HISTORY OF KEDAH.

BY E. 0. WIXSTEIIT.

An Arab royager 11.111 I~hordaclzl~eh(846 S.D.) n.rote i n his.

Kitab nl-masc~.likrcn-l nza?nalik of an islallcl called '(Rila11 " nrhicl~
contaiilecl ./,in~lai?zesand banll~ooforests. Another i i r ~ l ).croyager-
Snlaiman ( 8 5 1 A D ) , editecl ai~out020 A D . by one i k l ) ~Zaiil ~ of
Siral, wratc of " I<adah-l.)ar," as " a dependenc~rof Zabej," 11~1lich
is pro.1>al>lySri\7ija~'a i.e. I'aleml~ang :-Chao Ju Iiua in 1290 A.D.
recorclecl that lia.nglcasulia ( i e . Icedah) , Trenggann, Pahang autl
Kelantan were all subject to Pa1ellzl)allg. ("Encyclopaedie van
Neclerlandscll-Indie " szib " 'l'oc;l.ten," " Li\lrcs c l i ~ Allerreilles cle. ,
l'Inde, Leyden 1883-6, pp. 255-264 .and Reinand's " Eelations
cles voyages faits par les Brabes et les Persans," 1111. L S I I , LXXXV,
7 , 93, 9 ) I1111 14nhalha1, who flourished about 941 A.11. (hut
~ ~ d ~ account
ose is of doubtful authenticity), describes " l<a!ahn as
the last place visited by ships going eastmard, a great city nit11
high walls ancl garclens and canals, "~vhereare the mines of 1ca.d "
or tin " cslllecl Iialc~'i,.r\lllich is found in no part of tile world ercept
ICalah; " a p1a:ce famous for the best " swords " i n Iilclia ; its in-
habitants were Bucldhists. ".ICilah" or " li'alah " is generally
identifier1 as I<~eilah: the lllentioil of till-n~illesplaces i t certainly
in t.11e Malla~rPeninsula, as Bangka oras discovered 111ucll later.
And p~.oba.blythis " ICalah " is icleiiti~calwith '! IZora " or " Kala "
of tlle Cllinese cllronicles of the T'ang Dgllasty (61s-91G) :-1)p-
211-3, TTol. 1, Series 11, " Essays relating to Inclo~China" : " Jcora."
had a king whose family-nanle was S r i l'ura and his pc~sonalname
Misi P u r a ; "the dead were buried ancl their ashes put into n jar
and sunk ill the sea; the custoills of the people were allout; the same
as in Siam."
The history of the Liang dynasty (502-665 A.D.) ( i b . pp.
135-7) girres an account of a country called Langgasu or I2a.n:ga,
-whose people said that their collntry hail becn establishecl 400 years.
earlier: its inhabitants nrere ardent Bnilclhists. This, i t is some-
times said, is a reference to Langhasul<a, the dcl name of IZedal~
recordecl i n the Hikayat lla?.o~zgill nhalcangsa a ~ l din popular folk-
tales-("Fasciculi Malayenses," pt. I1 (a), pp. 29-6; Skeat's.
" Fables from an Easter11 Forest," pp. 49-51 and 81) " hedall 111ny
very well be the old na.tive llanle of the country and Langkasu1;a its
literary name. Many places in Further India ancl the Islalids bear.
two names : thus, Pegu nras stylecl Hal~zsa~\rati, Tumasil< was called
~Singapura:similarly Siali (in Swnatra) i.s known as SBri Indra--
pura, and nlaily other such instances could be given. A11 this-
nlerely illustrates the varnisll of Inclian culture, nrhich spread over
these regions during the first dozen centuries or SO of 0111 era.".
Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc., No. 81, 1920-
 (Elagden, J. R. A. S., Jnly 1901). One ma.y a(1d to these in-
stances Indrapnra the 0.ld court ila~lne for Pallang. The term
Lallglrasulia now surviues onljr as the n.ame of a slnall tri1~uta.r~ to
