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You'll be very pleased to know that verb tenses in Arabic, when compared to other languages,
are fairly straightforward. Basically, you only need to be concerned with two proper verb forms:
the past and the present. A future verb tense exists, but it's a derivative of the present tense that
you achieve by attaching a prefix to the present tense of the verb.

   

The structural form of the past tense is one of the easiest grammatical structures in the Arabic
language. Basically, every regular verb that's conjugated in the past tense follows a very strict
pattern. First, you refer to all regular verbs in the past tense using the huwa (hoo-wah; he)
personal pronoun. Second, the overwhelming majority of verbs in huwa form in the past tense
have three consonants that are accompanied by the same vowel: the fatHa (fat-hah). The fatHa
creates the "ah" sound.

For example, the verb "wrote" in the past tense is kataba (kah-tah-bah); its three consonants are
"k," "t," and "b." Here are some common verbs you may use while speaking Arabic:

áp 'akala (ah-kah-lah; ate)

áp fa'ala (fah-ah-lah; did)

áp dhahaba (zah-hah-bah; went)

áp Gara'a (kah-rah-ah; read)

áp ra'a (rah-ah; saw)

The following table shows the verb kataba (kah-tah-bah; wrote) conjugated using all the personal
pronouns. Note that the first part of the verb remains constant; only its suffix changes depending
on the personal pronoun used.

r   

 

=
 
  

  

'anaa katabtu ah-nah kah-tab-too I wrote

'anta katabta an-tah kah-tab-tah You wrote (MS)

'anti katabtii an-tee kah-tab-tee You wrote (FS)

huwa kataba hoo-wah kah-tah-bah He wrote

hiya katabat hee-yah kah-tah-bat She wrote

naHnu katabnaa nah-noo kah-tab-nah We wrote

'antum katabtum an-toom kah-tab-toom You wrote (MP)

'antunna katabtunna an-too-nah kah-tab-too-nah You wrote (FP)

hum katabuu hoom kah-tah-boo They wrote (MP)

hunna katabna hoo-nah kah-tab-nah They wrote (FP)

antumaa katabtumaa an-too-mah kah-tab-too-mah You wrote (dual/MP/FP)

humaa katabaa hoo-mah kah-tah-bah They wrote (dual/MP)

humaa katabataa hoo-mah kah-tah-bah-tah They wrote (dual/FP)

Every personal pronoun has a corresponding suffix used to conjugate and identify the verb form
in its specific tense. Table 2 outlines these specific suffixes.

r

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a
 
  
  

   


'anaa ah-nah I/me -tu

'anta an-tah you (MS) -ta

'anti an-tee you (FS) -tii

huwa hoo-wah he/it -a

hiya hee-yah she/it -at

naHnu nah-noo we -naa

'antum an-toom you (MP) -tum

'antunna an-too-nah you (FP) -tunna

hum hoom they (MP) -uu

hunna hoo-nah they (FP) -na

'antumaa an-too-mah you (dual) -tumaaa

humaa hoo-mah they (M/dual) -aa

humaa hoo-mah they (F/dual) -ataa

Anytime you come across a regular verb you want to conjugate in the past tense, use these verb
suffixes with the corresponding personal pronouns.

Not all regular verbs in the past tense have three consonants. Some regular verbs have more than
three consonants, such as:

áp tafarraja (tah-fah-rah-jah; watched)

áp takallama (tah-kah-lah-mah; spoke)

Even though these verbs have more than three consonants, they're still considered regular verbs.
To conjugate them, you keep the first part of the word constant and only change the last
consonant of the word using the corresponding suffixes to match the personal pronouns.

When you know how to conjugate verbs in the past tense, your sentence-building options are
endless. Here are some simple sentences that combine nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the past
tense:

áp 'al-walad dhahaba 'ilaa al-madrasa. (al-wah-lad zah-hah-bah ee-lah al-mad-rah-sah; The

boy went to the school.)

áp al-bint takallamat fii al-Gism. (al-bee-net tah-kah-lah-mat fee al-kee-sem; The girl spoke
in the classroom.)

áp 'akalnaa Ta'aam ladhiidh. (ah-kal-nah tah-am lah-zeez; We ate delicious food.)

D!" 
  

£onjugating verbs in the past tense is relatively straightforward, but conjugating verbs in the
present tense is a bit trickier. Instead of changing only the ending of the verb, you must also alter
its beginning. You need to be familiar not only with the suffix but also the prefix that
corresponds to each personal pronoun.

To illustrate the difference between past and present tense, the verb kataba (wrote) is conjugated
as yaktubu (yak-too-boo; to write), whereas the verb darasa (studied) is yadrusu (yad-roo-soo; to
study).

