A Project Report

On

METAL SHAPE DETECTOR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
degree of
Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)

2007-2011
Under the guidance of: Submitted by:

Mr. Parikshit Vashisht Lokanshu Arora(073052)

Gaurav kalra(073030)

Department of Electronics Engineering

Apeejay College of Engineering
Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana)

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our proud privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude & devotion for the keen
interest & invaluable to us by revered faculty:

Dr. Sarabjit Singh (Principal of Apeejay College of Engineering, Sohna (Gurgaon))

Mr. Satinder Sharma (H.O.D. Of Dept. of Electronics Engineering in Apeejay college of

Engineering, Sohna (Gurgaon)).

(Project Guide & lecturer of Dept. Of Electronics Engineering in Apeejay Styanand Mr.
Parikshit Vashisht University (Gurgaon)).

Who responded to our queries by providing necessary data and information, thus helping us
to complete the project successfully. It is because of their guidance, constant encouragement
and inspiration that we have able to accomplish this task.

It is our pleasant duty to thank all staff members of Department of Electronics &who never
hesitated in extending the cooperation from time to time during this project.

Thanking you once again,

Gaurav Kalra(073030)

Lokanshu Arora(073052)

2
 DECLARATION

We GAURAV KALRA and LOKANSHU ARORA hereby declare that the work presented
in the project report titled METAL SHAPE DETECTOR to the Department of Electronics
Engineering, Apeejay college of engineering , Sohna (Gurgaon) for the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of degree of the “Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering” is authentic record of our work carried out during final year, 2010-2011 at our
college premises under the supervision of Mr. Parikshit Vashisht (Project Guide & lecturer
of Dept. Of Electronics Engineering in Apeejay Styanand University (Gurgaon)).

The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted elsewhere by anybody for
the award of any degree or diploma.

GAURAV KALRA LOKANSHU ARORA

(O73030) (073052)

3
 APEEJAY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Vill–Silani (Sohna – Palwal Road)

Sohna (Gurgaon), Haryana

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “METAL SHAPE DETECTOR” which is being
submitted by GAURAV KALRA(073030) and LOKANSHU ARORA(073052), to the
department of Electronics Engineering, Apeejay College of Engineering, Sohna
(Gurgaon) for the award of degree in Electronics Engineering, is a record of bonafide project
work, they have carried out under my supervision & guidance.

The result contained in this project has not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of a degree or diploma.

Mr. Parikshit Vashisht

(Project Guide)

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction.
2. Block diagram
3. Block Diagram Description
4. Main Part or Features of the project.
5. Circuit diagrams or Layout.
6. Different tools used.
7. The original programming code for the project
8. Future scope and applications
9. Reference and data sheets.

5
 INTRODUCTION

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity

and converts it into a signal which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument. Sensors are used in
everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator
buttons and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the
base. There are also innumerable applications for
sensors of which most people are never aware.
Applications include cars, machines, aerospace,
medicine, manufacturing and robotics.
FINGER PRINT SENSOR
A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to
capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The
captured image is called a live scan. This live scan
is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a
collection of extracted features) which is stored and
used for matching. This is an overview of some of the
more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies.

METALLIC SHAPE DETECTOR

A metallic shape detector is an electronic device used to

detect the shape of a metallic device . This metallic
device can be of any shape like human face ,
6
recognition patterns , etc. The detectable metal object is
to be inserted into the device and then the device can
detect the shape of that metallic object and we get the
signal.

7
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

In the given block diagram,we have Detecting

object,Encoder,8051 Microcontroller,5 V Power Supply and
led detection.The detecting object is entered into the
encoder . The encoder will convert the larger number of
inputs into binary inputs. The binary inputs are then
processed by microcontroller using a program code in
assembly language .All these components work on 5 V power
supply . Then the shape of the detecting object is detected by
led detection. AT89C51 is a 40 pin microcontroller which
belongs to 8051 series of microcontroller

8
FEATURES OF THE PROJECT:

5 VOLTS POWER SUPPLY

220 VOLTS TO 9 VOLTS TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupledconductors—the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus
a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric
current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical
energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp),
and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np)
as follows:

9
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a
transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater
than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less
than Np.
In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are
coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-
core transformers being a notable exception.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphoneto huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All
operate with the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
nearly all electronic devices designed for household
("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically
practical.