the upper reaches of the Feral< river. 'CIYle flt. illal-ong ALccha-
zoangsa relates hour Sri l'lal~~anrangsa, the third ruler of ICeclall,
ren~n~led(to Serolial~l) fro111 Langl;asulia, because i t lvas too f a r
fro111the sen.. (J. R. A. S., S. B. 72, p. 64) : " i t l y llear Gnnong
-Jerai " (ib. KO. 53, 12. 1 4 s ) . The Javanese poem, the ATctqa?-n-
.X.?.etci.gc~nzci.colllposecl i n 1365 A.D., ~lielltions both Iieilall alld
Lang1;asnlra alnollg a. list of I?e~lillsulnrsettlellieilts tributary to
i\!Itxja~rllit ( i b . 1111. 145-9). B L I ~though Laagkasulia 7vns an old
nalne for Iiedah, the Chinese Langa-jra-hsiu is more likely to have
Iseel1 Tenasserim.
Of tlle prevalence of the BndcLhist religion eviriilence exists in
certaiil illscriptions found i n Kecfah ailcl Prooiilce TT'elleslejr, going
ba.cl; according to Kern to 400 A.D. ( i b . No. 49, pp. 95-101) and
having :a.S o ~ ~ t h Illcliail
e ~ n Sanskrit a1,phabet; anil again in inscribed
clay tablets found in l<edah in a cave, nine feet above the floor,
written accordillg to Kern i n Naga.ri of tlle 10th century alld
Nlerefore fro111 A ' o ~ t l ~ e rI~ldia.
n (ib. No. 39, 1). 205 and c.F. J. and
P., A. S. Bengal, Vol. 111, No. 7, July 1907, where Rad<shaldas
Banerji has identifiecl five votir~etablets fro111 Trang as relics of
a4a.hayaiza Builclhism belonging to the \vestern grouls of the
Nortl~eril Illdiail Nagari dhahanacters -of the 11th celltury A.D.,
.resen~blingthe clraracters ,of the Ee~laresgrant of TCanlaclera allcl
.the grants of the Ratliors of SCanauj.) Cllula (Corolllanilel) re-
.cords claim t1ia.t Iiedah 114a.s coiiqt~ereclby a C11nla ki11g iin the 11th
.centnrjr.
Accordi~lglgwe l;1101\7 of Iiedah till the end of 14th century
t11a.t i t was fan~~ous as a mart for till ; its people were Bud~clhists,anil
.the preilominant illfluellce was Inilian. Besicles this we k1101v that
.first Pale111Isang ancl the C h u l ~kings ancl then the great Ja~ranese
lcingdom 01 Majapahit claiiiled suzerainty over it.
T l ~ e.EIikci?jat iilarong ill~~l~a~cangscc or " Iiedah Annals," as the
morlr is termed, records seven pre-i\iIuhammacl,?a rulers of 1Zetla.h
bearing the SanslrritJSiai~iesetitles o-f Marong Mnhan~angsa,Marong
'lit.al-~apodisa.t, Sri Jilal~a.~\~aagsa,
$ri Indrawangs~~, Maha l'marita Baria.
(Raja B,i.reiong), Phra Ong Maha Poclisa.t, and of I'llra. Ong l!lrcha-
nral~gsa~vliobocanle its first I!l~i~I~ammadan ruler tulder the style of
Jfnclzaffal Shah. Some of these titles are not Indiail but Indo-
Chinese ; ' Poclisat ' for example is ' Bodisat ' anil the cllasge of
.sound from soliallts to surds is neither Illiliall nor Malay but
~cl~aracteristicallg Inclo-Chinese occnrrilzg in &Ion, Iihmer, Siamese
.and Bunnese. This is e~ii1enc.ethat I<edah fell, after the fall of
Palei~ibangand the decay of Majapahit, under the influence of its
'Xortllern neigllbou~,the Siamese.
A11 Acbinese account gives 1414 A.D. as the date of the con-
.version of the first king of I<eclah to Islam (Journal of the Ilztlian
Archipelago T701. 111, p. 480 and J. X. A. S., April 1909, 1., 52'7)).
Jour. Straits Branch
 And the lil<elihood of that date is confirmed by the story in the,
SFj'jwnl~A?Ij&l~~yti of a Raja of Iiedah conling to Malaccs to asB hr