Here's the verb yaktubu (to write) conjugated using all the personal pronouns. Notice how both
the suffixes and prefixes change in the present tense.

r#$   

 

=
 
  

  

'anaa 'aktubu ah-nah ak-too-boo I am writing

'anta taktubu an-tah tak-too-boo You are writing (MS)

'anti taktubiina an-tee tak-too-bee-nah You are writing (FS)

huwa yaktubu hoo-wah yak-too-boo He is writing

hiya taktubu hee-yah tak-too-boo She is writing

naHnu naktubu nah-noo nak-too-boo We are writing

'antum taktubuuna an-toom tak-too-boo-nah You are writing (MP)

'antunna taktubna an-too-nah tak-toob-nah You are writing (FP)

hum yaktubuuna hoom yak-too-boo-nah They are writing (MP)

hunna yaktubna hoo-nah yak-toob-nah They are writing (FP)

antumaa taktubaani an-too-mah tak-too-bah-nee You are writing (dual/MP/FP)

humaa yaktubaani hoo-mah yak-too-bah-nee They are writing (dual/MP)

humaa taktubaani hoo-mah tak-too-bah-nee They are writing (dual/FP)

As you can see, you need to be familiar with both the prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs in
the present tense. Table 4 includes every personal pronoun with its corresponding prefix and
suffix for the present tense.

r%

 
 !  ! 



  
 r 

a
 
  
  

   

 


'anaa ah-nah I/me 'a- -u

'anta an-tah you (MS) ta- -u

'anti an-tee you (FS) ta- -iina

huwa hoo-wah he/it ya- -u

hiya hee-yah she/it ta- -u

naHnu nah-noo we na- -u

'antum an-toom you (MP) ta- -uuna

'antunna an-too-nah you (FP) ta- -na

hum hoom they (MP) ya- -uuna

hunna hoo-nah they (FP) ya- -na

'antumaa an-too-mah you (dual) ta- -aani

humaa hoo-mah they (M/dual) ya- -aani

humaa hoo-mah they (F/dual) ta- -aani

Aside from prefixes and suffixes, another major difference between the past and present tenses in
Arabic is that every verb in the present tense has a dominant vowel that's uniGue and distinctive.
For example, the dominant vowel in yaktubu is a damma (dah-mah; "ooh" sound). However, in
the verb yaf'alu (yaf-ah-loo; to do), the dominant vowel is the fatHa (fat-hah; "ah" sound). This
means that when you conjugate the verb yaf'alu using the personal pronoun 'anaa, you say 'anaa
'af'alu and not 'anaa 'af'ulu.

The dominant vowel is always the middle vowel. Unfortunately, there's no hard rule you can use
to determine which dominant vowel is associated with each verb. The best way to identify the
dominant vowel is to look up the verb in the Gaamuus (kah-moos; dictionary).

   
 
Although Arabic grammar has a future tense, you'll be glad to know that the tense has no
outright verb structure. Rather, you achieve the future tense by adding the prefix sa- to the
existing present tense form of the verb. For example, yaktubu means "to write." Add the prefix
sa- to yaktubu and you get sayaktubu, which means "he will write."

Read more: http://as.dummies.com/how-to/content/working-with-verbs-in-

arabic.html#ixzz0jG
l8
p

p
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=
p
 
pp
p†
p
p
p

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ÿp p (Ύ˴ϧ΃˴)p  p (˵Ζ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p(˵Ϟϛ˵ ΁) p

pp p (˴Ζ˸ϧ΃˴)p  p (˴Ζ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˵Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
pp (˶Ζ˸ϧ΃˴)p
p  p (˶Ζ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˴Ϧϴ˶Ϡϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
p p (˴Ϯϫ˵ )p  p(˴Ϟϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˵Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄ϳ˴ )p
p p (˴ϲϫ˶ )p  p (˸ΖϠ˴ϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˵Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
p p (˵Ϧ˸Τϧ˴ )p  p (Ύ˴Ϩ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˵Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄ϧ˴ )p
!pp p (˸ϢΘ˵ ˸ϧ΃˴)p  p (˸ϢΘ˵ ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˴ϥϮ˵Ϡϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
!pp p (͉ϦΘ˵ ˸ϧ΃˴)p  p (͉ϦΘ˵ ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˴ϥϮ˵Ϡϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
!ppp p (Ύ˴Ϥ˸Θ˸ϧ΃˴)p  p (Ύ˴ϤΘ˵ ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p(˶ϥϼ
˴ ϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
ppp p (Ύ˴Ϥϫ˵ )p  p (˴ϼϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˶ϥϼ
˴ ϛ˵ ˸΄ϳ˴ )p
ppp p (Ύ˴Ϥϫ˵ )p  p (Ύ˴ΘϠ˴ϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˶ϥϼ
˴ ϛ˵ ˸΄Η˴ )p
 pp p (˸Ϣϫ˵ )p  p (΍Ϯ˵Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p   (˴ϥϮ˵Ϡϛ˵ ˸΄ϳ˴ )p
pp p (͉Ϧϫ˵ )p  p(˴Ϧ˸Ϡϛ˴ ΃˴)p  p (˴Ϧ˸Ϡϛ˵ ˸΄ϳ˴ ) p
Discussion of Arabic Tenses
ppppppp" p ##$p$%pp&$ÿ'pppp%p
$pppp' (ppp'p$p!pp p pppp'pp pp
pp' (p pp'ppp  #ppp'$p=p)' pppp*ÿp*$pp
pp#pp(ppp'$pp'p (p ppppppp((p pp
'p$p"  ppp(pp$$pp'pppp p#$p=p
)' ppppp(p(p p$p!pppp#pp $ppppp*ÿpp#*$p
ppp p#ppp p#p p #pp$pppp'ppp+# $pÿp
p pp*'p*pp" $p!p ppp p p(p pp'p*ÿ*ppp p
 p(p pppp#ppp*'*p $p!p ppp p* *$pÿpp*ÿp
p#*pp*ÿp*$pp

