TOPIC-COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

CONTENT:-
1. INTRODUCTION

2. APPLICATION OF CAD SYSTEM

3. USE OF CAD SYSTEM

4. ACQUIRING OF CAD SYSTEM

5. TYPES OF CAD SYSTEM

6. EFFECT OF CAD SYSTEM

 7. ADVANTAGE OF CAD SYSTEM

8. COMPARE BETWEEN CATIA AND PRO/E MARKET

LEADER

9. ABOUT CATIA AND PRO/E SOFTWARE

10. REFERRENCE

Introduction-CAD has been utilized in engineering practice in many ways including

drafting, design, simulation, analysis, and manufacturing.CAD system are commonly used
in daily engineering tasks.CAD spans four major areas geometric modelling, computer
graphics, design application, and manufacturing application, and manufacturing
application.CADsystem is as complex application that requires both hardware and software.
The hardware is a computer (either PC or workstation) with mouse and a keyword. The
software is a computer programme written is c or c++ as primary language.CAD system
require a high-quality graphics monitor, a mouse, light pen, or digitizing table for drawing;
and a special printer or plotter for printing design specifications. In CAD some other
language such as scheme and Java are also used. This system run as a server or standalone
application.ACIS uses schemes and written in c++.for client and server a network is used.
The software is installed on a central computer, the server and any computer the client,
connected to the network can run the software. CAD system allow an engineer to view a
design from any angle with the push of a button and to zoom in or out for close-ups and long
distance views. In addition, the computer keeps track of design dependencies so that when the
engineer one value, all other values that depend on it are automatically changed accordingly.
The software concurrent seats. A lot of user can access the software at a same time. It used in
many companies, laboratories, and academic institutions. The single seat model while less
common requires installing the software on each computer that is intended to run it. Thus the
computer of each seat acts as client and server at same time. CAD this software is a self
extracting file that comes in CD.Simply insert the CD in a CD Rome device and follow
instructions. Many CAD vendors offer student versions of their software for desire price.
Topology and geometry models are used by Cad software we refer to these models, Data
structure stores model data and physical pile stores model data by data structure scheme is
called data base. File extension assigned by CAD system.CAD system users should learn
theoretical concepts geometrical modelling and computer graphics.CAD is used of computer
technology for the design of objects, real.CAD gives actually shapes. CAD system require a
high quality graphics monitor ,light pen, or digitizing table for drawing and a special printer
or printing design specifications. CAD system allows modelling of physical systems. CAD
system to data has developed into general purpose tools that understand geometry. A typical
CAD system providing has a geometry processor with database, providing a common design
data base.CAD has become a special technology within the scope of CAT, CAD designers
develop work on screen, rint it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their
drawings. The CAD system is based on what is called interactive computer added graphics
(ICG).ICG helps to convert data entered by user in the form of graphics. The user enters the
data in the form of commands by using hardware’s (input devices) which is converted into
graphics by the software. With CAD, the user can create new drawings, modify the existing
ones, store the drawing and explore them further.CAD workstation, in its simplest form,
consists of a computer with a keyboard, mouse and monitor and loaded with CAD software.
The keyboard and mouse are essential input devices whereas the monitor is a real time output
device. all the three are integrals parts of the computer and are always connected to the
central processing unit. For CAD applications, a computer with a reasonably good processing
speed is recommended.

APPLICATION OF CAD SYSTEM:-

There are considerable numbers of application for the various existing CAD system. Each
application has its own strength and is usually targeted toward a specific market and group of
users. For example there are mechanical, electrical and architecture CAD products. There are
some common modules. The geometric engine is the heart of a CAD system. It provides
users with function to perform geometric modelling and construction, editing and
manipulation of existing geometry drafting and documentation. The typical modelling
operation that users can engage in is model creation. Shaded images can be generated as part
of model documentation. The creation of a geometric model of an object represents and a
goal for engineers. Their ultimate goal is to be able to utilize the model for design and
manufacturing purposes. The applications module achieves this goal. This module varies
from one software to another. However, there are common applications shared by most
property calculations, assembly analysis, animation techniques and simulations and analysis
of plastic injection modelling. The program module allows customizing system by
programming them to fit certain design and manufacturing tasks.

The communication module is crucial if integration is to be achieved between the CAD

systems other computer system and manufacturing facilities. It is common to network the
system to transfer the CAD data base of model for analysis purposes or to be transfer network
the system to transfer the database of a model for analysis is purposes or to transfer its CAM
database to the shop floor for production. The collaborative module is emerging as an
outcome of the widespread of the World Wide Web and the internet. This module supports
collaborative design. Teams in different geographical locations can work currently on the
same part, assembly, or drawing file in real time over the web many system exists to CAD is
an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,
shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and
many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in
movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers
means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques
unheard of by shipbuilders of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance,
CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer
graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.

Software technologies

A CAD model of a mouse.

Originally software for Computer-Aided Design systems was developed with computer
languages such as FORTRAN, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming
methods this has radically changed. Typical modern parametric feature based modeller and
freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C (programming language)
modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a
graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry and/or boundary representation (B-
rep) data via a geometric modelling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be
employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe
geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly.

Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of

prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail
manufacturing time and in the design

Hardware and OS technologies

Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms - CAD systems like Quad, NX provide
multiplatform support including Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X; ArchiCAD and
Vectorworks work on both Windows and Mac OS X, but not on Linux; and, for example,
AutoCAD works on Windows only. For more information on OS compatibility, see
Comparison of CAD editors for AEC, Comparison of CAD editors for CAM and Comparison
of CAD editors for CAE. Catia V5 is supported on Sparc Solaris but not x86 Solaris, HPUX,
and AIX, but not Linux. It has been announced that Catia V6 will only be supported on one
proprietary operating system.

Right now, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD
systems can do graphically and computationally expensive tasks, so good graphics card, high
speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM are recommended.

USE OF CAD SYSTEM:-

Computer aided design is an important role in graphics. Many engineer and designers used
CAD system in many ways depend on their profession and type of software in question.
There are several type of CAD system require the operator to think in different ways ,how he
or she use CAD system and he or she must design their virtual components in a different for
each.

In 2D systems, a lot of free and open source programme which is include by producers.
These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and
placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted
as required during the creation of the final draft.

3D CAD system is extension of 2D CAD system. Each line inserted manually in drawing.
Holes are not directly added to drawing because it has no mass properties associated with. To
make the final product in engineering drawing views many CAD system using the wireframe
model.
3D dumb solids are created i such a way that these are exist in the real world. Basic three –
dimensional geometry forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes
added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-
dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't
usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or
identify interference between components.

3D parametric solid modelling requires the designer to use what is referred to as “design
intent”. The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be
simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One
must think of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was
intended to be located from the centre of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the
centre of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he
could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the
consequences of his actions carefully.

Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry
without the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of
direct modelling functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the
correct relationships between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes
the editing process less time and labour intensive while still freeing the engineer from the
burden of understanding the model’s design intent history. These kind of non history based
systems are called Explicit Modellers. The first Explicit Modelling system was introduced to
the world at the end of 80's by Hewlett-Packard under the name Solid Designer. This CAD
solution, which released many later versions, is now sold by PTC as "CoCreate Modeling"

Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate
tools to represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The
tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection
mold designing packages.

ACQUIRING OF CAD SYSTEM

Many CAD system existed today, we classifies them into four groups depending on
the market they serve and tools functionalities and flexibility they provided. The four groups
are low end midrange high and end specialized. We must admit that we run the risk of
misclassification as call CAD systems have been getting better over the years to services
competition low end system tend to target were who are not and ophicstics and whose
product are not complex, a typical product consist of a small number of parts whose geometry
is not complicated. These user tend to focus on basis geometry modelling and trifling
example including AUTO CAD Autodesk Invertors and CADKEY, midrange system target
user who have complex modelling needs. The number of parts per productise large enough
for midrange application. Unlike. Low end system support design and manufacturing
application. They either bundle them with the geometric modelling engine or work with
partner. Example- solid work prole and master CAM. High and system are the largest CAD
system that appeared in the 1970 and evolved over the years these system support the
modelling, analysis and manufacturing of complex product such as airplanes, cars and other
examples includes in a graphics parsolid SDRCI DEAS and CATIA,PRO/E specialized
system included ACIS and parasolid. Each provide a very robust and universal geometric
modelling and graphics kernel that companies can license to bulidfully functional CAD
system. ACIS software serves as the core kernel of the system.

Type of CAD system:-

1. Switching CAD system:-The only reason to switch CAD system is to save money.
Switching saving from installing a new system come in many forms. Replacing an old
system can result in less maintenance. Another reason to switch is to convert to 3D
some manufacturing fixed that 3D is more productive than 2D and stable enough to
use consistently across the organization.

2. Electrical CAD system:- WSCAD is a leading electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic

design package, and performs all those tedious and error prone electrical tasks. It
numbers and cross references components, contacts, wires, cables, PLCs and
terminals, and produces customized listings of materials, terminals, cables,
connections and PLC elements. It can even print labels and calculate costs and labor.
WSCAD Basic is for entry-level schematics. WSCAD Auto adds automatic
numbering, basic cross-referencing and Bill of Material. WSCAD Mega has a MS
Access compatible database and wizards that control allocation of contactors, PLC
I/O, cables and terminals.

3. 2D/3D CAD SYSTEM: - 3D/2D CAD system primarily intended for mechanical
engineering design. In addition to powerful tools for 3D modelling and 2D drafting
and dimensioning, the CAD system provides libraries of standard mechanical parts
(ANSI, DIN), calculations of standard mechanical components, and tools for working
with bills of materials (BOM) and blocks. The comprehensive CAD software enables
designers to quickly create, evaluate, and modify their models. VariCAD's high
performance, powerful features, and simple and quick user interface make VariCAD
the best value in the CAD market. The software is sold as one "fully loaded" package,
with all features and functions, for one very affordable price. VariCAD delivers an
excellent performance-to-price ratio, making it one of the smartest choices on the
market today.

