J. Govardhan et al.

/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

Design and Experimental Implementation of

an Electro-Mechanical Cam operated Valve
for Oscillating Combustion
J. Govardhan*
Department of Mech. Engineering, AVN I E T, Ibrahimpatnam (M), A.P., India

G.V.S. Rao
Department of Mech. Engineering, PIRM E C, Chevella, A.P., India

T
S. Rajesham
Department of Mechanical Engineering, PRRM EC, Shabad, A.P., India,

J. Narasaiah
Department of Mech. Engineering, PRRM EC, Shabad, A.P., India

Abstract
Oscillating combustion is a simple,
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innovative, low-cost technology can be
applied as a retrofit in the heat transfer
investigations confirm the benefits of
introducing the oscillations during the
combustion and effects of oscillating
combustion on performance characteristics
industries such as steel mills, glass plants, such as heat transfer rate, melting time,
forging shops and foundry process furnaces to specific energy consumption (SEC) and
enhance the performance characteristics. furnace efficiency.
Different kinds of oscillating mechanism to
A
create oscillations in the combustion used Keywords: Oscillating combustion,
earlier in the research were electrostrictive oscillating valve, crucible furnace, heat
actuators, cyclic valves, solenoid based transfer rate, specific energy consumption
(EGR) exhaust gas recirculation valves,
rotatory plug valves.
IJ

This paper explains the design and 1. Introduction

development of an oscillating valve
developed by the author to incorporate and to
study the influence of amplitude and
frequency of oscillations in an oscillating
combustion. Unlike other oscillating valves
used earlier a cam operated electro-
mechanical valve was used to introduce
oscillations in the liquid fuel flow at ambient
conditions. The experiments were carried out
on a crucible furnace both at steady state and
oscillating combustion mode and compared
the two modes of combustion. The
Oscillating combustion is a gaining
importance these days and attracted
significant attention as an efficient technology
to meet future fuel economy, energy
utilization factor, reduction in emissions and
improved thermal efficiency. Experiments on
the oscillating combustion with different
oscillating valves are ongoing. Furnaces are
used with retrofit valves for more promising
technological improvements. A clean energy
combustion system, Inc. has developed

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

environmental friendly technologies to burn
wide range of fuels using oscillating
combustion. The principle on which the valve
works to introduce oscillations in the
combustion is based on cyclical perturbation
of the fuel line. GTI tests in late 1980‟s used a
solenoid valve or solenoid-based exhaust gas
recirculation valve. Air Liquide Chicago
research centre used rotatory plug valve.
These valves did not have enough life and
were expensive, thereby unsuitable for
industrial applications. Ceramphysics, Inc.
Ohio, developed a low cost long life valve
modifications were carried out. These include
stream lining the flue gas passage in the
furnace, incorporating manometers, 3-way
cock along with burette, piezometer tubes,
thermo-couples with digital temperature
indicators and sensing probe. The oscillating
valve has been tested at a frequency of 5 and
10 Hz, amplitude of 100 and 200, different air-
fuel ratios varying from 13:1 to 17:1 above
and below the stoichiometric ratio using 10,
15 and 20 kg of aluminum loads. The results
indicate the optimization at certain parameters
used in the tests. The main focus in this paper

T
known as Solid State Proportionate valve with is on the proposed oscillating valve on the
a flow capacity of only 40 scf/h operating at kinematics profile of the cam, variable speed
high frequency of 20 Hz was used and found actuator, system modeling, design and control
virtually noise free. GTI laboratories are considerations, fluid mechanical and thermal
producing SSP valves with variable flow considerations and variation in fuel flow
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capacity. Experiments on the oscillating
combustion technology were conducted on
natural gas with variable conditions.
In this article, the author developed
indigenously an electro-mechanical cam
operated valve which is simple, low-cost,
during the fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones.