What about the future tense? Well, there is not such a thing as the future tense in Arabic. This is
done by adding the prefix "sa" to the imperfect form of the verb. For example, let's look at the
table above to find out the imperfect form of the verb "akala". It is "ya'kulu". Add the prefix "sa"
to the "ya'kulu" you get, "saya'kulu" which means "He will eat".

£lick on the link Here to go to the next chapter which explains the perfect tense of the verb
"akala".

D&)D
(*+rD
Final Middle Initial
΃˰ ΃˰ ΃ ΃
ΐ ˰Ώ˰ ˰ Ώ Ώ
Ζ ˰Ε˰ ˰ Ε Ε
Ι˰ ˰Ι˰ Λ Ι
Ν˰ ˰Ν˰ ˰Ν Ν
 Ö˰ ˰Ö˰ ˰Ö Ö
Υ˰ ˰Υ˰ ˰Υ Υ
Ω˰ Ω˰ Ω Ω
Ϋ˰ Ϋ˰ Ϋ Ϋ
έ˰ έ˰ έ έ
ί˰ ί˰ ί ί
α˰ ˰α˰ ˰ α α
ε˰ ˰ε˰ ˰ ε ε
ι
˰ ˰ι˰ ˰ ι ι
ν
˰ ˰ν˰ ˰ ν ν
ρ˰ τ ˰ρ ρ
υ˰ ˰υ˰ ˰υ υ
ω˰ ˰ω˰ ˰ω ω
ύ˰ ˰ύ˰ ˰ύ ύ
ϑ˰ ˰ϑ˰ ˰ ϑ ϑ
ϕ˰ ˰ϕ˰ ˰ϕ ϕ
ϙ˰ ˰ϙ˰ ˰ϙ ϙ
ϝ˰ ˰ϝ˰ ˰ϝ ϝ
ϡ˰ ˰ϡ˰ ˰ϡ ϡ
ϥ˰ ˰ϥ˰ ˰ϥ ϥ
ϩ˰ ˰ϩ˰ ˰ϩ
ϭ˰ ϭ˰ ϭ ϭ
ϱ ˰ϱ˰ ˰ ϱ ϱ

 
,"- ./0
There are two types of hamzah that appear in the Qur'an. Both are read and treated differently
 áp #pp,ppp pp
áp p''p
áp #ppp,pp¥p
ppp pp
áp "''p ppp ##ppp($p
($pp
áp %(p ppppp p p$pp
áp ÿpp p
'(pp pp

Hamza tul Wasl (ê
š
  ð

áp ÿpp ppp ##ppp($pp

áp ÿppppp pp$pp
áp ÿpppp¥p
áp ÿpp p'(pp''(pp


p pp p

ÿpp(ppp
(pp #pp
-p p ppp p
ÿpp(pp(#ppp(p#p
pp '(#ppp pp
p-p p ppp (p p'($p
( p(ppp
p #p-p p
 $p

áp -p p p p p#(ppp(ppp.(p ppp ppp($p



rp 
p D p pp
p

/p /p 0122p
p

/p /p &13p
p

p
 áp D pp #p(ppp p ppp,ppp.(p p
pp(p pppp#(ppp-p p pppp(#ppp1p

O
¥
p
p
O ¥
p
p
O  ¥
p
p
O
 ¥
p
p
¥ 
Op
p

áp -p p p p p#(pppppp.(p ppp ppppp

$p



rp 
p D p pp
p

=p 4p 313p
p

4p 4p 15p
p
p

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the rules on pronouncing Hamza tul Wasl

