FACULTY of GEOINFORMATION AND REAL ESTATE

SGU 4332 LAND ADMINISTRATION

ASSIGNMENT 1

MOHD IZANI BIN AZMI AG 070125

LECTURER:
PM HJ MOHD ZAHIB HJ DERAMAN

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 CADASTRAL MAP AS A TOOL FOR LAND MANAGEMENT

The Cadastre 2014 concept is based on the formal and informal laws existing in a
jurisdiction and therefore takes into consideration all types of rights to all types of land
objects, it can be applied generally. Such legal land objects are systematically identified
by means of some separate designation. They are defined either by private or by public
law. The outlines of the property, the identifier together with descriptive data, may
show for each separate land object the nature, size, value and legal rights or restrictions
associated with the land object. In addition to this descriptive information defining the
land objects, Cadastre 2014 contains the official records of rights on the legal land
objects. Cadastre 2014 can give the answers to the questions of where and how much
and who and how. Cadastre 2014 can replace the traditional institutions of 'Cadastre'
and 'Land Registration'. It represents a comprehensive land recording system.

Cadastre 2014 can resolve the problem when land and houses is no immovable
unit. This situation occurs often in the countries in transition, where the land used to
belong to the state and the houses belong to the citizens. Even when land privatization
is intended, this process takes time. Cadastre 2014 documents the rightful claimant of
the land parcel independently from the rightful claimant of the house. If both objects
have the same owner, the parcel and the house may be considered as an immovable
property. Cadastre 2014 can stabilize the situation where conflicting legal arrangements
exist. This technique is very favorable from the point of view of updating. Using this
principle means to say goodbye to the parcel-based cadastral systems of the past. The
future cadastral systems are therefore no longer parcel-based. The establishment of
separate organizations for map production and land registration was often necessary
because the two operations used to require different skills. With modern technology (IT)
it is possible to link land objects directly with the information needed for registration.
The often practiced separation of the physical and organizational structure will become
defunct. From the point of view of modeling, this statement is of minor significance.

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 The idea to replace the good old paper maps by virtual models is a
mental challenge for professionals who are used to think in graphical categories.
Information technology operates with digital data and provides the ability to
model objects of the real and legal world. Maps as analogue representations will
lose their function as information repositories; their only purpose will be the
representation of information. In future we will have increasingly different
graphic representations as extracts of the cadastral model tailored to the needs
of the individual customer. To store maps on a computer as pictures is therefore
an archaic operation. When working with data models, the data descriptions
have to be precise and there is also a need for a description of data
representations. IT makes work easier and is the only way to achieve, what
nowadays is called a low-cost cadastre. IT application especially for geodata with
a long life cycle asks for data modeling to secure the value of data over long
periods.

In the conclusion, the basic data model required by Cadastre 2014 is

simple and has the same structure for all types of land objects occurring in
formal and informal legal environments. The Cadastre 2014 concept allows a
maintenance and development friendly, efficient and economic solution. Taking
into consideration the basic rules applied in legislation and making use of the
polygon overlaying techniques to omit unnecessary links, which are not easy to
handle, adverse to data maintenance and overloading applications, this concept
reduces complexity and makes the comprehensive legal documentation system
of the future possible. Cadastre 2014 can easily be implemented, when the
principles are respected and when feasible, correct and reliable algorithms for
the comparison of the positions of land objects are at disposition. These can
apply on 1D, 2D and 3D land objects. The important work in Cadastre 2014 is to
identify the legal land objects which are defined by formal laws and also by
informal rules and to find the correct interpretation of the contents of rights.

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 This is what citizens and societies need for a peaceful cohabitation and a
sustainable development.

Colorado Springs Utilities Improves Cadastral Data Management

Since 1925, Colorado Springs Utilities (CSU) has been a community-

owned utility provider of electric, natural gas, water, and wastewater services to
customers in the Pikes Peak region of central Colorado. Today, its service areas
include the City of Colorado Springs, Manitou Springs, and many of the suburban
residential areas in the surrounding area. The military installations of Fort Carson
Army Base, Peterson Air Force Base (AFB), and the United States Air Force
Academy receive water, electric service, and gas. Peterson AFB also receives
wastewater treatment services from CSU.

With ArcGIS Survey Analyst with Cadastral Editor, Colorado Springs Utilities can
visualize layers such as parcels, rights-of-way, utility easements, preliminary parcels,
and center lines in its service areas.
Without an accurate and up-to-date GIS land base, the utility's corporate
systems will not operate at their full potential, and CSU's Landbase Services (LBS)
Unit of the Planning and Engineering Department is well aware of this fact. LBS is
tasked with maintaining records on 189,000 parcels, as well as 18,000 right-of-
way polygons covering more than 500 square miles of CSU service territory. In an
effort to advance its current enterprise GIS and keep its customer satisfaction

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rating high, LBS sought a way to improve the creation, maintenance, and
updates to cadastral and other survey-related data. After seeing an ArcGIS
Survey Analyst demonstration at a recent Esri International User Conference, LBS
became a beta tester of the extension's new workflow manager, called Cadastral
Editor. Using Cadastral Editor, individual parcels and subdivisions can be entered
using coordinate geometry (COGO)-based survey plans. An integrated Cadastral
Fabric is then developed from all relevant survey and plan data using a least-
squares adjustment tool for the best-fit representation of the parcel layer.
CSU began utilizing its new software system in the first quarter of 2008.
Now utility surveyors and other staff at CSU use ArcGIS Survey Analyst to better
manage land records, parcel mapping, and other cadastral matters. The toolset is
used on subdivision boundaries, parcels, rights-of-way, and easements. Staff
uses the software to efficiently collect, convert, and display cadastral data; serve
as a base coverage for utility infrastructure; and share data throughout the
organization, and with other government entities, for cadastral purposes.
CSU recently began to evaluate its entire sanitary sewer infrastructure to
determine what infrastructure needed maintenance, rehabilitation, or
replacement. As part of the evaluation process, sanitary sewer infrastructure
locations and easement records were tied together and analyzed for coexistent
locations. Once any GIS data anomalies were resolved and updated, more
informed decisions could be made on potential infrastructure replacement.

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