the nobuf (or royal insignia) from rSultall J l a h m ~ ~ cShah,l tlle last
Malay rliler of Malacca, who mas clriven O L I ~by the Fortugliese.
concluest i n 1 5 , l l AD.and (lie(1 ill 1,513 8.D. (Lejrde~l's" Malay
Aimals," pp. $321-3). It is reasona1)le to suppose that the ruler.
of I<e(lah was then a h4alay. Here, one may ohserve that i11 popular.
tales the Iiedall ilgeastjr begins with a tusliecl cannibal king, the so11
of an ogress; Blagden has sho~r~ll that the legend is borroned.
from Inclia ancl is col)ied from the EndcLhist Jatalia tales (5.X.
1i A. S., S. B. No. 70) : i t is possi,ble, ho~~rever,that the story nras.
adapted to sylllbolize that the alicestrg of the dynasty is not purely
i >falay.
Tlie Portng~ieseBanbosa, n~hosemanuscript is dated Lisbon
1516, describes I<eclah " as a. place of the Itingdom of Siain : " to.
the 11o.rt "an infinite number of sllips resort, trading in all kinils
of ~nerchan~lise.Here colne mn.ny 34oorish ships fro111 all quarters.
I-Iere, too, is grovn mncll pepper, very good and fine nliich is con-.
veyed to Malacca, ancl thenre to China.." (" Remusio," Pol. 1, 13..
318). The illfluence of Sianl caullot have beell great to ~llonra
Raja of Iieclah to go to 3falacca a.t the begilnling of the .lGth
celltury to get regalia from a n'1aln.y suzerain! Nor was i t great.
e n o ~ ~ gtol l save I<edah froin attack by the Portnguese. In lGll
according to De Pa.ria, Dioge cle Medoca Pnrtado sailing clown fro111
Tellasseriill to B'lalacca destroyeil the tourns of "Quedah and Parles"'
with fire ancl s~rrorcl(Dnnuers' " Portuguese in India," Vol. 11, 13..
1G4).
C Again Sialllese in.fluence did not 1)aull; Acheen. I n 1619.
j Sulta.11 Iskandar Afuda, or Mahkota A4am as 11e was styled, led
the rulers of Xedah and Peral; into oa1)tivity. The Icedah prince-
t mas Sultan Snlaiman Shah ( J . 1:. A. .S., S. E. 72, p. 122). .kchin-
i
ese in.fluence lasted some years. ( J . I. A. 1'11, 1). 480). The.
i " Hedah .4nnals " have a curious julllblecl story that on the con--
~ e r s i o nof iSu1ta.n 3II~1dzaffalSlrah to I s l a n ~the
~ Iring of Aclieen
allcl one Shailth Nuru'd-din sent liini two religious treatises the.
Si~atzi'l-~~zzutakin% and the Rabu'n-Nikalr.. Now the iSi~utz~'1-
11zzrstnki7iz was done into Malay by the said Shai~lih Nurnd-clin
~fnhammac1Jilaui ibil Ali ibn I-Iasanyi ibn Mulinminnd I-IamicT
a'r-Railiri i n the year 1634 A.D. (Jugll~boll's " Catalogile of Malay
1fS.S. in Leiilen Universitjr Library," 1). 2 5 7 ) . 'l'h.at detail helps
us to fix a date for the composition (or more prohably a late
recension) of the Ilt. illal-on9 ill'al1,nlca~z!7sa..Bnt consi.derill~n o t
only that the Achinese annals and the SFja1.uk fiiln~yzigoint to the
close of the ST[th century as the time of Kedal~'s conversi.on to.
.Islain but also that S11ltan Muilzaffal Shall the first convert is
always regarcled as the great-great-great-gra11~1fzt11er of .Sultan
Sulaiilla~l5hali n~hovras taken to Acheen in 1G19 AD., i t is a
detail ~vllicll discreclits entirely the cliroi~ology of the "I<edah
Annals." From the confusioll of. rulers i t nlust lia:~febeen inter-
pola.tec1 long after 1634.
R. -4. Sac., No. 81. 1920.
-32 HISTORY O F ICED9H.