10
11
DIODES
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic
componentthat conducts electric current in only one
direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor
diode, the most common type today. This is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to
two electrical terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode(now
little used except in some high-power technologies) is
avacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and
a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an
electric current to pass in one direction (called the
diode's forwarddirection) while blocking current in the
opposite direction (thereverse direction). Thus, the diode
can be thought of as an electronic version of a check
valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification,
and is used to convert alternating current todirect
current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in
radio receivers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior
than this simple on-off action. This is due to their
complex non-linearelectrical characteristics, which can
be tailored by varying the construction of their P-N
junction. These are exploited in special purpose diodes
that perform many different functions. For example,
specialized diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener
diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers
(varactor diodes), to generate radio
frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes), and to produce
light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes
exhibitnegative resistance, which makes them useful in
some types of circuits.
12
Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices.
The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made
by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first
semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes,
developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals
such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon,
but other semiconductors such as germanium are
sometimes used.

13
14
RESISTANCE

A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic
component which implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the
terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the
resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant
of proportionality is called conductance, G. The
reciprocal of the conductance is known as
the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger
value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given
by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly
analog devices, and can also be integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by
its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of
magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an
electronic design, the required precision of the
resistance may require attention to the manufacturing
tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its
specific application. The temperature coefficient of

15
the resistance may also be of concern in some
precision applications. Practical resistors are also
specified as having a maximum power rating which
must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that
resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern
in power electronics applications. Resistors with
higher power ratings are physically larger and may
require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit,
attention must sometimes be paid to the rated
maximum working voltage of the resistor.
The series inductance of a practical resistor causes
its behavior to depart from ohms law; this
specification can be important in some high-
frequency applications for smaller values of
resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the
noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue.
The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the
technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They
are not normally specified individually for a particular
family of resistors manufactured using a particular
technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also
characterized according to its form factor, that is, the
size of the device and position of its leads (or
terminals) which is relevant in the practical
manufacturing of circuits using them.

16
17
CAPACITOR

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device

for storing electric charge. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two
conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors
used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist
of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting
of a pair of conductors separated by
a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential
difference (voltage) across the conductors, a
static electric field develops across the dielectric,
causing positive charge to collect on one plate and
negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in
the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized
by a single constant value,capacitance, measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for
blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the
output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that
tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other
purposes.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow
separation between large areas of conductor, hence
capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring
to an early means of construction. In practice the
18
dielectric between the plates passes a small amount
of leakage current and also has an electric field strength
limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.

19
20
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that

uses an electrolyte, an ionic conducting liquid, as one of
its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit
volume than other types. They are often referred to
in electronics usage simply as "electrolytics". They are
used in relatively high-current and low-frequency
electrical circuits, particularly in power supply filters,
where they store charge needed to moderate output
voltage and current fluctuations inrectifier output. They
are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits
where AC should be conducted but DC should not.
There are two types of electrolytics; aluminum
and tantalum.
Electrolytic capacitors are capable of providing the
highest capacitance values of any type of capacitor but
they have drawbacks which limit their use. The standard
design requires that the applied voltage must be
polarized; one specified terminal must always have
positive potential with respect to the other. Therefore
they cannot be used with AC signals without a DC
polarizing bias. However there are special non-polarized
electrolytic capacitors for AC use which do not require a
DC bias. Electrolytic capacitors also have relatively low
breakdown voltage, higher leakage current and
inductance, poorer tolerances and temperature range,
and shorter lifetimes compared to other types of
capacitors.

21
22
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed

to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A
voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design
or may include negative feedback control loops. It may
use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used
to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such
as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC
voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power
station generator plants, voltage regulators control the
output of the plant. In an electric power
distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed
at a substation or along distribution lines so that all
customers receive steady voltage independent of how
much power is drawn from the line.

Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the

actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage.
Any difference is amplified and used to control the
regulation element in such a way as to reduce the
voltage error. This forms a negative feedbackcontrol
loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase
regulation accuracy but reduce stability (avoidance of
oscillation, or ringing during step changes). There will
also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of
the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low
(perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current
increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to
23
a point, to produce a higher output voltage–by dropping
less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators
and buck switching regulators), or to draw input current
for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if
the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will
normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage.
However, many regulators have over-current protection,
so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit
the current in some way) if the output current is too high,
and some regulators may also shut down if the input
voltage is outside a given range (see also: crowbar
circuits).

24
25
26
PUSH BUTTON

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) (press-

button in the UK) or simply button is a
simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of
a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out
of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is
usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger
or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed.
Buttons are most often biased switches, though even
many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature)
require a spring to return to their un-pushed state.
Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of
the button, such as press, depress,mash, and punch.

Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them

with their function so that the operator will not push the
wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for
stopping the machine or process and green for starting
the machine or process.
Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (called
mushroom heads) for easy operation and to facilitate the
stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are
called emergency stopbuttons and are mandated by the
electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety.
This large mushroom shape can also be found in
buttons for use with operators who need to
wear gloves for their work and could not actuate a
regular flush-mountedpush button. As an aid for
27
operators and users in industrial or commercial
applications, apilot light is commonly added to draw the
attention of the user and to provide feedback if the
button is pushed. Typically this light is included into the
center of the pushbutton and a lens replaces the
pushbutton hard center disk. The source of the energy
to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts
on the back of the pushbutton but to the action the
pushbutton controls. In this way a start button when
pushed will cause the process or machine operation to
be started and a secondary contact designed into the
operation or process will close to turn on the pilot light
and signify the action of pushing the button caused the
resultant process or action to start

28
29
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that

uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precisefrequency. This
frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as
in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock
signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies forradio transmitters and receivers. The
most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is
thequartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around
them became known as "crystal oscillators."
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a
few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than
two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured annually.
Most are used for consumer devices such
as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers,
and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside
test and measurement equipment, such as
counters,signal generators, and oscilloscopes

30
31
MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (sometimes
abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and programmableinput/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP
ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are
designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used inpersonal computers or other
general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled
products and devices, such as automobile engine
control systems, implantable medical devices, remote
controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and
toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a
design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory,
and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it
economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common,
integrating analog components needed to control non-
digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use Four-bit words and
operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for
low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They
will generally have the ability to retain functionality while
waiting for an event such as a button press or other
interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock
and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts,
making many of them well suited for long lasting battery
applications. Other microcontrollers may serve
32
performance-critical roles, where they may need to act
more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher
clock speeds and power consumption

33
8051 architecture

34
Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured
as an input or an output.
Pin 9: RS A logic one on this pin disables the
microcontroller and clears the contents of most
registers. In other words, the positive voltage on this pin
resets the microcontroller. By applying logic zero to this
pin, the program starts execution from the beginning.
Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins
can serve as general input or output. Besides, all of
them have alternative functions:
Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input
or Serial synchronous communication output.
Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication
output or Serial synchronous communication clock
output.
Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input.
Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input.
Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input.
Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input.
Pin 16: WR Write to external (additional) RAM.
Pin 17: RD Read from external RAM.
Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A
quartz crystal which specifies operating frequency is
usually connected to these pins. Instead of it, miniature
ceramics resonators can also be used for frequency
stability. Later versions of microcontrollers operate at a
frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz.
Pin 20: GND Ground.
Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external
memory then these port pins are configured as general
inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used, the
higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear
on this port. Even though memory with capacity of 64Kb
35
is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are
used for its addressing, the rest of them are not
available as inputs/outputs.
Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing
program then a logic zero (0) appears on it every time
the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.
Pin 30: ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the
microcontroller puts the lower address byte (A0-A7) on
P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving signal
from the ALE pin, the external register (usually
74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizes the
state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address.
Immediately after that, the ALU pin is returned its
previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data Bus.
As seen, port data multiplexing is performed by means
of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit. In
other words, this port is used for both data and address
transmission.
Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3
are used for data and address transmission with no
regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It
means that even there is a program written to the
microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, the
program written to external ROM will be executed. By
applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will
use both memories, first internal then external (if exists).
Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to P2, if external memory is
not used, these pins can be used as general
inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address
output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is driven high (1) or as
data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is driven low
(0).
Pin 40: VCC +5V power supply
36
8051 INTERFACING:

LED INTERFACING

LEDs are by far the most widely used means of taking

output. They find huge application as indicators during
experimentations to check the validity of results at
different stages. They are very cheap and easily
available in a variety of shape, size and colors.
The principle of operation of LEDs is simple. The
commonly available LEDs have a drop voltage of 1.7 V
and need 10 mA to glow at full intensity. The following
circuit describes “how to glow an led”.

37
 

The value of resistance R can be calculated using the

equation, R= (V-1.7)/10 mA. Since most of the
controllers work on 5V, so substituting V= 5V, the value
of resistance comes out to be 330 ohm. The resistance
220 ohm, 470 ohm is commonly used substitute in case
330 ohm is not available.
  