£lick here to view a printable chart summarizing the rules of Hamza tul Wasl

6 pppp'p)ppp pp-p p  pp

p
Hamza tul Qat'a (ê
C
  ð

The letter Hamzah appears in many different forms in the Arabic language, but pronounced the
same

+$#p qp p p p p

Note that the Alif and Hamzah are 2 different letters. The letter Alif in the Arabic language is
always free from any type of harakah. If an Alif seems to have a harakah, then in actual fact it is
a Hamzah

Ñoints relating to the letter Hamzah

$p p'#pp-ppppp pp (p ppppp

'(p $p= #pp(ppp#pppp p p!p pp" p p

p
+$#p7819p pp (p
p

p
p

p(p
+$#p&129p pp
p
p p

p(p
+$#p&15p pp
p
p p

&$p pp''p&p-p#pp pp'(p( pp

+$#p 031&0p
p
p
+$#p &15&p
p

.$p pp p-p(p"p ''p#ppp pp((p

  pp

+$#p 81p
p
p

3315p
E.g
p
p
p

p
+$#p &$9p
p

&   
1.2&20
pp&p#ppp p pp 1pp

$p p#p:pp   † p

&$p ;;pp:pp  † p

Tafkheem

To produce this sound the back of the tongue rises in the mouth. This elevation of the tongue
produces a thick or heavy sound.

There are
categories for when the produces a thick, round sound:

$p pppp=p p(p p

+$#p 31. p

p
pp 318 p

&$p ppppp (pp p ppppp p(p p

+$#p 315 p

p p

7&1& p

p p

.$p ppppp (pp p ppppp p(pp ppp

pp#p p pp(ppppp

+$#p 091& p

8$p ppppp (pp p pppp '#pppp# p
pp

+$#p 931&9 p

2$p ppppp pp pp#pp'pppp# pp

(pp p pppppp (pppp p(pp p ppp
pp=p p(p p

+$#p 7.1 p

p
p

7.1& p

p p p

6 pppp'p)ppp ppr
p

p
Tarqeeq

To produce this sound, the back of the tongue lowers so that a flat sound is produced.

There are 4 categories for when the produces a thin sound:

$p pppppp

+$#p 031.5 p

p
p

971.0 p

p p
p

&$p ppppp (pp p pppp# ppppp(p
(pp pp pp(p pp

+$#p 0310 p

p p

.$p ppppp pp pp''#pppp(( pp(pppp(p

p p pppp  #(ppp(pp ppp p

+$#p 771 p

pp 921 p

p p

8$p ppppp (pp''#pppp(( pp(pppp(pp

p pppp pp pppppp p(pp p pp
ppp p

+$#p 9312 p

p
p
 6 pppp'p)ppp ppr p
p

£lick on the 'Summary £hart' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarised chart for the
rules of the letter 'RA' ( )

£lick here to view a printable image that summarizes the difference between the two categories
of the letter

r +
3.2+"20
Like the letter 'ra', the letter 'laam' can also be pronounced as a thick / full mouth (tafkheem) or
thin (tarGeeG) letter.

Tafkheem

To produce this sound, the tongue elevates in the mouth producing a thick/ heavy sound.


 :

$p p pp'pppp" pppppp'((p pp=p p

/p

Examples

pp +)pp<p p1p<p

=p &1 p

/p 71 p

&$p ppp'pppp" pp>pppp'((p ppp p(pp

p pppp=p p/p p

pp +)pp<p p1p<p

/p &192 p

/p &193 p

r(*

If the letter preceding the name 'Allah' Ϳ is a thin one, be careful not to pronounce it thick as this
can easily be done due to the letter laam being pronounced thick

+$#p &10 p

The letter should be pronounced thin even though the laam is being pronounced thick

6 pppp'p)ppp ppp

p

Tarqeeq

To produce this sound, the back of the tongue lowers so that a flat sound is produced

#
 

$p p pp'pppp" ppppp'((p ppp p

+$#p 9219 p

pp 9&13 p

&$p p pp'pppp" ppppp'((p ppp(ppp

'((p ppp
+$#p .188 p

.$p ÿp pppp

+$#p 1 p

pp 1& p

pp 791& p

6 pppp'p)ppp ppr p

p

iscellaneous

When the letter preceding the name 'Allah' is a , the harakaat of the letter preceding the

will determine if the in Allah's name is pronounced thick or thin

pp +)pp<p p1p<p

p
&18.
p
p

;;p
.195
p
p

£lick on the 'Summary £hart' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarised chart for the

rules of the letter 'LAAM' ( )

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the rules of the letter ϝ

r &  "

r

 