The list of the early J~uha~nmaclai'

Icings given i n those
." Annaols " is as f ollo~vs:-
ll~~clzaffal
Shah (Phraong Iviahawangsa.)
I I I
~ u a z x a ' mShah Raja ~ f u h k m a dShah snlairn& Shah
(reigned a t Icota Palas) (ruled Langkapuri)
I

( ? h4ans11r Shah)
I

~ a l l m u ' dShah
I
Snlailnan Shah
*(carried to Acheen 1619 A.D.)
I t mns i n the reigx wf 1Sulta.n Mua.zza.lll Shah, the seconcl RIuham-
-ma.dan ruler of l<ecla.ll, t11a.t the " Iiedah Annn.1~ " profess i11 their
preface to have been composed (J. R. A. S., S. B. 'l2, p. 37). I f
that statenlent is .true a t any rate of the llucleus of the book, i t
-nronld be for Malay histories of a very respectal>le age incleed. But
t11a.t there ]),navebeen many recensions is clear not only fro111 the in-
cident of Shaikh Nuru'cl-din's Si~atzi.'l-mzistukim,But also, as we
shall see, from the completion of bile list of rulers dovn t o very
.recent tilnes (ib. 13. 122). illlother an~chro~~ilism I1la.y be the men-
tion of IiuaLa Changgo~~g, if that n a n ~ emeans R.angoon, ~~rllich
la.tter name dates frmn 17.55 A.P. only.
Jnst as Xi-amese influence l ~ a dnot s~veclIcedah fro111 the
Portugnese ancl the ,Achinese, so too i t did not sare it from the
'Dutch. Having trade routes not only fro111 Singapore but fro111
Patani i t was a very illlportant centre. ".Onthe 11th July 1.642,
-the king of l<edah, ~1r1101n Ifatelief bacl visited i n 1.606, agreed
v i t h ,the (Putch East In.dia) Conipagnie to let her have h a l of the
tin-l?rocluction of his country a t a iisecl price and not to adalit ships
nrjthout the Compagnie's permit. An. a.ttempt was nlade t o obtain
.a similar contract from Peralr nlhich mas richest in tin. Rut that
country refused, givillfi as a reason its sassnlage to ilcl3een. On ,

I<,edah a tight 1101~1nrns Irept. The i~~structiolls to ' break the

.office there ' (11686) nlso container1 orders ' for the blockade of its
port.' This colnnzalld was rel~eatedthree years h t e r : the Governor
~vastold to ' b l ~ ~ l i a dthe
e river of Hedali as closely as possilsle;'
-in 1663 the ' Dagregister' melltions that 'the river of Q,t),nedais
,still being blockaded ' ancl i n 1664 t,he Netherlands I n d i a ~ l.Govern-
lllel~tresolves, i n spite of the liing's wish for peace, ' to colltiilne
the blocltacle of Queda on the olcl footing.' Iiedah dicl not bear
.t!l~is~lleekll;;in 1G'i'G Governor B o d ~nrritesto Bata~riathat 'the
Compagnie's cruising sloops had been assailed many times about
Pera and Qneda by Mahay pirates.' Ancl shortly afternards he
-reports that ' about Dinghdiaglz another sloop with a crew of six
hail beell r ~ ~ s l ~by
e c lthe Qnednze pirates onring to the crew's owli
Jour. Straits Branch
 HISTORY O F KEDSH. 33

