S. N. Singh et al.

/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

Rural Home Energy Management by Fuzzy

Control Model for Utility Interfaced
Autonomous Solar(PV)-DG Power System in
India
S. N. Singh, Pooja Singh, Swati, Swati Kumari, R.Jha
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
NIT, Jamshedpur (India) - 831014
Phone : +91-7739222532, +91-9852400837, +91-8083074877, +91-9431529577 , 91-9234597240
e-mail: snsnitjsr@gmail.com singhpooja219@gmail.com swati.verma200@gmail.com

T
swati3458@gmail.com rishijha.jsr@gmail.com

Abstract – Electricity is the basic need of human living being. Its
demand is increasing in almost all developing countries, including
India, due to rapid growth of population. Conventional electrical
supply systems are shrinking due to diminishing trend of its raw
ES
material. As a result, distribution of supply especially in rural
sectors of our country has become almost standstill. An attempt has
been made to integrate the present utility system with a cost
effective supplementary source with renewable solar energy
system to meet the additional demand of energy of rural houses.
The system consists of power sources – PV module 2x75Wp and
distributed grid/DG (1.5kVA), different units such as bidirectional
PWM inverter (300W) and energy storage device i.e battery
(2x80Ah). A Fuzzy control intelligent system model for energy
management has been developed to control power flow to be
drawn mainly from PV energy, stored in 80Ah battery module,
and optimizes the sharing of power from grid or DG. The system
has been developed for maximum daily household load of 1800
A
with a demand factor of 0.9. This can be scaled to any value as per
load power requirement ranging from 1200Wh/day to
3600Wh/day. The simulation study on a prototype module has
resulted in an optimal yield leading to a cost effective system and
saving of more than 50% power from conventional grid/DG source.
Due to generation of green electricity by solar (PV) system, it has a
very little impact of pollution on the life of villagers. The other
features like self maintenance, portability, free fuel etc are the
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emits poisonous health hazard gases like CO2, SO2 etc. Thus,
need has been felt to look for a cost effective, more reliable
autonomous sustainable renewable green power supply system
which can be integrated with existing conventional grid system
to meet the additional energy demand of these rural masses in
order to provide the comfort in their life. An autonomous solar
PV power supply system, with in-built battery back-up for rural
home power supply integrated with distributed grid network as a
supplementary source and its optimal utilization, has been
proposed. PV plays a role of distributed primary energy source
which meet almost all the base and critical load requirement of a
rural house. A Grid supply is the supported/supplementary
energy source to generate energy during peak load hours of a
day and compensate the deficit of PV energy, stored in the
battery, which arises due to varying insolation during low sun
radiation period /cloudy weather day. A DG source as standby
power source has been used to ensure continuous 7x24 hours
supply in case of long failure of grid supply. Many authors have
reported such systems in the past [1 2 3 ] but they lack in
optimal design and its cost effectiveness has not been given due
consideration in their systems. In the proposed scheme
investigations have been carried out to study optimal sizing of

system, operational measures in terms of its cost effectiveness

added advantages of the system.
Keywords : Hybrid Power System; Photovoltaic; Distributed Grid;
Fuzzy control; Diesel Generator etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of electricity is increasing day by day globally
with the rapid growth of population. The additional demand of
electricity cannot be met with the present system as the raw
materials are diminishing and it has been anticipated that in the
next 100 years all resources like coal, fuels etc will be exhausted
completely. Presently DG sets integrated with grid supply are
being used as an alternative source but due to high cost, rural
masses can not afford this and use it in case of emergency
supply only. More ever, it pollutes the environment also as it
and develop innovative technology for the same. This paper
presents an approach for program realization on managing the
power drawn from grid/DG network to its optimal value using
soft computing fuzzy tool. The system is modeled to achieve the
optimal control variables for getting the electricity at
comparatively less economic price.
.
II. SOCIO - ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ADOPTED AREA
OF CASE STUDIED
Khairbony is a village located 10-15 km from main city in
interior area in the district of East Singhbhum of Jharkhand
State (India) having an approximate population of 1000, where
main occupation is daily rated agriculture / industrial contractual
labour. Although the village is having electric poles but

