1.

) Euler's Method
f (x,y) = y-x y'= 0
𝑦_(0=) 3

h = 0.1
x= 2
i x y y' y''
0 2 3 0 1
1 2.1 3.005 0.1 0.905
2 2.2 3.015 0.1905 0.815
3 2.3 3.03405 1.8205 0.734
4 2.4 3.2161 1.89391 0.816
5 2.5 3.4054905 3.52611 0.905

2.) Runge-Kutta Method

f (x,y) = (y'/x)+y
y= 0
y'= 1
 x= 1
x k1 k2 k3 k4
1 0.005 0.00576875 0.00581 0.007
1.1 0.0056 0.007553062711737 0.00767 0.009
1.2 0.0064 0.009752262925444 0.00996 0.011
1.3 0.0074 0.012494920086498 0.01284 0.015
1.4 0.0086 0.015949423902024 0.01648 0.019
1.5 0.0102 0.020337913155656 0.02113 0.024

1.8

1.6
 2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0.00560065583 0.00639240345 0
0.005 8068 4105 4
0
1 1.1 1.2
Euler's Method :

𝑥_(𝑖+1)=𝑋_𝑖+ℎ

𝑦1=𝑦0+ℎ(𝑦^′ )0+ℎ2/2!(y'')0 (example ODE

(y')1=(y')0+h(y'')0

EXACT ERRORS (%)

7.38906 59.39941502902
9.07025 66.869717146
11.2459 73.190132336
14.0834 78.45662064863
17.8143 81.94649892491
22.7599 85.03731899464
P Q y y' y'' h
0.00553 0.011606573594 0 1 1 0.1
0.00694 0.014922444312 0.106 1.116 1.12013 0.1
0.0087 0.019041961647 0.224 1.265 1.27848 0.1
0.01091 0.024204104751 0.359 1.456 1.47908 0.1
0.01369 0.030725187307 0.516 1.698 1.72846 0.1
0.01721 0.03902516085 0.699 2.005 2.03592 0.1
39240345 0.00739540149 0.00864231752 0.01017959
4041 9451 0923
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
(example ODE, y''=𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)

3.4054
3.2161

3 3.005 3.015 3.03405

3

2
1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Runge-Kutta Method :

P=1/3(k1+k2+k3)
Q=(1/3)(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
y1=y0+h(y')0+P
(y')1=(y')0+Q/h
𝑘_1=1/2 ℎ^2(𝑦^′′ )0

𝑘_2=0.5∗ℎ^2∗(𝑥0+1/2 ℎ)((𝑦^′ )0+𝑘1/ℎ)+𝑦0+1/2 ℎ(𝑦^

𝑘_3=0.5∗ℎ^2∗(𝑥0+1/2 ℎ)((𝑦^′ )0+𝑘2/ℎ)+𝑦0+1/2 ℎ(𝑦^

𝑘_4=0.5∗ℎ^2∗(𝑥0+ℎ)((𝑦^′ )0+2𝑘3/ℎ)+𝑦0+ℎ(𝑦^′ )0+𝑘3

0.01017959102
0923
1.5
 3.4054905
3.2161
3405

.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

/ℎ)+𝑦0+1/2 ℎ(𝑦^′ )0+1/4𝑘1))

/ℎ)+𝑦0+1/2 ℎ(𝑦^′ )0+1/4𝑘1))

)+𝑦0+ℎ(𝑦^′ )0+𝑘3))