carelessness. All of the crew were severely woundeil and t . 1 ~

.scounclrels cou,ld not be overta1;en.' Gold ca.me from Kedah and
elephents. I n the first quarter of t.l~e18th century Valeiltijn
writes thaf ' several offices, to wit l'eirah, ICedah, 'Ujang Bnlang
t e the Govern~lzentof Jfnlacca" (J.
and 1nclr:agiri are ~ ~ b c r d i n a to
R.. A. S'., IS. B. 67, pp. 5'7-SiL)-
I n spite 01 11aving clone nothing to ward off the aggression of
Portnguese; Achinese aiicl Dutch, 8ia1n still cla.imed suzerainty
over l<ecla.Ii. " Reference might '' be " had to the work6 of
Alsbe Cl~oisyin 1686 and t o 31. de la. Ijod~ere's I-Iisto~yo . 3ia)m
E
i n 1678; by 1)oth of n r h m ICedah i.s dexribetl as being, at least.,
trib.~dary to Siam. It ~ebelled according to these authors in
1720, ( !)-a, fact impljring ssnbject,ion-11nt was speedily recluced
bv S.i%nlto o.bedience " (J. I. A. 111, p. 601, Col. Low).
T r o d ~ l eof a milder iiilld was il,npeniling from auotl~erquarter.
'l'homas Bolvrey says that there mas n. British factory i n Redah
from 1669 till 1,675but that i t was a complete f a1'1are.
I n 1770 affliction came fro111 yet another side. The Bngis,
having established tl~en?sehesin Selangvr, at.taclced Redall a.ni1
1)urnt t11e t a m . I s the illrrasion of ICeilah by IlBkin(~Hitanl (J.
.R. A. S., S.B. 72, p. 82) an interl3olation i n the TIt. dlc~.~onq
Alnl~ci.~cu?~,gsa perhaps reininiscent of t.his aat.t;t.tacl;.?
Accouuts o.€ the events leacling u p to and consecluent on t,he
acquisition of P,enang and Province \\Telsleslegby tlie British appear
in J. R-. A. IS., S. B. No. 67 1313. 76-7, and i n S:metitenhamnJs " British
14:~laya," pp. 42-53, ;A version more fa.vournble to the British and
Inore closely based on the treaties a.11~1c.orresponc1ence (" "Treaties
a n d e n g ~ g e ~ n e n entered
ts into or effeating the Native Stcctes of the
17eainsa1~la: " Singlapore 1889, pp. 61-71) ma.y be reacl in Wright
.a.nd Heid's ('The Malay Peninsula," 1111. 49-87.
;Jnst before the Sianzese invasion. Redah acting 011 instructions
fronz Siam had attadied Pel-ah- and in IS19 cla.imec1 to I i a ~ econ-
.querecl it.
Treated i n 1786 as an inilependelzt, stahe, I<edah was recognized
By Bngland i n 1526 as tributary to Siam. 'Uhere were two reasons:
for this recognition. Tfhe iinlnediat,e d ~ j e c twas to prevent the
Sianlese from co-opera.t.ing 7n:it.h the Bnrniese during the first Bm-
inese 1va.r; and there mas the further object of defining bhe ]~osition
.of Sia1-11 in the norfill of the Malay Peninsula. 'l'lle Treat.y recog-
nizeil Penang an.cl P r o ~ i n c e?\Telleslej as English c-oun;t.ries. I t laic1
il.awn t11a.t Per& ~vasinilel~endent nnil s11oulcl not be a ttaclied : the
Xaja could send the gold and si1ye.r flowers to Siam if he l i l i ~ l .
l'he Siamese were to renlain ix 1Ceil.d; and the English were not
to allom the exiled I?aja of Keclah to settle in Pena.ng, Prorince
Wellesley, Perak, Selangor or Bur.ina. (Iditchison's " Treaties,
]<ngagewents and Saaails," 801. TI, 117). 951, 369-71).
The B4;S!X.of the Ht. rllcirong No71ntcm~qso.,t h a t used by Low
(J. I. A. Vol. 111), that i n the &laswell collec.t.ion a t the Library
of the Royal Asisatic 9,ociety (I;onilun), TT~illiinson's edition re-
R. A. Soc., KO. 81, 1920.
 34 HISTORY O F KEDA.H.

printed in J. It.A. E., 8. B. 7 2 , and von de Wall's M,S. nonr in the

library of the Batwia. Society (van RonkeYs " Ca.tal,ogns," Ver--
hnndelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootscl~,apDee1 LVII, pp. 290-
294) all give the same list of the Muhamlnacl~anrulers of ICedah
down to Ahmad Ta.juJd-din who ascended in IS20 A.D. After
Sulaiman Shah, nrho died at Acheen the list continues :-
.S.~l'la.iinanS11ah
(cl. 1620 AD.)
I
.Rijaln'd-din Shell .
(Marhum Naga)
I
Muhigyu'cl-din 3 f : a . n ~Shah
~
(,Marhum Sena)
I
D.ziyau7d-din Mukarram Shall
(;\Inrl~uinhi lir ntcr.2~1Ia.rhum ka.-badai)
I
Ata'11'1lci11 I1\ICuha.mntadBhah
( 14arhum Blukit Pinang)
I
~ ~ u h a ~ r n nJai~~crl aZainnl-abidin Muazzarn Shall
(Marhmn IZEyangan. Movecl to Alor Star. 1741"-l'i'78)
I
I I'
Al~clullaliad-&I~~.karranl ;Shah Dniiu'd-din Muzzam Shah
( N a r h ~ u nTvIucla, Bnliit Pinang ; (Marhum Iii5yanga.n;1799 1
a. 1798) abdicated after 2 yea-rs: d. 1818)
I
L!llmacl 'Ta.jn'd-din Haliin Sllaah
(3larhum 1falacca ; 1SO-I- : d. ?1S44)
I
Zainu'l-Rlasl~id .Shall
'. Li'
(d. ci~aca,185-2)
I
I, A~lln~acl
Tajn'cl-din. M u l i ~ r f a ~Shah
n~
(cl. 1879)
I
.Ji
Zainu'l-Easlii>d
r
Al)cln'I-Eamid Abdu'l-Aziz,
I!
BSuta.zaam .S;l~~al~. .I-Ialim shah. Raja n'Iuda.
(d. 1881) (.d. 1907)
Ke~r~bolcl giT7es the cli-~tesfor 17luhaiilmacl Jinw %8inal-al>idin ancl'
Al~dullrllbut s e a m to have got the fain.ily relationshil~swrong.
For the names and dates after Ahme,cl Tajn'd-din, ~v11odied about
IS44 KT)., I ail1 indebted to a list conlpiled for Mr. E. A. G. S,tuart
" There is a coin of 'this ruler dated 1154 A.R. = 1741-2 (Milliesr
'Recherches snr les l l o c l ~ n i e s cles Indigsnes de 1'Archipel Indien et de
Peninsula Malaise' ( l g ' i l ) , p. 133 ancl plate. Cf. J. Ib. A. S., S. B., NO-
27, p. 132).
Jour. Stl-aits Branch
i_ HISTORY 017 I<EL)AH. 35