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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
electricity is distributed to rural houses with limited supply,
controlled through circuit breaker with permissible current
setting. Most of the villagers share electricity with grid or
standby community owned 5kVA diesel fueled-engine
generators or have their own individual LPG / diesel based unit
with a rating of 550VA to run home appliances/lighting system
or store energy in larger size of batteries for meeting entire
energy need at user end. From the data acquired during survey,
it has been revealed that in this area almost every home needs an
average load energy ranging from 1.2kWh to 3.6 kWh/day.
III. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION
The solar (PV)-grid/DG integrated home power supply system
design comprises of the following module (Fig. 1(a)) :
 PV module
 Battery
 Bi-directional Power Converter(Inverter)
 Controller unit
 DG set as a supplementary standby power supply
source etc.
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A
(a)
IJ
(b)
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021
(c)
Figure1.(a) Block schematic of a solar power converter with a Standby
DG Set (b) Power circuit Model (c) Prototype system module
The system is designed [4] for a rural home load requirement
with the specifications as given below :
Load Energy = 1800 - 3600 Watt-hours over a period
T
of 24 hour, with a demand factor of
0.9 and 50% sharing with grid power
PV size = 4 X 75 Wp, 12 V
Battery Size = 2x Dual 80Ah , 12 V low self
discharge inverter grade tubular lead
acid battery
Load(s)
Converter
Grid/DG set
=
=
CFL lamps , Fans, TV and Rural
Industrial /household
including pump etc
300W/750 VA, 12VDC ~ 220 V
equipment
SPWM AC, 50Hz (distortion 5-15%)
Grid distributed network/Portable
LPG 2X550VA/diesel based 1.5KVA
The primary source of power supply to rural houses is the PV
power stored in the battery. Load power is managed either by
PV system backed up by battery or supplementary integrated
grid/DG source. The power converter unit of the PV system
takes the low 12V DC voltage input from PV energy source,
stored in battery bank, as shown in Fig. 1(b) and convert it into
usable 220VAC, 50 Hz 300W/750VA output with the help of a
transistorized centre tapped transformer (Tr) based push-pull
configured BJT/MOSFET bi-directional converter (inverter)
circuit (Fig. 1(c & d)). The controller circuit generates PWM
square wave pulses, using IC CD 4047 based 50Hz oscillator, to
activate and switch on IRF 540 MOSFET/ 2N3055 transistors
T1 and T2 alternatively producing AC square voltage with low
distortion at the output of secondary of transformer across the
load. DG set is connected to load only when the stored PV
energy falls below load energy and grid fails and battery
reaches a discharge cut off level of 10.4V and remain on till
battery attain a charge level to match with load energy
requirement in the range of 12.8V to 13.4V. The intelligent,
adaptive control action of the controller performs load
power/energy management and thus monitor and manage to
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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

deliver continuous power to load. The charging operation is
performed either by PV source or grid/DG source through
bidirectional converter circuit in its rectifying mode (comprising
of diodes D1 and D2 while transistor T1 and T2 remain off).
The intelligent controller prevents the battery to go into deep
discharge/or overcharge as the case may be and thus battery
never allows attaining a cutoff low voltage of 10.4V for deep
discharging or 13.4V in case of overcharging.
A proposed prototype PV power supply system module has
been developed and installed at laboratory as per predicted
load energy requirement of a typical rural house of the tribal
village of Patamada block located in the outskirt remote area of
Jamshedpur city (India).
IV. FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM MODEL
The control strategy for an integrated power system is a
V. FUZZY CONTROL ALGORITHM
Fuzzy logic control has been used as an intelligent tool to
integrate and manage energy sources to flow in the system in
such a way that it meets the load power requirement in optimal
way under varying condition. The system is comprised of PV
module, a diesel generator, bi-directional inverter and energy
storage battery device. The procedure in making the control
designs are setting the constraints, assigning the linguistic
variables and setting the rules for the controller. Solar radiations
and load(s) are the areas that affect the studied outputs and
hence load demand and the solar (PV) energy stored in battery
are considered to be the input variables. The output variable of
this controller is the duty cycle of operation i.e turn-on time
(power sharing) period of the grid or generator at each sampling
period of one hour depending on the battery charging status as
decided by fuzzy control action.

T
control algorithm for the interaction among various system
components. The system controller determines the switching on Input variable : Load and PV stored energy (%)
of grid supply or in case of grid failure, starting / stopping of
the diesel generator, for feeding load power as well as charging Load (300 W) :
battery operation. Determining the best condition of operation is Small : Trimf (0 20 40 )
the key to achieve optimal operation. Fig. 2 shows the power Medium : Trimf (30 55 80 )
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flow diagram of the system with input and output control
parameters of control action. The inputs of the controller are the
parameters such as unpredictable load power and renewable
varying output solar energy stored in battery, whereas output
parameter is the switching on/off grid /diesel generator. A
power control strategy is also needed to control the flow of
power and to maintain adequate reserves of energy during
Battery stored
energy (10.4V
- 13.4V )
:
High

Small
Medium
:

:
:
Trimf (70 85 100)

Trimf (0 20 40 )
Trimf (30 55 80 )
operational period continuously in the battery storage devices. High : Trimf ( 70 85 100)
The fuzzy based technique/algorithm [5, 6] has been
implemented in the control strategy to achieve optimal minimal Output variable : grid /DG operational time (%)
operation to draw power either from grid or DG resulting in
saving on cost of electricity due to less fuel consumption . Grid /DG:::
A
System
Z : Grid/DG off : Trimf (0 25 50 )
(Low power sharing)
P : Grid/DG on : Trimf(3065 100)
(HighPower sharing)

VI. SIMULATION OF FUZZY POWER CONTROLLER

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Knowledge based decisions, based on the input conditions of

battery as well as load, have been formulated as a fuzzy rule and
shown in Table (1). The output result i.e. P or Z activate the
grid/DG to switch it ON or OFF respectively for a period
evaluated as a crisp value using centroid method [7].