Nomenclature

A = ampere
reliable in operation and incorporated in a a.c. = alternating current
crucible furnace to experiment the oscillating A/F = air-fuel ratio
combustion especially on liquid fuel. The D = diameter
oscillations of the fuel create alternately d.c = direct current
A
successive fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones EGR = exhaust gas recirculation
within the furnace. The fuel-rich zones are F = force
more luminous, longer in length and causes f = friction factor, frequency
more heat transfer from flame to the load. g = acceleration due to gravity, gram
Both the zones mix in the furnace only when GTI = gas technology institute
kg/h = kilogram per hour
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the heat has been transferred from the fuel-

rich zone to the load thereby resulting in low k = spring constant
peak temperature in the furnace. The effects kg = kilogram
of oscillating combustion are low melting m = mass
time, increased productivity rate, reduction in mA = milli ampere
emissions, low specific energy consumption N= speed
and increase in furnace efficien P = pressure, power
Before presenting the experimental data rpm.= revolutions per minute
results, a brief mechanism description is scf/h = standard cubic feet per hour
presented. The oscillating valve was SEC = specific energy consumption
introduced as a retrofit in a fuel fired crucible SHM = simple harmonic motion
furnace and tested on both steady state and SSP = solid state proportionate
oscillating combustion. Typical furnace T = Torque
V = volt

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

v = velocity
Z = datum

Greek symbol

Θ = uniform angular displacement

θ0 = cam angle for out stroke
μ = viscosity
e = density
τ θ, = torque
ωn = circular frequency of SHM
ω = angular velocity

T
∆ = small distance
Π = radian
Fig. 1. Displacement, velocity and
acceleration diagrams.
Subscripts

Fn = natural frequency

stroke
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Fo = maximum acceleration of follower out

Fr = maximum acceleration of follower return

stroke
HL = loss of head
Hz = hertz , cycles
To = time of outstroke
Tr = time of return stroke
A
Vo = maximum velocity of follower out
stroke.
Vr = maximum velocity of the follower return
stroke
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2. Kinematics Profile of Cam

Fig.2. Modified displacement, velocity
2.1. Uniform velocity and acceleration diagrams
For the uniform motion or uniform velocity of
the follower, the slope of the displacement
curve will be constant because the
displacement is directly proportional to time
and time is directly proportional to θ, for the
cam running at uniform angular velocity
.

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

Figure 6. Profile of the cam

T
Fig.3. S.H.M of the follower diagrams It is seen from the Figure 1 that, during the
period θd1 the displacement remains
unchanged and so is the case during θd2 Thus,
during θd1 and θd2 the velocity of the follower
is zero. During θ0 interval, velocity has a
ES definite value and again during θd2 it is
zero.θ0+ θd1+θr+θd2 = 3600 or one complete
revolution of the cam. It may be pointed out
here that at point A, the velocity of the
follower is changed from to a finite value in
an infinitely small interval of time therefore
the acceleration to be produced will be
infinitely large. For any small mass of the
follower the inertia forces produced will be
infinitely large causing the high stress levels
A
and wear. Therefore, uniform velocity of the
Fig.4. Cam with angles cam is not a practical proposition. It is
therefore, necessary to modify the conditions
which govern the follower motion, reducing
the values of acceleration to finite value this
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is accomplished by rounding the sharp

corners at A,B,C and D, so that the follower
reaches the desired velocity gradually at the
beginning of the stroke. Shorter rounding the
radius the nearer to the undesirable conditions
of the constant velocity profile.

A-B = θ0 = angle of the cam for out stroke

Figure 5. Profile of SHM of the follower
(1200)
B-C = θd1 = dwell angle (400)
C-D = θr = angle of the cam for return stroke
(1200)
D-E = θd2 = dwell angle (800)

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

2.2. Uniform acceleration: For outstroke we have peripheral speed of the

In the above Figure 2, the follower motion is
assumed with uniform acceleration for these
small intervals of time. A radius equal to the
follower displacement is chosen often in
practice. Unfortunately, the modified straight
line profile does not exhibit very attractive
characteristics. The derivative of the
acceleration called jerk or pulse will have
infinite spikes in modified straight line case.
This is a measure of rate of change of inertia
force and thus give impact levels impact
point moving along the circle with stroke as
diameter
peripheral speed = π S/2 *1/ to
or = π S /2*(ω / θ0) (1)
or the maximum velocity on out stroke along
diameter is equal to peripheral velocity of
point along the cumference of the circle on
which the point is assumed to move for its
projection to execute S.H.M.

