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Extraction
Composting
Incineration
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Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2010, 1(1): 40-46
metal concentration and have an adaptive tolerance tolerance to Se compounds, in particular selenite
may be essential for several metals simultaneously (LeDuc et al., 2004).
(Pilon-Smits and Pilon, 2002; Karenlampi et al., 2000).
Phytoremediation of Cadmium Cadmium (Cd) is a
Hyperaccumulators Plants: Those plants which can toxic element its concentration greatly increased by
accumulate and tolerate greater metal concentrations activities such as zinc mining, iron foundries and the
in shoot. Over 400 hyperaccumulator plants have use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer in agriculture. Cd
been reported and include members of the may be detoxified in plants by phytochelatins (PCs), a
Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, family of sulphur rich peptides which are able to bind
Cyperaceae, Cunouniaceae, Fabaceae, Cd and some other heavy metals (Cobbett and
Flacourtiaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Violaceae, and Goldsbrough, 2002). Phytochelatins (PCs) were first
Euphobiaceae. The Brassicaceae is a very important discovered as Cd-binding "Cadystins A and B" in a
hyperaccumulator group. The minimum threshold fission yeast and then in many plants as the major
tissue concentrations for Co, Cu, Cr, Pb or Ni components of Cd-binding complexes. They are
hyperaccumulators should be 0.1% dry weight, while capable of binding to various metals including Cd, Cu,
for Zn or Mn the threshold is 1%. (Baker and Brooks, Zn or As via the sulfhydryl and carboxyl residues, but
1989) their biosyntheses are controlled preferentially by the
metal Cd or metalloid As. These peptides are related
Phytoremediation of Selenium Selenium (Se) is a
to glutathione and contain a varying number (normally
toxic metal at medium to high concentrations but
2-5) of glutamate and cysteine, linked through the
essential as a micronutrient for humans and animals.
carboxyl group of glutamate.
It occurs naturally in soils as selenate and selenite
and often as a pollutant, following the industrial use of Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) an enzyme carries out
coal. Se and sulphur (S) have very similar chemical the conversion of glutathione to PCs, and has been
properties so it incorporate in proteins as activated by Cd. Cysteine synthase catalyses the last
selenomethionine and proceed by the same enzymes step in the assimilation of sulphate into the amino
of methionine. Some scientist worked to obtain acid. Through overexpressing genes encoding
selenium tolerant plants by overexpression of genes enzymes we can stimulate the synthesis of cysteine
encoding key enzymes in sulphur metabolism. Some and glutathione.Transgenic tobacco plants over-
plants overexpressing ATP sulphurylase, were shown expressing cysteine synthase in the cytosol or
to have higher shoot Se concentrations and enhanced chloroplasts, had elevated concentrations of PCs,
Se tolerance than wild type when grown in the were more tolerant to Cd, Se and Ni but did not
presence of selenate in either hydroponic systems or accumulate the metal in the leaves (Harada et al.,
soil like Brassica juncea, Arabidopsis thaliana and 2001). In contrast, Arabidopsis thaliana
Astragalus bisulcatus (Pilon-Smits et al., 1999). overexpressed cysteine synthase in the cytosol
Transgenic plants that were overexpressing ATP (Dominguez-Solis et al. 2004). Trichomes were shown
sulphurylase, were more tolerant than the wild type to to be resistant to Cd and can accumulate high
As(III), As(V), Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn, but less tolerant to concentrations in the leaves. F1 plants exhibited a
Mo and V (Wangeline et al., 2004). They also higher tolerance than the other transgenic lines and
overexpressing cystathionine-γ-synthase (CGS) accumulated Cd in the shoots with expression in both
showed a higher Se volatilization rate, lower shoot Se the cytosol and chloroplast (Kawashima et al., 2004).
levels, and higher Se tolerance than wild type. A.
