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RAID –
Redundant Array of
Independent Disks
Submitted by
Ankur Niyogi
2003EE20367
YOUR DATA IS LOST@#!!
• RAID
• RAID Levels
Secondary Storage Devices
•Significant role in storing large amount of data as
memory is expensive
• Magnetic in nature
¾ Solution ?
Redundancy
Redundancy
¾ Mirroring
¾ Data Striping
Mirroring
¾ Duplicate every disk
¾ Data permanently lost only if the second disk fails before the first
failed disk is replaced.
Reliability in Mirroring
Main disadvantage :
Most expensive approach .
Parallel Disk Systems
• Solutions :
- Parallel Disk Systems
- Higher Reliability and Higher data-transfer rate.
DATA STRIPING
¾Fundamental to RAID
¾A method of concatenating multiple drives into one logical storage
unit.
¾Splitting the bits of each byte across multiple disks : bit – level
striping
e.g. an array of eight disks, write bit i of each byte to disk I
¾ Sectors are eight times the normal size
¾ Eight times the access rate
¾ Similarly for blocks of file, block-level striping
Logical to Physical Data mapping for striping
strip 0
Physical Physical Physical Physical
strip 1
Disk 0 Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3
strip 2
strip 3
strip 0 strip 1 strip 2 strip 3
strip 4
strip 4 strip 5 strip 6 strip 7
strip 5 strip 9
strip 8 strip 10 strip 11
strip 6 strip 12 strip 13 strip 14 strip 15
strip 7
strip 8
strip 9
strip 10
strip11
strip 12
strip 13
strip 14
strip 15
RAID LEVELS
b0 b1 b2 b2 P(b)
RAID 4
• Stripes data at a block level across several drives, with parity
stored on one drive - block-interleaved parity
• Allows recovery from the failure of any of the disks
• Performance is very good for reads
• Writes require that parity data be updated each time. Slows small
random writes but large writes are fairly fast
• Disadvantages
– Very expensive
• Applications
– Where high performance and redundancy are critical
Selecting a RAID Level
•RAID 0 – High-Performance applications where data loss is not
critical
• RAID 1 – High Reliability with fast recovery
• RAID 10/01 – Both performance and reliability are important,
e.g. in small databases
• RAID 5 – Preferred for storing large volumes of data
• RAID 6 – Not Supported currently by many RAID
implementations
References
1.www.bridgeport.edu/sed/fcourses/cpe473/Lectures/RAID.ppt
2. r61505.csie.nctu.edu.tw/OG/project/extra6-Ch8-RAID.ppt