T
causes noise, shortens life due to wear and Vo = π ω/ θ0 *S/2 (2)
fatigue.
and it occurs at point when cam has turned by
an angle
2.3. Simple Harmonic Motion θ = θ0/2

curve. Obviously, the velocity and

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Figure 3 shows that, velocity curve is a sine
curve and acceleration curve is a cosine

acceleration on the return stroke are higher

than those on the outward stroke. The same
also the centripetal acceleration of the point
by which SHM defined is given by (during
out stroke)

Fo = V02 / (S/2)
= (πω/θ S/2)2 */S/2
(3)

displacement is completed during return

stroke in the angular rotation of the cam = π2 ω2 / θ0 2 *(S/2) (4)
rotation which is half of that on the out stroke And this is maximum positive at θ =0 and
in the example into consideration. maximum negative at θ = θ0 and at θ ≤ θ0 /2 it
A
is zero. Discussing on the same lines for the
Let return stroke we have
θ = uniform angular displacement;
θ0 = angle of the cam for out stroke Vr = πω / θ*(S/2) (5)
θr = angle of the cam for return stroke
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To = time to perform outstroke θ0/ω;

Tr = time to perform return stroke= θr/ω
Vo = velocity of follower out stroke;
Vr = velocity of the follower return stroke;
Fo = acceleration of follower out stroke;
Fr = acceleration of follower return stroke
ω = uniform angular velocity;
S = Stroke of the follower.
SHM is defined as by the projection on the
diameter of point moving at a uniform speed
round the circumference or the periphery of a
circle with the stroke as the diameter.
Fr = ω2 π 2 / θr2 * S/2 (6)
2.2. Non-linear mechanical relations of
spring
The natural frequency and time period of the
spring may be derived from “Equilibrium
Method”. This is based on the principle that
whenever a vibrating system is in equilibrium,
algebraic sum of all the forces and moments
acting on it is zero. This is in accordance with

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

D`Alembert‟s principle, that the sum of the

inertia forces and external forces on a body in
equilibrium must be zero.

2.2.1. Variable speed actuator

The kinematic profile of the cam position

versus time (amplitude), swivel disc speed
versus time (frequency) are of fixed shape and
are timed relative to the oscillating valve‟s
swivel disc position. An electromechanically
operated motor system can control the

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amplitude and frequency of the valve. The
swivel disc positioned at an angle or partially
in closed position and allows the amount of
fuel required as per the air-fuel ratio. From
this position it can be further partially closed

requirement.
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of fully closed to suit to the furnace operation

In effect, the oscillating combustion valve

should have some features of flexibility.
- The system must operate with
minimum power consumption.
- It should not have excessive wear of
the cam and follower.
- The system should have soft contact
between the cam and follower and
A
should be noise free.
The follower is connected to the swivel disc
and is held by a spring in its equilibrium
position. The equilibrium position for this
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Fig.7. Schematic view of the cam profile
with spring (above) and the oscillating
valve
In the Figure 7 as shown, the spring supports
the follower with its free end at A-O. When
the follower is shifted by the cam profile the
spring is stretched by a distance ∆ (for
sustained damping) and B-O becomes the
equilibrium position. This ∆ is the static
deflection of the spring by the cam.

mass-spring system is in the middle of the

valve stroke. Such a system possesses its
natural frequency (fn), mass (m), spring
constant (k) and frequency ratio (S). In this,
an initial displacement of the valve in the
direction of the spring would result in
sustained oscillations in the valve at the
systems natural frequency considering any
requirement of damping. Relatively small
current is consumed during the operation.
Let
S = Stiffness of the spring – Force
required for the unit deflection.
In the static equilibrium position, (considering
the outward movement as upward stroke and
inward movement as downward stroke)
Upward force = power of the motor
P=Tω (7)
(T = Torque of the motor, ω = angular
velocity)
= T x (2ПN/60)
= (F x (D/2)) x (2ПN/60)

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

= (2П DNF) / (120 ) 2.3. Non-linear Mechanical

Downward force = S*∆*g or S∆ (8) Transformation Relations
(g=negligible)
„θ‟ is a function of „S‟ and vice-versa. It is
Upward force = Downward force; easy to show that the use of non-linear
mechanical transformations implies that the
or (2П DNF) / (120) = S∆ (9) following relations hold between θ and S.