÷

âââââ   
 


  

pp

Idghaam Shafawee

áp %ppp  (p pp p

áp ppppp (pp(ppp p
áp pp  p p(p(pppp(p p
áp
 #pp#p (pp&ppp

Example

p1p
+)pp<p "(p
<p

7819 p

p
 7518 p pp

Ikhfaa Shafawee

áp %ppp  (p pp p

áp p ppp(pp pp p

áp pp'(pp&ppp
áp p p (p pp#pp

Another opinion in which this particular ghunnah is recited, is that the lips should remain slightly
open, just enough as to allow a sheet of paper to pass through

Example

p1p
+)pp<p "(p
<p

7218 p

p
991&& p

6 pppp'p)ppp pp    


 p
p

Ith-haar Shafawee

áp %ppp  (p pp ppp p p

áp The carries a saakin ( ), and the second letter carries a vowel
áp ppp#p(pp p'(p  pp

Example
 p1p
+)pp<p "(p
<p

3919 p

p
3919 p

6 pppp'p)ppp pp      p

p

pp

p

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the Rules of Meem Saakin (˸ϡ)

r
A noon saakin ( ) and tanween are considered the same because the sound of a tanween
sounds just like a noon saakin. Because of this similarity, the two take the same rules

Example
?p +)' p

p p p †p p

p p †p p
p p
p
pp p p 
p p p p
p p
p
p p p

 p p  p p
p p

Ith'haar

To pronounce the letters from their makhraj, clearly and distinctly, without any changes

áp %pp ppp

áp  (p pp pppp
   p

áp ppp'(p  pppp#p

Examples

p1p
@p +)pp<p pp
<p
 791&p
p

p
p

03187p
p

p
p

031..p
p

p
p

018.p
p

9719p
p
p

9717p
p

p p

TANWEEN
@p +)pp<p p1p<p pp

71 p

p p

3310 p

7&19 p

p
p

3215 p

p p

.1. p

p
p

3012pp
p

p
p
Idghaam

The 6 letters of Idghaam are collected in the following word :

ϱ έ ϡϝ ϭϥ) ˸ϮϠ˵ϣ˴ ˸ήϳ˴ ϥ)

Two types of Idghaam :

$p p#p
&$p p#p

ÿ
pp
p

It is called the complete idghaam and its determining letters are and

áp %pp ppppp

áp  (p  p p

áp p #pp((p p
áp #ppp'(pp

áp ppp' p pppppp (pp pp

Examples

p1p 1p

pp +)pp<p +)pp<p
<p <p

&18pp 3512pp
p

p
p

3510pp 9.12pp
p

TANWEEN
 p1p 1p
pp +)pp<p +)pp<p
<p <p

031&5pp 781 p

p
710pp pp pp
p

p
91&2pp
p

ÿ
pp
p

It is called the incomplete idghaam, and its four determining letters are collected in the word

ϱ ϭ ϡϥ) ˸Ϯϣ˵ ϳ˴ ϥ)

áp %pp ppp

áp  (p pppp #p1píp p
pp
áp #pp'(p&ppp

áp ppp ppp (p p p(pppp' p (#pp p

Examples

+)pp p1p 1p

@p pp +)pp<p pp
<p <p <p

3310 p 3712 p

p p

p p

.1 p .1.8 p

p p
p

12 p 9515 p

p
p

p p
p
 3&13 p 81 p

p
p

p p p

TANWEEN
+)pp p1p 1p
@p pp +)pp<p pp
<p <p <p

931&. p 09187 p

p p p

1 p 7518 p

p
p p

12 p 7218 p

p
p

p p

8188 p &129 p

p
p p
p

*rD

The rule of idghaam will be applied on a 
4 it is the last letter of the word. If it appears
in the middle of a word, then there will be no idghaam

There are only 4 such words in the entire Qur'an to which this rule applies

p1p 1p

@p+)pp<p pp+)pp<p pp
<p <p

518 p .710 p

p p

p p

5133 p .18 p

p
p

p p

^ pr 
 " 


Iqlaab

The changing of a sound from its original makhraj, in this case changing the or tanween into a

áp %pp ppp

áp  (p p pp (pp

áp pp pp (p

áp #pp'(p&ppp

+)pp
p1p<p pp
<p

3918 p

p
p

7818 p

Ikhfaa

The concealment of the sound

áp %pp ppp

áp  (p pppp2p#p ppp ' pp
áp ppp

áp #pp'(p&ppp

(this ghunnah is slight, not too deep, unlike the idghaam and or )
  p
p 
pIkhfaap

When an ikhfaa occurs, the makhraj of the or tanween is ignored and instead it is pronounced
at or near the makhraj of the letter of ikhfaa. Therefore, the reader should make his tongue

distant from the makhraj of the and close to the makhraj of the letter of ikhfaa during
ghunnah, ready to pronounce the letter of Ikhfaa.

