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variable number of coded bits is calculated based on
individual subcarrier modulation assignments for channel “experienced” by a codeword, i.e., the
orthogonal subcarriers. The advantages of OFDM different channel conditions of the carriers, can be
systems are high spectrum efficiency, longer symbol well modeled by a Rayleigh fading channel.
duration against inter-symbols interference (ISI)
effect in multi-path environments, and narrow
A well-known coding scheme tailored to fading
transmission band of each sub-carrier within channels is bit-interleaved coded modulation
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coherence bandwidth such that the communication
channel can be viewed as flat and not frequency
selective. The interleaver may add padding bits to the
interleaver matrix to fill any remaining positions. In
(BICM) [2]. The employed bit interleaver is crucial
for the performance of BICM and its superiority
over other coded modulation schemes (e.g., trellis
coded modulation (TCM) [3]) in fading
the simulation results, we found that better system environments. In the initial publication on BICM
performance can be achieved by good concatenated [4], Zehavi used three independent bit interleavers
codes design for OFDM based WLAN systems under for transmission with 8-PSK (phase shift keying).
the fixed power and bit-error-rate requirements.
Regarding a triple of binary symbols mapped onto
Keywords: Inter-Symbols Interference (ISI), an 8-PSK symbol, each of the three binary symbols
orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM), has undergone independent interleaving, so-called
adaptive interleaving, bit-error-rate (BER), bit- intralevel interleaving. Caire et al. rejected this
interleaved coded modulation (BICM). approach in [2], arguing that there were no reasons
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justifying it, flexibility would be limited, analysis
I. INTRODUCTION complicated, and unequal error protection
introduced. Instead they proposed the application
In order to exploit optical bandwidth more of a global interleaver.
efficiently, novel transmission technologies are
intensively studied. High-speed optical II. SYSTEM DESCRIPITION
transmission systems are impaired by inter channel
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and intra channel nonlinearities, polarization mode The first blocks in the transmitter are
dispersion and chromatic dispersion, and require interleaving and coding. All OFDM systems use
precise dispersion compensation techniques. To some form of error correction or detection because,
increase the transmission capacity, narrower if there is frequency selective fading in the channel,
channel spacing is pursued and novel modulation some of the parallel data streams will experience
formats are investigated.
deep fading. The coding is usually preceded by
We consider very high data rate transmission interleaving because, as shown in Fig. 1, a number
over frequency selective channels. The occurring of adjacent OFDM subcarriers may fall within the
inter symbol interference (ISI) is treated by using frequencies which are experiencing fading. In most
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
broadcast applications of OFDM such as digital
(OFDM) [1]. To support the requested high data
rates large signal constellations have to be audio broadcasting (DAB) and digital video
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broadcasting (DVB) there are two layers of
interleaving and coding so that a very low overall
stream that is presented to the error correction
decoder, because when such decoders are presented
bit error rate (BER) can be achieved even over a with a high concentration of errors the decoder is
very noisy channel. unable to correct all the bit errors, and a burst of
uncorrected errors occurs. A similar design of
OFDM is invariably used in conjunction
audio data encoding makes compact disc (CD)
with channel coding (forward error correction), and
playback robust.
almost always uses frequency and/or time
interleaving. Frequency (subcarrier) A classical type of error correction coding used
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interleaving increases resistance to frequency- with OFDM-based systems is convolutional
selective channel conditions such as fading. For coding, often concatenated with Reed-Solomon
example, when a part of the channel bandwidth coding. Usually, additional interleaving (on top of
fades, frequency interleaving ensures that the bit the time and frequency interleaving mentioned
errors that would result from those subcarriers in above) in between the two layers of coding is
the faded part of the bandwidth are spread out in implemented. The choice for Reed-Solomon
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the bit-stream rather than being concentrated. coding as the outer error correction code is based
Similarly, time interleaving ensures that bits that on the observation that the Viterbi decoder used for
are originally close together in the bit-stream are inner convolutional decoding produces short errors
transmitted far apart in time, thus mitigating bursts when there is a high concentration of errors,
against severe fading as would happen when and Reed-Solomon codes are inherently well-suited
travelling at high speed. to correcting bursts of errors.
However, time interleaving is of little benefit in Newer systems, however, usually now adopt
slowly fading channels, such as for stationary near-optimal types of error correction codes that
reception, and frequency interleaving offers little to use the turbo decoding principle, where the decoder
no benefit for narrowband channels that suffer from iterates towards the desired solution. Examples of
flat-fading (where the whole channel bandwidth such error correction coding types include turbo
fades at the same time). codes and LDPC codes, which perform close to
the Shannon limit for the Additive White Gaussian
The reason why interleaving is used on OFDM
Noise (AWGN) channel. Some systems that have
is to attempt to spread the errors out in the bit-
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rearranging them so that once contiguous data is
now spaced further apart into a non continuous
stream as shown in figure 2. Data packets are re-
assembled by your modem.
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Interleaving is the other mechanism used in
OFDM system to combat the increased error rate
on the weakened subcarriers. Interleaving is a
deterministic process that changes the order of
transmitted bits. For OFDM systems, this means
that bits that were adjacent in time are transmitted
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REFERENCES
[1] J. A. C. Bingham. Multicarrier modulation for data
transmission: An idea whose time has come. IEEE
Communications Magazine, pages 5–14, May 1990.
[2] G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri. Bit-Interleaved Coded
Modulation. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
44(3):927–946, 1998.
[3] G. Ungerb¨ock. Channel coding with multilevel/phase
signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 28(1):55–
67, 1982.
[4] E. Zehavi. 8-PSK Trellis Codes for a Rayleigh Channel.
IEEE Transactions on Communications, 40(5):873–884, 1992
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