Now when the spring is pulled during the Let

operation by the follower through a distance S= Stroke length or linear displacement of the
(Z) m, the forces acting on the spring will be, follower.
Inertia force = downward force θ= cam angle of the rotation in radians.
.. S = f (θ) → θ= f -1(S) (16)

T
= (2П DNF) / (120) X (10)
Therefore the velocity of the follower is given
Spring force or restoring force = S.*X by,
downward (11) V=dS/dt
V=dS/ dθ * dθ/dt

the body in any direction is zero (D‟

Alembert‟s principle).

Inertia force + spring force = 0

ES
As the sum of inertia and the external force on

time t)
V=dS/d θ *ω
V= ω dS/dθ

Since the cam rotates with uniform angular

(17)

(Slope of the displacement curve at angle θ or

..
[(2П DNF) / (120) ] X + S.*X = 0 (12) velocity of ω radians/sec.
dθ/dt =ω
When the motor starts, the spring would start Acceleration of the follower is given by
oscillating above and below the equilibrium F=dV/dt = dV/d θ * d θ/dt = ω dV/dθ
A
position. These oscillations would tend to = ω d2S/d θ2 m/sec2
continue till the motor is stopped. = ω dV/d θ
The above equation can be written as, (18)
.. = (Slope of the velocity curve at angle θ or
X + { S /[(2П DNF)/ (120)] } *X = 0. (13) time t)
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Also, pulse or jerk is given by,

The above equation is of simple
.. harmonic P=ω3 d3y/d θ3 (19)
motion and is analogous to X + (ωn)2.x = 0, = (Slope of the acceleration curve at angle θ
Where or time t)

ωn = natural frequency or circular frequency The non-linear mechanical transformer

of SHM. provides a desirable relation between S and θ
domains. By equating the power in the S and
and ωn = √ { S / [(2П DNF) / (120)] } and θ domains and using the non-linear
linear frequency of the vibration system mechanical transformer characteristics, the
fn =. ωn/ 2П (14) following relation results.
τ θ = dS/ dθ. Fs (20)
and the Time period T =1/ fn (15)

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Where τ θ, is torque in the θ domain and Fs is
the force in the S domain. At the end of the
stroke, the slope of the cam characteristic dS/
dθ is very small. This characteristic makes it
easier to control the motor velocity near the
end of the stroke. A mechanical design in
which the smooth operation follows natural
dynamic trajectories require no longer
actuator forces to apply control is the required
means of reducing peak actuator power.
The kinematics of the cam are described by
Inertial force + Spring force = 0
The inertia represents the mass of the cam
and actuator‟s inertia. When the inertia and
spring forces are linear, the force balance
becomes
m d2s/dt2 + ks = 0 (21)
stiffness, respectively.
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where „m‟ is the mass inertia and „k‟ is spring
A cam operated electro-mechanical valve
with small spring forces at both ends of the
stroke results in smooth cam kinematics and
less jerks without large driving forces.
3. Design and control considerations
A
The views of experimental setup with the
temperature measuring apparatus, oscillating
combustion valve and swivel disc positions
inside the valve are shown in Figures 8-12.
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The input supply is fed to the motor through a
potential differentiometer or through variable
resistance as per the requirement of the speed.
The motor sets into motion and makes the
cam to rotate (cam is fixed on the spindle of
the motor). The cam which is in contact with
the follower which operates against the mass-
spring mechanism acts as non-linear
mechanical transformer. The swivel valve
positioned in the fuel flow chamber is
actuated by the non-linear mechanical
transformer thereby restricting the fuel flow
inducing the oscillations.
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Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024
There are number of important issues in the
design of the oscillating combustion valve.
1. The fuel flow regulations are to be keenly
monitored. The amount of the discharge
of fuel before installation of the valve
should be maintained after installation
too. This was ensured by calculating the
flow before and after the valve‟s
installation.
2. There was a slight pressure drop in the
fuel system when the valve was
positioned. This was taken care by
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adjusting the fuel flow lever into higher
position and also the fuel level in the fuel
drum.
3. Importance is given to precise control of
the cam operation with the follower for
soft raising and lowering in turn the
movement of swivel disc in the valve.
4. The friction between the cam and follower
is at its minimum as there are no much of
variable loads during the operation.
5. The motor can rotate steadily due to the
reason for this characteristic is that a flat
slope is used for the cam profile.
6. Oscillating valve is carefully designed and
extra care was taken to avoid any kind of
fuel leakages and unwanted noise during
the operation.
The motor can rotate past for 60o of the cam
in θ domain where as the follower can sway
for about 12 mm in the S domain. [θ domain
is in the angle of cam and „S‟ domain is the
shift of follower from its equilibrium
position].
Since the mass and inertia of the moving
components in the oscillating valve apparatus
are as small as possible, the required spring
constants and forces grow proportionally with
the mass and inertia of any components of
any system. Since the mass and inertia of the
swivel disc which restricts the fuel flow in the
valve happened to be very small, soft and
light spring was employed with low spring
constant. This was enabled to employ a small
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9V d.c. motor, 4 mA current with 600 rpm.

