
      
*2--
9.-'."( /   m
1'//'A('/8'/ p

    
     
  


 
     
  

(       *1
   

    

         

è 0

 

5
   /      

    
 
 
 

  
 

 7 0



   

   

    6!       
       
 
 
   
&     
   
  
 6   
 
 

     6  & 
 

   
 /     
- A
0  0  
1 520  -  m

           &      



18 *1 
  
    *3   

                
  
            
  
   

#         6   
   
 
  
 
   

   @
  6
1=.$    #=$2 %  $$118
 
   
 

        6



 
 
  



D G      
       


  
 

  
  
 



G  9
!     

G89G
 
 
  


V 

 
 




  1
#   
   
 




23 )!  
  2)      
  
   


  G89G 


        

 




 
    
 
 




.29.
9.-'."( / "#  6 
1 520  -'1
/.'/'*/1 .

 
   G89G
  VVV
      )*

         

     
  
     

  
   




   (  6$61 %  $$$1 


23 )
1.32#1=* #*2=


M G      
  
 

                    
   V           

     
   

  
  G  
     
  & +V>      
*213  m% .#  6% 
&'( -"# m% 
 *3 

A(1 "#  6
2/52*  63 #
 11 ./."( /  6

&'( -2&&
 *3 

 
 
   
   )  
 
 
2 
3+ 
 
   2  

 
  3





- £ 
  

×p Îp p p!pp,pp p


p   %p p p,-0pp+pp
#  p pp p p p pp
p pp %p
pp p
  p pppppp0p

Ñ ½
   

×p ½ p p  p p


#p%pppV VVpp

p$#pVppV VV0p
×p ½ p p  p p
%p 
 %p   %p  %p p
p %p# pp
p## #p#pppV VVp& 
pVp(p4 
0p

p
+      5



  


47G5
 

    
V      V

!
   
  
   8 
5 

V      + 
 
 
   47GG    V


p
p p pp pp
p p p  
ppp
p pp
# p p%p !%p p p#
p pp.p p&  0p

p
p

Вам также может понравиться