TANWEEN
p1p 1p
pp +)pp<p +)pp<p pp
<p <p
p

09187 p 3&18 p

p
p p
p

715 p 0918 p

p p
p

971& p 931&7 p

p
p p

317 p 931& p

p
p

p p p

09187 p 3718 p

p
p p
p

0918 p 9108 p

p
p p

p
031.2 p 91&& p

p p

091.3 p 091& ppp

p
p p

p
3810 ppp 931&& ppp

p p

9915 ppp .7128 ppp

p
p

p
 031.0 ppp .812 ppp

p p

09187 ppp 8120 pp

p

0919 ppp 3718 ppp

381. pp
p 09187 ppp

p
p

91&9 ppp 031& ppp

p p

*rD

ghunnah can be pronounced as thick or thin depending on whether a thick or thin letter follows.

or tanween followed by thick letter = thick ghunnah

or tanween followed by thin letter = thin ghunnah

To pronounce the ghunnah thick, the mouth should be positioned as a dome shape, and then
ready to pronounce the thick letter

Example

p1p
@p'p +)pp<p
<p

p
p
7012 p

(thick)
p

p
391. p

(thick)
p

;;p
&13 p

(thin)
p
 ;;p
&17 p

(thin)

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the Rules of Noon Saakin (˸ϥ) or Tanween

( ".5678 9:0

Xutside the rules of or Tanween, Idghaam can also occur in the
Qur'an due to certain circumstances as will be mentioned now in this
section

Idghaam can be separated into 3 different categories:

pp

Idghaam utamaathilain (Idghaam of 2 identical lettersð

This occurs when 2 same letters are found together, the first is
saakina and the second is mutaharrik
 áp "pp&p ppppppppp
Ap(pp
áp ppp pp ((ppp(ppp(p
ppp((p p
áp p'' pppppppp(pp p
p pppp(ppp p ppp(ppp
p(p(pp(p p pppppp(p
(pp

áp #pp? p'(p)'ppp p (p p

#pp"@ "!p'(ppp&p ppp
pp((pp

Examples

1<p
Extract from Verse

&81..pp

&15 p

áp ÿppp ppp pp' #p(ppp p pp

p(ppp p p? p p (ppp #p
p ppppp

Examples

1<p
Extract from Verse
3718pp

  ( " 
 "
 " 

 ";  
  < *
   



     
< ( "" = 
( ";  
 *D
   



  <   !"  
= 

 6 pppp'p)ppp pp 
   
p
p



Idghaam utajaanisain (Idghaam of Similarityð

pp

&>
"

áp ppp&p ppppAp p(p

pp
áp pp pppp&(pppp

D 

áp p&(p ppp((p p

áp ÿ' pÿ(#pp6' pÿ(#p('(#ppp(p
pp&p pp
áp p(p pp ((pppp pp

=
 
  

áp p(#ppp.pA1pp

u p
 p
p
p p

 "( " (no trace of the saakined letter)

i.p The blended into the

áp &p ppp"+pAp p(p pp'pp#p

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(pp
1<p
Extract from Verse
&1&25pp

$p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pApp

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse

7193pp

$p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pAppp'ppp#p

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse

.1&&pp

( "( "

There is emergence of some of the sifaat of the first (saakined) letter

 $p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pApp

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p p' ppp pppppp

$ppp pp pp; ; p p#p
áp p p'' ppppppp(pppp
)' pppp(p(pppp'p&p)' pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse
21&9pp

[ p
 p
p
pp p pp ppp

£ 
pp

$p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pAp'ppp#p

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse

8158pp
 $p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pAp'pp#p

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse
0105pp

r p
 p
p
p p pp

 "( "

$p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp"+pAp 'p

áp jp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp
áp pp'(pp&ppp

áp p pp'(p

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse
18&pp
 6 pppp'p)ppp pp 
    p
p

Idghaam utaqaaribain (near, closeð

p(#ppp&p pppAppp p#p
pp'p&p(#p(pppApp

This Idghaam occurs at 2 makhaarij, but carry different sifaat

u p
 p
p
p p pp

 "( "

$p p ((ppp p

áp &p ppp6@ +pAp(p(p'pp#p

áp "(pp/ÿ==+
+?ppp
áp p pppp
áp &(p pppp

áp p pp'(p

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse
91&&pp

[ p
 p
p
p p p pp

p #p)' pp p'(ppp' pp

' pp

( "( "

 $p p ((ppp p

áp p 'p&ppp pp pp(pp

; ; p;pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse

001&7pp

 "( "