The motor was controlled by a potentiometer
to get the required operating frequency (5 to
10 cycle/sec). 2 modes of frequency and the
amplitude of the swivel disc were chosen for
the experimental analysis. The oscillating
combustion valve along with its accessories
was placed on a stand and coupled to the fuel
line system. A converter used to convert
220V a.c. input into 9V d.c and a digital
tachometer was used to ensure the required Fig. 10. Oscillating valve with cam
rpm of the motor to be set in.

T
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Fig. 11. Schematic of oscillating valve 3
D view
Fig.8. Experimental setup
A
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a) closed b) 300 c) 450

Fig. 9. Oscillating valve on fuel line

d) 600 e) 750 f)900

Fig. 12. Schematic of swivel disc positions
inside the oscillating valve

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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
4. Fluid Mechanical Considerations
The pressure drop or loss of head in the
system due to the installation of the
oscillating valve in the system may not be so
important but is considered.
According to Hagen-Poiseuille law the loss of
heat or pressure drop for a laminar flow
(P1 – P2 )/ ω = 32 μvl / ωd2
and Darcy- WeischBack gives
HL = (4flv2) / 2gd
Here, the pressure drop is directly
proportional to the length of the pipe which is
used is a major concern. Since the pipe used
for the oscillating valve was very small.
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Thereby pressure drop can be neglected.
Since the fuel is incompressible applying the
law of Bernoulli‟s Equation and choosing a
reference line between the oscillating valve
and the fuel drum, the pressure loss can be
found.
i.e. (P1 – P2 )/ ω= (V22 / 2g) + Z2 ; (23)
( where ω = eg )
e = density of fluid ;
A
g = acceleration due to gravity
V2 = velocity at the oscillating valve;
Z2 = datum line above height.
The calculations gave small amount of
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pressure drop which was taken care by
adjusting the fuel lever at the entry and by
increasing the fuel level in the fuel drum.
5. Results and comments
The proposed oscillating valve has a swivel
disc incorporated on the fuel flow pipe. The
axis of the swivel disc is perpendicular to the
axis of fuel flow through the pipe. When the
swivel valve is actuated, it rotates either side
of its axis and controls the volume of the pipe.
When the swivel disc is oscillated from its
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Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024
position, due to the cam and follower action it
causes reduction in the volume. Thereby,
restricts the fuel flow through the valve to the
burner. When the cam resumes its normal
position, the spring attached to the follower
brings back the swivel disc to its original
position or to its starting point. The swivel
valve could open and close in 1/10th of a
second, and can vary according to the control
(21) by potentiometer. The oscillations of the
swivel disc are adjusted electromechanically
and the amplitude of the swivel disc is
(22) adjusted according to the size of the cam or
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cam profile. When the oscillating valve was
tested at different oscillations, the fuel flow
was scaled up from 3.0 kg/h average flow to
4.50 kg/h depending upon the air-fuel ratios
and furnace loads. The valve in the position
but without oscillations it was tested from 3.0
kg/h to 5.0 kg/h at ambient conditions.
When oscillations occur, the pressure
amplitude is sufficient enough to produce
significant variations in axial velocity within
the nozzle annulus. These axial velocities can
vary during the oscillating combustion. The
swirl vanes on the surface of the fuel gun of
the burner would provide combustion air with
a tangential velocity of high swirl. Due to this
the flow around the nozzle‟s annulus is
having high and low regions of tangential
velocity convected along the main axial flow
of the fuel. The magnitude of heat release
depends upon the variations in the axial
velocity of the fuel due to the variations in
amplitude and frequency of oscillations
introduced by the oscillating valve and the
variations in the tangential velocity of
combustion air. The load heats up faster since