Transgenic Indian mustard containing the E. coli gshll
bisulcatus has the capacity to accumulate Se to high
gene encoding glutathione synthetase (GS)
concentrations but it has a slow growth rate. It has
accumulated significantly more Cd than the wild type
been proposed that in selenocysteine
in the shoot and the plants showed enhanced
methyltransferase (SMT) specifically methylates
tolerance to Cd at both the seedling and mature-plant
selenocysteine (SeCys) to produce the nonprotein
stages The γ-ECS(E. coli gshI gene encoding γ-
amino acid methylselenocysteine MetSeCys, which
glutamylcysteine synthetase) transgenics
causes a reduction in the intracellular concentrations
accumulated 2.4 to 3-fold more Cr, Cu, and Pb,
of SeCys and selenomethionine (SeMet), thus
relative to the wild type.
preventing their incorrect insertion into
protein(Madan.N.,2008). Brassica juncea Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich, low
overexpressing the A. bisulcatus SMT gene, exhibited molecular mass proteins synthesized on ribosomes
a greatly increased accumulation of MetSeCys and according to the mRNA information. Four categories
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Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2010, 1(1): 40-46
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Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2010, 1(1): 40-46
toxic metals appears to be the defensive role against hyperaccumulation. Many signalling pathways and
herbivores or pathogens (Dudley, 1986; Boyd and proteins can contribute to the cellular stress response.
Martens, 1994). Analysis of "omics" technologies could further reveal
the non-targeted identification of all gene products in a
Phytoremediation of Aluminium Al
specific biological sample, which could be followed by
hyperaccumulators can uptake the metal in their
a refined analysis of quantitative dynamics in
aboveground tissues in quantities above 1000 ppm
biological systems. The genomics can accelerate the
0.1 % dry weight.These hyperaccumulators are
discovery of genes that confer key traits, allowing their
particularly common in basal branches of fairly
modification. In addition The development of DNA and
advanced groups such as rosids (Myrtales,
RNA microarray chip technologies in systematic
Malpighiales, Oxalidales) and asterids (Cornales,
genome mapping, sequencing, functioning and
Ericales, Gentianales, Aquifoliales) and in 27 other
experimentation may allow the identification and
families (Jansen et al., 2002).
genotyping of mutations and polymorphisms, allowing
Phytoremediation of Manganese
better insight into structure-function interaction of
Austromyrtus bidwillii (Myrtaceae) has been genome complexity under toxic metal stress. Other
identified as hyperaccumulator of Mn (Bidwell et al., methods including Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
2002). Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (Phytolaccaceae) (MAPK) pathways are activated in response to metal
is a Mn hyperaccumulator species which grows stress, insertion mutagenesis involving populations of
rapidly, has substantial biomass, wide distribution and T-DNA, can be used to identify genes involved in
a broad ecological amplitude. (Xue et al., 2004). In the hyper-accumulation,identifying plant genes encoding
case of Mn and Se, Stanleya pinnata is a potentially metal ion transporters with important functions in
useful species for phytoremediation due to its broad cation transport and homeostasis (Papoyan and
adaptation to semi-arid environments, and its uptake, Kochian, 2004; Weber et al., 2004). Molecular
metabolism and volatilization of Se (Parker et al., techniques, bioinformatics and computational
2003). techniques are effective modern tools for detailed
structure-function genome analysis.
Phytoremediation: limitations and safety measure Phytoremediation technology is still in its early
Possible risks during the use of transgenic plants as
development stages and full scale applications are still
phytoremediators should be considered, including the limited. For widespread future use of this technique, it
uncontrolled spread of the transgenic plants due to is important that public awareness about this
interbreeding with populations of wild relatives.
technology is considered and clear and precise
Exposure of wildlife to metals, could increase as information is made available to the general public to
accumulated metal in plant shoots that can be enhance its acceptability as a global sustainable
ingested by the wildlife. These hazards can be technology to be widely used.
reduced by limiting the growth period of transgenic
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