II bv Wan Ya.haya Haji and also to the account i n the " Straits Direc-
[ torjr." A.llinad Taju~'d-d.i~i~ Balinl Shah beg:n. his reign a t IZ11sl.a
ICedall. I n I.S21 the Siamese invadecl liedah and he fled to
I l'rovince IVellesle~rand li[lanlai. Tlle Bliannese rnled Jieclah for 23
years, cliv,itbing i t into four parts: ( I ) li-ecla:h, (2) Getnl ruled by
' ~ n n l ; u Bisnn, (3) Perlis ruled by Sa.yic1 EIusain Jamaln'd-din,
' ( A ) 1<11bang ~ ' R S I LI - L I ~by
~ CTu11liu
~ L l n u i ~ ~I.n six years the popu-
lation was reducecl from lSO,OO0- to 6,000. I n 18-31Sultan Ahmncl
Taju'il-(tiin ~ v a sren~ovoclt o IJ\.lniacca; in 1536 having got peramission
to lewe Malacca :for cx visit to Deli he vest to Gruas and prepared
t o a.ttacli Iiedah, rnllcll a British gun-hont captured and took him
to 13,ellang. I n IS43 Icecla'll, k11e division, was restored to him under
Siainese protection ancl he returned to reign a t Kota Iiu,da Muda,
as Alor Star \bras oyergromn with forest. I l e was buriecl a t Lang-
gar. Later Kubang Rusn was restored- to Kecla11, blit Perlis remains
inclcpendent ancl Setnl is st.ill :L part of Siamese territory.
I11 1.909 snzerainty over Icedah and Perlis was transferred by
-Sianl to Great Britain.
There m e two illteresti~lgpoints in the "~Iieda11;Innals " nrhich
,tIesenle remark. Allusioll is ,11lade to the fact t11a.t C+lulong Geriang,
Ciunong J6ra:i and Gunong J a l ~ ~ t l were ~ u l once islands (J-. B.. A. S'.,
S. B. 72, 11. 69). Mow geologists tell us this is true. hut it was
t,l~ousandsof years ago, coo fa.r back for trailit.ion to 1la.ve conle
-clown; so that presanlably Ma1a.y~a ~ n s have t obser~eclthe evideace
-of sea-shells inland and drawn haphazard the correct conclusion.
Again, the " Annals" record a. T<eclah legend (which I sha.11
show in the next Journal to be of foreign origin) as to the found-
ing of Perali (ib.,, 11. 62 a.nd No. 9, pp. 85-86 and J. R. A. s.,
April 190.5) and say t11a.t the palace of the I<edah Raja who became
tlie first ruler of Perali was erected a t 13ul,a.11Indra Sakti. Rut
.according to Perak 11.istory recorded i n the JJistc 3fL'lnyu, an
STTIIIt.l~century history of that state, S ~ t l t a nIskanclar who came
to the tlnwne in 17'63 A.D. was the first r d e r of Perali to build n
padace on an islailil d o n l ~the Perak River, called Chen~lpaliaSari,
till he changecl its nalne into Indra Sakti. The legend of the
"Annals" is a late interpolation. But does i t refer to an earlier
Pulau Inclrn S ~ l c t i ? Did Iiedah elrer hold continuous swag over
the nort~l~enl part of Pernl;, before the present Peralc dynasty
was founded? On these points there is no evidence.
I am indebtecl to Mr. C. 0. Blagden for mncll vulud~lei11.foim-
-ation towarils the prepara.tioii of this paper: and in connection
with i t should be read his article in this number of the J o ~ u n a ,011 l
" The Empire of tlie Alal~nraja."

R..\ Soc., So. 51, 19'20.