Figure 2 : A control strategy model of integrated PV-grid/DG integrated

power system

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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

TABLE I. FUZZY RULE FOR CONTROL ACTION VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LOAD ENERGY Small Medium High
BAT STORED
ENERGY The load sensitivity analysis has been carried under varying
Small Z(1) P(4) P(7) energy storage status of battery. Energy flow takes place when
Medium Z(2) Z(5) P(8) battery stored energy remain more as compare to load demand
High Z(3) Z(6) Z(9) otherwise power is shared with grid/DG for the time period as
decided by fuzzy control action. The Energy balance equation
(A) Fuzzy rule output : is governed by the following equation (1) and (2) in two of its
mode of operation :
The rule based outputs are represented as follows :
Mode I : PV energy stored in battery and feed power to load
1. If (L is S) and (B is S) then O = Z
2. If (L is S) and (B is M) then O = Z Load Energy (EL) = PV energy (EPV) stored in Battery EBAT (1)
3. If (L is S) and (B is H) then O = Z Mode II : Power drawn from Grid/or DG and feed power to
4. If (L is M) and (B is S) then O = P load
5. If (L is M) and (B is M) then O = Z

T
Load Energy (EL) = Grid Power (EEG)/DG Power(EDG) (2)
6. If (L is M) and (B is H) then O = Z
7. If (L is H) and (B is S) then O = P The Fig. (3) reflects the output as % of ON period of grid/DG
8. If (L is H) and (B is M) then O = P of its full value for one such set condition of Load Energy =
78% and Battery Energy status = 38%.(assume grid is
9. If (L is H) and (B is H) then O = Z
unavailable and power is shared by DG).
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The meanings of the labels designating the names of linguistic
values are : L: load Energy, B : battery stored Energy, S: small,
M: medium, H : high, O : DG, Z : Low power sharing, P : High
power Sharing .

(B)Calculation for operational time in %.

As a case study for typical demand of load power and
energy stored in the battery status and the corresponding
membership Function :

Load Energy (78%)  Medium (0.057) & High (0.533)

A
Battery energy (32%)  Small (0.1) & Medium (0.32)

Rules fired are 4, 5, 7 and 8

Strength of rule 4 : [ M(0.057)  S(0.1)] = 0.057

Strength of rule 5 : [M(0.057)  M(0.32)] = 0.057
Strength of rule 7 : [H(0.533)  S(0.1)] = 0.1
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Strength of rule 8 : [H(0.533)  M(0.32)] = 0.32

(C ) Crisp Value :

An accurate method known as CENTROID Method has been

used : =

= 60.73 %

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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

Fig. 4.: Rule viewer

T
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Figure 5: . Surface viewer
A
VII. COST OF ELECTRICITY

The PV system has been developed as a substitute for DG set

being used in the past in conventional system. The cost analysis
of electricity generation for PV system as well DG power
system during its Life cycle period. The pay-back period comes
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out to be approximately 5-6 years when the cost of electricity

reduces and become at par with the cost of electricity of grid
(utility) supply.

Fig. 3 : Membership function of the fuzzy Controller (Top, Middle and Bottom)

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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

IX. CONCLUSION

An attempt has been made to substitute DG set, being used

by the rural masses in case of grid failure, by an integrated
solar(PV)-grid/DG system towards sustainable power generation
for rural electrification in the area especially in remote sectors
where power availability from electrical grid network has
become frequent due to limited generation of electricity. A
design model of PV power supply system with battery back up
for optimal control of grid/DG operation has been discussed.
The simulated result show that introducing a fuzzy logic
Fig.6 : Payback period (Cost of Electricity) controller optimizes the power drawn from grid as well as
running time of DG resulting in less consumption of fuel, thus
reducing the cost of electricity and also prevent the
TABLE II. DAILY COST OF ELECTRICITY OF PV SYSTEM WITH DG
SYSTEM
environment to be polluted with hazardous gasses emitted from
the DG system . The saving of DG fuel can go up to 30-100%.
PV Autonomous
Cost (Rs) Generator