4. Architecture CAD system: - a system architecture based on multi-agent is put

forward. The proposed system framework includes three levels, supporting the
collaborative product design for different remote users. The user agents are classified
as real-time monitoring agent, conflict detection agent, conflict solution agent, user
communication agent and knowledge management agent. We give the detail flow
architecture of the user agents. The experiment system presents the efficient
cooperation among multidisciplinary designers.

Effects of CAD system:-

Starting in the late 1980s, the development of readily affordable Computer-rap Aided Design
programs that could be run on personal computers began a trend of massive downsizing in
drafting departments in many small to mid-size in companies. As a general rule, one CAD
operator could readily replace at least three to five drafters using traditional methods.
Additionally, many engineers began to do their own drafting work, further eliminating the
need for traditional drafting departments. This trend mirrored that of the elimination of many
office jobs traditionally performed by word a secretary as processors, spreadsheets, databases,
etc. became standard software packages that "everyone" was expected to learn.

Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive,
small and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use
their computational edge for competitive purposes. Today, however, hardware and software
costs have come down. Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some
even support multiple platforms. The costs associated with CAD implementation now are
more heavily weighted to the costs of training in the use of these high level tools, the cost of
integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE PLM using enterprise across multi-CAD and multi-platform
environments and the costs of modifying design work flows to exploit the full advantage of
CAD tools.

ADVANTAGE OF CAD SYSTEM:-

CAD offers the following advantages:

1. Accuracy:- CAD helps to achieves very high degree of accuracy that is impossible to
achieve manually. For example, a line 22.532mm long or an angle of 53.270 can be
precisely drawn in CAD software.

2. Speed:- With sufficient practice, a user can create drawing speedily. Similar objects
can be copied or mirrored or arrayed which saves time required for duplication.
Automatic hatching, texting and dimensioning save time.

3. Easy editing:- Drawing once constructed can be easily editing or modified as and
when needed. Component drawing from one drawing sheets drawn file can be
inserted in another drawing file.

4. Space Effectiveness:-A computer can store several thousand drawing files over a long
period of time. Equal number of drawing manually will need a big go down to store !

5. Standard Libraries:-CAD software have libraries containing drawing of standard parts

such as gears, valves, pulleys , electrical and electronics components , civil and
architectural components that can be directly used.

6. Scaling:-A drawing can be enlarged or reduced by any scale factor. Dimension

change automatically. Further, printing can be made to any scale.

COMPARE BETWEEN CATIA AND PRO/E MARKET LEADER:-

 • Catia is 3D software and Pro/E is 2D software. The difference between them is
depending on their costs.

• The difference between them is also matter the PDM system, depending on who you
talk to, smart team vs. wind-chill system.

• Both are targeted at different clientele. Catia exceeds pro/E in several specifics such
as surfacing, 2D, interfacing with other software.

• In suck view creation pro/E is not much better than catia, in somewhere like that in
functionality in drawing mode, show erase for 2D,z clipping .

• The same according to par modelling – catia has nicer, more eye candy interface. But
pro/E has not this.

• In surfacing pro/E is not much better than Catia. In this catia shows their strength.

ABOUT CATIA AND PRO/E SOFT WARE:-

PRO/E: - Trouble with Pro/E is that it wants/needs/expects zero degrees of freedom, no more
no less, in all sections of the software. And when it is not so it stops or freezes or expects you
to do so. Furthermore Pro/E is designed by mathematicians/programmers that do not fully
grasp the day-to-day reality of designing. Pro/E is not a girl but an old aunt with her own will
and you have to be very careful to lead her where you want her to go. You have to understand
her crooked way of thinking and talk to her the way she (dis)functions. Once you understand
all that there is way to get things done.

Catia:-Catia is more forgiving. You can under constrain or over constrain without trouble.
There are definitely some real humans active in the interface design. And the software seems
to go a fair way in solving by itself the problems you put it in. But in Catia you are never sure
whether you have a part, an assembly or something in between. Guess that's coming through
history of the past. Understanding how an assembly fits together is a visual mess, and the
available relations are somewhat poor. Sheetmetal is poor; you can hardly pattern or mirror
anything in this workbench, and most of the time you have to explicitly build the bends. But
then on the other hand: does Pro/E excel in sheetmetal? Making things visible or invisible in
Catia can even be worse than in Pro/E since you can have individual part bodies or even
surfaces becoming invisible, depending on how deep the activation goes.

On a general level I think Catia is easier to handle and smoother when design changes occur.
They're probably a close match in modelling capability, though I only scratch the surface of
"deep modelling" in either software. In 2D Catia is clearly better but that part is not a main
issue since many times I model without making a drawing and rarely make a drawing on
itself.

Product lifecycle
Computer-Aided Design is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD)
activity within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used
together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such
as:

• Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)

• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machines
• Photo realistic rendering
• Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM).

REFERENCE-

1. www.computer.org

2. www.varicad.com

3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design
4.engineering drawing by Dhananjay A jolhe

5. Farin, G.: A History of Curves and Surfaces in CAGD, Handbook of Computer Aided Geometric
Design

6. H. Pottmann, S. Brell-Cokcan, and J. Wallner:Discrete surfaces for architectural design