FRACTAL GEOMETRY Mathematical Foundations and Applications Kenneth Falconer Reader in Mathematics, University of Bristol _ NF IS3S43 X:(00 % oratiorece ¥: 45% Toast JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester + New York * Brisbane * Toronto + SingaporeCopyright © 1990by John Wiley & Sons Lid Balfins Lane, Chichester ‘West Susser POI9 1UD, England Reprinted March 1990 All sights reserve. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, of trnsated into a machine language ‘without the written permission ofthe publisher (Other Wiley Baitoral Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc, 608 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, GP.O. Box 859, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Avsteatia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Lu, 22 Worcester Road Rexdale, Ontario MW 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (SEA) Pte Ltd, 37 Jalan Pemimpin 05-08, Block B, Union Indusrial Building. Singapore 2087 Library of Congres Cataoging-in Publication Dat: Faleoaer, KJ, 1982 Fractal geometsy = mathematical foundations snd applications. / Kenneth Falconer poem Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0 471 92287 0 1 Fracal. 1 Tile QASLASGFIS 1990 S14.74-4620 99-37981 cP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Date: Falconer, KJ. Fractal geometry. 1. Geometial shapes 1 Tite 516.15, ISBN 0 471 97287 0 “Typeset by Thomson Press (India) Lid Printed and bound in Great Britain by Courier International, Tiptree Essex Contents Preface Introduction Notes od retrecas PARTI FOU TIONS Chapter 1. Mathematical background 11 Bale set theory 12 Functions and ts 13 Meare and mass dsiutins 14 Notes on probability theory 15 Notes and references Exaises Chapter 2, Hausdorff measure and dimension... 21 Howadortt measure 22 Hoasiort dimension 23. Calclation of Hausdrtdiorsian—singe examples “24. Equivalent dainitons of Houde dessin “25. Finer dations of dmanson 16. Notes and retrences eeies Chapter 3. Alternative defi ions of dimension... 21 Boxcountiag dimensions 382. Properties an paboms of box. couting dimension “33. Modified borcomtig dimensions “34 Packing measures ad dimensions 115. Same ater definitions of dimension. {UG Notes and afecences Geeies 0 6 a 36 share 2Techniques for calculating dimensions. 41 eae methods 42. Sabet of finite mea 442. Poesia theoreti metho 44 Four transform methads 44S. Noten and afreces frercies Chapter 5. Local structure of fractals Chapter Chap Chapter PART Chapter 9. Fractals defined by transformations —selt- 51 Dewsias 2. Stet of Ls. 53. Tamentst sets 5 Motes and references fuases 6. Projections of fractals 61 Projections ofa sets 52 Projection of usaf gral dinension 163. Projections of abvay st of itegaldimesson, 5A Notes and references beeries 7. Products of fractals. 11 Product formule 12. Note ad aarnces bree Intersections of fractals 1.1 astton forma for aetals 2 Sete wit age iatarsetion {L2- Notes and efcnces Eas APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES solf-affine sets, 5 81 arated funtion schemes 82 Oimensins of slim sets 83. Same vratons 8A Satine sat 5 Aeicatine tenons images IB. Notes and efreces frerises 92 a 00 100 101 ww 108 m0 13 1 7 a 16 12 138 196 Chapter 10, Examples from number theory wa 02 03 0a Distibuon of igs of umber Continued trations Diphantine approninatian Notes and eerences Grercises Chapter 11. Graphs of functions. m4 a 13 ma uz 3 na 5 Dimensions of graphs Autoearatton of fractal functions Notes and raerences rise F 12, Examples from pure mathematics: Duality and he Kakera Vitushkn'sconocure Conver sree [roups and rings of fatal dimension Note and references rcs Chapter 13. Dynamical systems m1 m2 Chapter 14. tteration of complex functions —Julia sets. un a 3 4a 48. M6 Reporte Te logit map| Swotcing ad fldagwanafomations The solenoid Continuous dynamical systems Sal dsr theory LUspounv eparets and enopias Notes and reterencat reise function sehmer enaraltuey of Jia sets Custatenctons—the Mandlot set Note and aarnces eres Chapter 15. Random fractals. 11 182 153, ‘Acandom Cantor set Frectal pecan Note and Erecies 8 19 " m4 146 M6 185 188 161 6 165 19 6 1698 197 1 204 me m7 ne m ma 24 nm mm 25 25