$p p ((ppp p

áp p p ((p'  p#pppp(pp

#pp((p p
áp ppp)'pppp p #p ((pppp p
ppppp p'(pppp
áp  #p ppppppp 

pp'(pp

Example

1<p
Extract from Verse

001&7pp

6 pppp'p)ppp pp 

    p
p
£lick here to view a printable chart summarizing the rules of Idghaam

r &  
Madd means to prolong the sound of a vowel. The minimum prolongation of a vowel is to the
measure of two vowels (2 counts), which is eGual to the measure of one alif.

r&+.?@ABCDE0
This is pronounced from the 
, for two counts

Madd
(Surah:Verse) Extract from Verse
Letter
(79:8)

(79:1
)

(79:1
)

£lick 'here' to view practice exercises for the rules of the   p

ALL THE XTHER MADD ARE BUILT XN THIS BASI£ / NATURAL MADD RULE, DEPENDING XN WHAT
£XMES AFTER IT
£lick on the 'Summary £hart for Madd' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarised
chart for the types and branches of Madd

r &   .c> 0

Definition

'To stop on the last letter of a complete word, which is disconnected from the word after it, and
giving the last letter a sukoon and by breaking the breath, then taking a new breath to read the
next word.'

(Jami-ul-waGaf)

áp The proper way to stop in a word is by putting a on the last letter of the word. If there
is a harakah ( ) or tanween ( ) on the last letter of a word before a stop,
that letter is made into a sukoon

E.g

 p p(p
&1pp
p
p p p

The last word will be read 'ahad' and not 'ahadun'

áp ÿppppp pp p(pp'(ppp p

E.g

0915 p  p p(pp
p p

Will be read 'al faa faa' and not 'al faa fan'

áp ÿpp p pppp p ppp(ppp p

E.g

9912 p  p p(pp
p p

Will be read 'aa-niah' and not 'aa-niatin'

áp ÿpp p ppp(ppp-p ppppp-pp#(ppp
p p(pp-pp(p  $p"pppp''#ppp-pp
pp(pp'ppp-pp pp

E.g

81&8 p  p p(pp
p p

0125 p  p p(pp
p p

áp ÿpp p ppp(ppp((p pp(((p pp#(ppp
p pj p#ppp((pp p(p$$p p'(#ppppp p

¢

p p

1 p  p p(pp
p p

p
 ppp
pp pp
; ; p

091.3 p pp
p p
p
  ppp
pp pp
; ; p

6 pppp'p)ppp pp(#pp  p

p

' remember to tighten / emphasize the saakin letter so to differentiate from an ordinary saakin
letter

áp "p;pp ppp ppp p(#pp #p($pp(pp p p
pp p(ppppp pp$pp
áp p''pp;pppp $p  pppApp:ppp
''#$pp
áp /p p:p  pp' (pp(p' p'p((p'p p
p(pp(ppp(1pp

p' p'ppppp'p pp' (pp

p

p' (p'ppppp'pp

p

p#(p'pppp ppp p''#pp (pp

p
 pp'pppp pp'pp
p

p; p'ppppppp'pppp

p

p  p':'pp'p p(ppp ppp#p pp

p

ppp ?p'pp(p(pppp

p
''#ppppp'p ppp p

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the symbols of WaGf (where to and where not to
stop)

6 pppp'p)ppp ppc 
p

p

= r   
$p '' pp #p(#p
&$p pp(pp" p
 .$p  p:p  pp p p
8$p %p(#pp
2$p @pp'p

Supplication to begin reading

F2 .G
B 0

áp !pp p #pppppp

2( 
  
" 
 2

áp Allah ( ) says in the Qur'an

2  < 
 H
 
   
"     
.
 02

Surah An Nahl (16:98)

áp It can be said Guietly or aloud when one is reading alone, but if reading in a group, the
first will say it aloud and then the other readers should say it Guietly before their
recitation

' ".I
 0

2(  "   '  
 2

áp ÿpp #ppppp ##ppppp(p (pppj pp
'pppp ppp(pppp(( ppppp(ppppp
#ppj pppppAp#ppp
áp ÿpp #ppp" p=p(#pppp p
áp "(#pp pppp(ppp ##ppp" ppp3ppppp
 p
p 
p p p  ppp

*+DrDD&r(*

Not joining the end of the previous surah with the basmala of the next surah and not joining the
basmala with the words of that surah. The reader would not stop at each of these points

&r(+D&r(*

Stopping at the end of the surah, but then joining the basmala with the beginning of the next
surah

r
p

 
p
p : joining the end of the surah with the basmala of the next surah and then
stopping, and then beginning the next surah by itself, is FXRBIDDEN

*+DrD* Dr(*

£onnecting everything together, the end of the previous surah with the basmala and also the
basmala with the beginning of the following surah