heat transfer rate from flame to load increases
due to more luminous fuel-rich zones. The
increased turbulence and high luminous
flames created by the flow oscillations break
up the thermal boundary layer
In oscillating modes of operation the
oscillating valve is able to open and close
steadily at higher amplitude and lower
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frequency facilitating break up of thermal
boundary layer which shortens heat up time.
In the oscillating combustion mode, within a
reasonable short time the furnace wall
temperature becomes more or less uniform
because time scale of the flame propagation is
less and its velocity is faster due to more
luminous flame from the fuel-rich zone of the
flame. Fuel consumption tends to become low
due to less time taken for the load to melt.
This is due to the oscillations created during
the operation by the oscillating valve
oscillates the air-fuel ratio of 13:1 into above
and below the stoichiometric ratio, producing
alternatively fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones in
the flame resulting in improved efficiency.
Some of the visual observations made after
the retrofit of oscillating valve and
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experimentation are shown here. Distinct
difference can be noticed between the steady
state combustion to oscillating combustion
flames. The oscillating combustion flame was
found to be highly turbulent, radiative and
more luminous to that of the steady state
flame.
A
(a) (b) (c)
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(d) (e) (f)
Fig.13. Different types of flames and status
of molten metal
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Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024
(a) Radiant heat in furnace
(b) Oscillating fuel-rich flame
(c) Steady state flame
(d) Melting operation
(e) Molten metal
(f) Furnace with sensing probe
Conclusions
The objective of the development of the
oscillating valve is to integrate into electro-
mechanical controlled experimental test stand
T
supported by thermo-couples, digital
temperature indicators and sensing probe
along with mechanical apparatus, and to carry
out experiments to improve performance
characteristics of a furnace from steady state
mode to oscillating mode of combustion. The
oscillating valve developed was found to be
ideal for the oscillating combustion as the
experiments carried out on liquid fuel at
varying air-fuel ratios, amplitude, frequency
and load have shown promising results. The
amplitude of the flow rate, the oscillations
produced by this valve were adjusted
mechanically and electrically, thereby the
valve is considered to be flexible and appear
to be easier to scale up for any furnace.
To help the heat transfer industry to
switch on to newer combustion concepts,
especially the oscillating combustion which is
an advanced technology, introduction of
oscillating valve finds answers to many
questions in terms of low melting time, low
fuel consumption and low specific energy
consumption, increased productivity rate with
reduced emissions and increase in thermal
efficiency of the furnace. The theoretical
aspects of systems modeling, design and
control considerations, fluid mechanical
considerations were analyzed. Based on these
considerations the embodiment of the valve
was realized.
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 J. Govardhan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 2, Issue No. 1, 013 - 024

Acknowledgements 10. Ronald J. Pierik and James F. Burkhard, 2000, “

The author is grateful to the Management of
A.V.N. Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Ibrahimpatnam for their support and P.R.R.M.
Engineering College, Shabad, R. R. Dist.,
Andhra Pradesh, India for providing the
facilities for the execution of this
experimental analysis in the P. T. Laboratory
of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering.
Design and Implementation of a Mechanical
Variable Actuation System”, SAE 2000 World
Congress, Detroit, Michigan, SAE Technical
paper series, 2000-01-1221.
11. Theory of Machines by Thomas Bevan M.Sc,
M.Tech (Manchester) AMI Mech.E. Senior
12. Theory of Machines and Mechanisms P.L.
Ballaney,
13. Theory of Machines by S.S.Rattan

T
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