AT89C51 is a 40 pin microcontroller which belongs to
8051 series of microcontroller. It has four ports each of
8 bits P0, P1, P2 and P3.The AT89C51 has 4K bytes of
programmable flash. The port P0 covers the pin 32 to
pin 39, the port P1 covers the pin 1 to pin 8, the port P2
covers the pin 21 to pin 28 and the port P3 covers the
pin 10 to pin 17. Pin 9 is the reset pin. The reset is
active high. Whenever the controller is given supply, the
reset pin must be given a high signal to reset the
controller and bring the program counter to the starting
address 0x0000. The controller can be reset by
manually connecting a switch or by connecting a
combination of resistor and capacitor as shown in the
circuit diagram. A 12 MHz crystal is connected between
pin 18 pin 19. Pin 40 is Vcc and pin 20 is ground. Pin
31, is connected to Vcc as we are using the internal
memory of the controller.

38
LEDs are connected to the port P0. LEDs need
approximately 10mA current to flow through them in
order to glow at maximum intensity. However the
output of the controller is not sufficient enough to drive
the LEDs, so if the positive leg of the LED is connected
to the pin and the negative to ground as shown in the
figure, the LEDwill not glow at full illumination.

 
To overcome this problem LEDs are connected in the
reverse order and they run on negative logic i.e.,
whenever 1 is given on any pin of the port, the LED will
switch off and when logic 0 is provided the LED will
glow at full intensity.
 

39
As soon as we provide supply to the controller, the LEDs
start blinking i.e., they become on for a certain time
duration and then become off for the same time
duration. This delay is provided by calling the delay
function. The values inside the delay function have been
set to provide a delay in multiples of millisecond (delay
(100) will provide a delay of 100 millisecond).

40
PROGRAM CODE
ORG 0H
CLR P1.0
AGAIN:

ACALL DELAY
ACALL DELAY
CPL P1.0
ACALL DELAY
ACALL DELAY
SJMP AGAIN
DELAY:
MOV R3, #05Fh
OUTER: MOV R2, #0242
OUTER1:MOV R1, #255
INNER: DJNZ R1, INNER
DJNZ R2,OUTER1
DJNZ R3, OUTER
41
RET
END
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5 VOLTS POWER SUPPLY

EXPLANATION

 Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated

+5V output, output current capability of 100 mA
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts
down output when regulator IC gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build

42
  Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage,
reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very
common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I
have used this circuit succesfully as part of many
electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small
laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unreglated DC 8-18V power
supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
 Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics
components + the input transformer cost
Circuit description

This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful

when experimenting with digital electronics. Small
inexpensive wall tranformers with variable output voltage are
available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those
transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage
regulation is very poor, which makes then not very usable for
digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be
achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to
the problem.
This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but
it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805
regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and therminal
protection.

43
 
Circuit diagram of the power supply.
The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely
handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very
easy to build for example into a piece of veroboard.
 
Pinout of the 7805 regulator IC.

 1. Unregulated voltage in
 2. Ground
 3. Regulated voltage out
Component list
7805 regulator IC
470 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least
25V voltage rating electrolytic
capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating
100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor
Modification ideas
More output current

If you need more than 150 mA of output current, you can

update the output current up to 1A doing the following
modifications:

 Change the transformer from where you take the power

to the circuit to a model which can give as much current
as you need from output
 Put a heatsink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does
not overheat because of the extra losses in the
regulator)
44
Other output voltages

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the
circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with
different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The
last numbers in the the chip code tells the output voltage.
Remember that the input voltage muts be at least 3V greater
than regulator output voltage ot otherwise the regulator does
not work well.

45
46
TOOLS USED:

SOLDERING IRON

A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used

in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it
can flow into the joint between two workpieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and
an insulated handle. Heating is often achieved
electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied
through an electrical cord or battery cables) through the
resistive material of a heating element. Another heating
method includes combustion of a suitable gas, which
can either be delivered through a tank mounted on the
iron (flameless), or through an external flame.
Less common uses include pyrography (burning designs
into wood) and plastic welding.
Soldering irons are most often used for installation,
repairs and limited production work. High-volume
production lines use other soldering methods. [1]