' For Surah Taubah, you either stop at the end of the previous surah or join onto the first ayah
of Surah Taubah. There is no partial connection option as there is no basmala

£lick here to view a printable chart that depicts the rules of basmala between two surahs

The seven kinds of Alif

áp p'' p ppp ppp p ppp(p

áp p #ppp" pp(p'p''#p(p(p'ppp(#p1p

$p  p† ppp

This means 'I' in the English language. The alif is always omitted due to not stressing the
individual but focussing on Allah the Most High, and not ones self or nafs

Therefore, the alif in ΃˴Ύϧ ˸ is never recited whether continuing to recite, or if stopping

For the following 6 Alifs, the Alif is again omitted when continuing to recite, but when
stopping it is elongated 2 counts. This applies whether stopping in the middle or end of an ayah.
&$p  
 !"#$r$%p

.$p  
  "rr#&%p

8$p  
  "rr''%p

2$p p

 
  "rr'(%p

5$p p

 
  "(')%p

It is permissible in the case of stopping on the word to stop on the , which

then takes a .
 Xmit the Alif / Madd and say

Thus there are 2 possibilities in the case of stopping :

$p p'ppp pp pp ppp

&$p p

p'ppp ppp pp

above / below the letter

There are 4 places in the Qur'an where there is a small seen written either above or below the
letter saad . The Guestion arises as to which letter ( or ) should actually be read.

The following should help :

áp ÿp ppp  pp(p (p(pp pp $pp p  (p? p p
(pp#pppppp

$p pp

&$p pp

áp ÿpp #ppp(ppp %ÿ ?pp(#ppp p p

‚
 áp ÿppp  pp(p (p p(pp p $pp  (p? p p(p

 It is advisable that a note be made of this in your personal Qur'an so the correct
letter is read whilst reciting these verses without any unnecessary confusion.

(source: Ahsan-ut-Tajweed. Mufti Muhammad Noman Daji (Al-Qaasmi) Moulana Ilyas

Kola)

Ñrostration during Recitation

There are fourteen verses in the Qur'aan where prostration is to be performed during recitation.
These verses are :

p?$p+)pp<p p1p<p pp

p 01&75 p

p
p

&p .12p
p
p

.p 5183 p

p
p

8p 0170 p

p
p

2p 3129 p

p
p

5p &&19p
p
p

0p &2157p
p p

9p &01&2p
p
p
3p .&12 p

p
p

7p .91&8 p

p
p

p 81.0p
p

&p 2.15&p
p
p

.p 981& p

p
p

8p 3513 p

p
p

AHN

cpppâââð p
p(p
p  ppp'$pÿppppA(p pp p( (p
1pp

2  p
p

p
p
p
p
pr 


p
p
  p
p2 2p

There are 2 types of lahn:

$p B ppApp pp

&$p 4ppppp pp

To recite the Qur'an whilst being guilty of  
p 

is haraam and to do so intentionally can
plunge into the act of a major in, so much that it can lead one to the brink of kufr. Whereas to
commit  
p 

is makrooh (undesirable, not commendable).

 p p

$p ?pp'pp pppp#p(pp'p; p

E.g
pp † 
† p p † † p
p p
pp  † 
 p p  † 
 p
p p
pp  
†p p  † p
p p
pp †
† 
†p p †
†

† p
p p
pp †
† † p p †
† † p
p p

&$p ppp((ppp(pp

E.g

pp q†

†p p q†p
p p
pp †  p p †  
p
p p
pp 
† p p  p
p p

.$p ppp

E.g

pp q†p p  qp

p p
pp †O  íp p †O p
p p
pp   † p p 
†  † p
p p

8$p p' ppp(p=ppppp

E.g

pp † † ††p p † ††p

p p
pp †!
†
†p p !
†
†p
p p
pp "
 † †p p "
 †p
p p

2$p p' ppp ppp

E.g
pp
†#­p p †
†#­p
p p
pp O†
 !† p p O†
 †!† p
p p
pp  !† íp p  †!† íp
p p
 p
p

Reading the Qur'an whilst being guilty of  
p 

is makrooh. It does not necessarily
alter the meaning of the Qur'an. However, it does deprive the Holy Qur'an of its real elegance
and beauty.

E AMPLES XF LAHNEY KHAFEE:

$p p pp pppp:p ppp p(ppp:p'pp

;;p $pp
&$p ?pp(ppp ppp(#p(pppp'p' p p#p
p,$pp
.$p ?pp' #pp ppp((pp'pp

(soure: Basic Tajweed for Primary Madris. Shaykh Hasib Ahmed Ibn Yusuf Mayet)

£lick here to view a printable chart depicting the types of