T
System /(Life Cycle Cost (Rs) Solar (PV)-grid /DG integrated system has a great potential in
Subsidised (1500VA)
in years)
future as one of the renewable energy technology which can
PV Module Capital Cost (20 meet the energy demands of grid deprived rural sectors. The
(20 Years) Rs 15000 Years ) Rs 20000 hybrid technology, integrating PV with DG, offers solution to
local power generation in terms of providing uninterrupted,
Rs 150
Battery
Bank Loan Per reliable, qualitative (low distortion) and green supply
(3Years)

Bidirectional Con-
verter (5Years)

Miscellaneous
Rs 10000

Rs 5000

Rs 100
PM
Interest

Fuel(Diesel)

Miscellaneous
ES Month

Rs1500
Per
Month
Rs5000
Per
Month
without/with minimum use of standby DG at an effective cost.
The easy installation and maintenance free operational feature of

the PV power supply system has gained more popularity among

the rural masses. The successful implementation of autonomous
integrated PV- grid/DG system model has following outcomes :
Rs 15-20 Cost of Rs50-90
Cost of Electricity  Generating green electricity by PV module and
Per day Electricity Per day
meeting increasing load(s) demand of a rural house as
well as preserving the nature.
VIII. OPERATIONAL TIME : SHARING OF ENERGY
 Cost effective with minimal hours of use of DG, thus
SOURCES (PV ENERGY STORED IN BATTRY) GRID/ DG)
consuming less fuel resulting in less maintenance as
A
well as operational cost of electricity.
Average monthly PV energy (stored in Battery) shared with
grid/DG in terms of operational time has been depicted in Table
REFERENCES
5 during the year 2009.
[1] P. Lilienthal and E. Ian Baring-Gould, “Argentina: Rural
TABLE III. PV ENERGY SHARED WITH GRID / DG ( %) IN TERMS OF Electrification Services”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
OPERATIONAL SAMPLING TIME OF ONE HOUR (DURING 24 HOUR) 1999.
IJ

PV /Grid/DG PV/Grid /DG [2] King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, “Mini - Grid
Month energy OP Time Month energy OP Time for Rural Electrification from Hybrid Systems”, 2002.
shared (%) shared (%) [3] M.R.Patel, “Wind and Solar Power Systems”, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Fl., 1999.
Jan’ 09 40/50/10 July’09 40/55//05 [4] S.N.Singh, A.K.Singh, “Optimal design of a cost effective solar
Feb 45/50/05 Aug 35/45/20 home power system –an alternative solution to DG for grid deprived
March 40/55/05 Sept 40/45/15 rural India” ,Vol 2, issue1(Jan 2010)
[5] T. Ross. Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications. University
April 50/48 /02 Oct 45/40/15 Science, 1989.
May 50/48/02 Nov 50/35/15 [6] Timothy J. Ross, “Fuzzy logic with engineering application”, Wiley
June’09 40/58/02 Dec’ 09 40/45/15 India Pvt. Ltd.
[7] www.mathworks.com

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 S. N. Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 4, Issue No. 1, 015 - 021

BIOGRAPHIES
Rishi Kumar Jha is pursuing his M. Tech in
Dr S.N. Singh had completed his M.Tech and VLSI Design and Embedded System in the
doctoral Ph.D degree at the Department of Department of Electronics &
Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Communication Engineering in National
Technology Jamshedpur (India) in 1991 and Institute of Technology(An Autonomous
2009respectively. He obtained B.Tech degree Institution under MHRD, Govt. of India),
in Electronics and communication Engineering Jamshedpur( India). He has been an
from BIT Mesra, Ranchi-Jharkhand (India)(A educational consultant for the past 15 years.
Deemed University) in 1979-80. Presently his area of interest is
Solar Energy Conversion Technology. He had published more
than 15 papers in National and International
journals/conferences based on his. He had remained Head of
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for
two terms and presently heading Govt. of India sponsored VLSI

T
(SMDP-II) Project.

Swati had published three papers in

National as well as in International journal.
She is pursuing B.Tech. course in the
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Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering in National Institute of
Technology (An Autonomous Institution
under MHRD, Govt. of India) Jamshedpur
(India) and a active member of VLSI Project
(SMDP-II) scheme sponsored by Ministry of Information
Technology, Government of India.

Pooja Singh had published two papers in

National and one paper in International
journal. She is a pursuing B.Tech. course in
A
Electronics in the Department of Electronics
& Communication Engineering in National
Institute of Technology (An Autonomous
Institution under MHRD, Govt. of India)
Jamshedpur (India) and a member of VLSI
Project (SMDP-II) sponsored by Ministry of Information
Technology, Government of India.
IJ

Swati Kumari had published two papers in

National and one paper in International
journal. She is pursuing B.Tech. course in the
Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering in National Institute of
Technology (An Autonomous Institution
under MHRD, Govt. of India) Jamshedpur
(India) and a member of VLSI Project (SMDP-II) sponsored by
Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India.

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