47
48
Connecting wires

49
STRIPBOARD

Stripboard is a widely-used type

of electronics prototyping board characterized by a
0.1 inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes,
with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in
one direction all the way across one side of the board. It
is usually known by the name Veroboard, which is a
trademark, in the UK, of British company Vero
Technologies Ltd, & Pixel Print LTD Canada.
In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks,
usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple
electrical nodes. With care, it is possible to break
between holes to allow for components that have two
pin rows only one position apart such as twin row
headers for IDCs.
A related product is called perfboard (short for
perforated board). This is like a Veroboard but each hole
has an isolated copper pad rather than a default pattern
of copper tracks. Perfboard is also widely used for
electrical prototyping, generally with techniques such as
miniature point to point wiring, wire wrapping, or a wiring
pencil.
Stripboard is available from many different vendors. All
versions have copper strips on one side. Some are
made using printed circuit board etching and drilling
techniques, although some have milled strips and
punched holes. The original Veroboard used FR-2
synthetic-resin-bonded paper (SRBP) (also known as
phenolic board) as the base board material. Some
versions of stripboard now use higher quality FR-
4 (fiberglass-reinforced epoxy laminate) material.[1]
50
Stripboard holes are drilled on 0.1 inch (2.54 mm)
centers. This spacing allows components having pins
with a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) spacing to be inserted.
Compatible parts include DIP ICs, sockets for ICs, some
types of connectors, and other devices.
The components are usually placed on the plain side of
the board, with their leads protruding through the holes.
The leads are then soldered to the copper tracks on the
other side of the board to make the desired connections,
and any excess wire is cut off. The continuous tracks
may be easily and neatly cut as desired to form breaks
between conductors using a 5 mm twist drill, a hand
cutter made for the purpose, or a knife. Tracks may be
linked up on either side of the board using wire. With
practice, very neat and reliable assemblies can be
created, though such a method is labour-intensive and
therefore unsuitable for production assemblies except in
very small quantity

51
KEIL SOFTWARE

The Keil™ products from ARM include C/C++

compilers, debuggers, integrated environments,
RTOS, simulation models, and evaluation boards
for ARM, Cortex-M, Cortex-R, 8051, C166, and
251 processor families.

The µVision IDE from Keil combines project

management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete
simulation in one powerful environment. The
µVision development platform is easy-to-use and
helping you quickly create embedded programs
that work. The µVision editor and debugger are
integrated in a single application that provides a
seamless embedded project development
environment.

SUNROM PROGRAMMER

The µVision IDE from Keil combines project

management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete
simulation in one powerful environment. The
µVision development platform is easy-to-use and
helping you quickly create embedded programs
that work. The µVision editor and debugger are
integrated in a single application that provides a

52
seamless embedded project development
environment.

Supported Devices

53
Atmel
AT89C51
AT89C52
AT89S51
AT89S52
AT89S53
AT89S8252
AT89C1051
AT89C2051
AT89C4051

Winbond
W78E51
W78E52

SST
SST89C54
SST89C58
SST89C59
SST89E54RD
SST89E58RD
SST89E554RC

Serial EEPROM
AT24C01
AT24C02
AT24C04
AT24C08
AT24C16
AT24C32
AT24C64

54
AT24C164
AT93C46
AT93C56
AT93C66

55
The original programming code for the project:

56
57
 Future scope and applications

Electronic locks offer a variety of means of

authentication; those described below are not
considered exhaustive.
Numerical codes, passwords and passphrases
Perhaps the most prevalent form of electronic lock is
that using a numerical code for authentication; the
correct code must be entered in order for the lock to
deactivate. Such locks typically provide a keypad, and
some feature an audible response to each press.
Combination lengths are usually between 4 and 6 digits
long.
A variation on this design involves the user entering the
correct password or passphrase.
Security tokens
Another means of authenticating users is to require
them to scan or "swipe" a security token such as
a smart card or similar, or to interact a token with the
lock. For example, some locks can access stored
credentials on a personal digital assistant (PDA)
usinginfrared data transfer methods.
Biometrics
As biometrics become more and more prominent as a
recognized means of positive identification, their use in
security systems increases. Some new electronic locks
take advantage of technologies such
as fingerprint scanning, retinal scanning and iris
scanning, and voiceprint identification to authenticate
users.
58
RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an
object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or
incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the
purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves.
Some tags can be read from several meters away and
beyond the line of sight of the reader. This technology is
also used in modern electronic locks.

This Detector is analogous to Biometrics finger Print

Sensor. It is very helpful in Electronic Locks , Safety
purposes, design locks using different shapes of
metal object, baby toys, radio frequency applied key
locks.
It can replace mechanical locks which use
mechanical methods to get unlocked.
They are less economic as compared to BIOMETRICS
SENSORS.

59
REFERENCE

1. 8051 Microcontroller by Ali mazidi.

2. 8051 Architecture By Ayala.
3. Wikipedia
4. Google images
5. www.datasheetcatalog.com
6. www.google.com

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