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   comes from the work of Albert Bandura. The authors treat the construct as best described by the
term ³confidence.´ It is a forward-looking expectancy that one¶s abilities will be sufficient to meet a particular
challenge.
 is the construct developed by C. Rick Snyder. Dr. Snyder approached hope as a way of thinking that
involves goals, pathways (waypower) and agency (willpower). The authors suggest that the pathways
component of this construct distinguishes it from self-efficacy and optimism and provides a unique
contribution to PsyCap.
 is primarily taken from the positive explanatory style of Martin Seligman, although it also discusses
the future orientation approach of Carver and Scheier. Interestingly, although the chapter leans heavily on
explanatory style, the PsyCap construct introduced later in the book draws in its items for optimism from the
Carver and Scheier model. Frankly, I am a little confused as to whether the micro-intervention introduced later
in the book develops positive explanatory style or positive expectancies for the future. However, while the two
constructs are separate, it may be that, in the context of an integrated approach including self-efficacy, hope,
and resiliency, any effective intervention will actually develop both. I hope that future work in this area will
address this point more clearly in reference to the prior research base.
 is also an area with multiple research streams. I am personally more familiar with that developed by
Karen Reivich and Andrew Shatte which uses explanatory style as a key component. The resiliency research
used in this construct, however, draws from the ³assets´ approach of Ann Masten and colleagues from the
University of Minnesota.
In Chapters 6 and 7, the authors consider additional constructs which they believe may have potential for
inclusion in PsyCap. They classify these as cognitive ( and ), affective ( !c"
#), social ($#!c !
% !
#), and higher order
(#&# ). Those familiar with the Values in Action Character Strengths Questionnaire will
recognize that each of these except Well-Being and Flow are considered character strengths in the VIA.
Well-being is the topic of research form from the work of Ed Diener and colleagues. Flow is the construct
developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi that is incorporated into the Authentic Happiness conceptualization of
happiness ² pleasure, engagement, and meaning ² as engagement. I have not yet had an opportunity to
compare the research-based referenced in this book to that discussed in Character Strengths and Virtues.
These chapters demonstrate how open PsyCap is for future development.