Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria

FICHA #8: TIEMPOS VERBALES (formación)

En un curso de lectura comprensiva, la idea de presentar la formación de los tiempos verbales es sólo para
reconocimiento de los mismos en los textos.

El siguiente cuadro muestra, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos, cómo se forman los tiempos verbales
llamados simple en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE (will)

I (You, We, They) need some more I worked all night yesterday. She will decide soon.
tests. (Yo) trabajé toda la noche ayer. (Ella) decidirá pronto.
(Yo) necesito algunos tests más. VERBOS REGULARES (desinencia –ed) SUJETO+WILL+INFINITIVO

She (He, It) works perfectly in this
environment.
(Ella) trabaja perfectamente en este
ambiente.
How do you (I, we, they) prepare the
samples?
¿Cómo preparás (vos) las muestras?
DO+I, WE, THEY+INFINITIVO
What does she (he, it) measure?
¿Qué mide (ella)?
DOES+SHE, HE, IT+INFINITIVO (NO
“S”)
They do not (don´t) understand the
reason.
(Ellos) no comprenden la razón.
They took it to the laboratory.
(Ellos) lo llevaron al laboratorio.
VERBOS IRREGULARES (2º columna,
ver siguiente tema de este manual)
What did you bring to the field last week?
¿Qué trajiste al campo (vos) la semana
pasada?
DID+SUJETO+INFINITIVO
We did not (didn’t) believe it.
(Nosotros) no lo creímos.
DID+ NOT+VERBO INFINITIVO
What will you write in the abstract?
¿Qué escribirás (vos) en el abstract?
WILL+SUJETO+ INFINITIVO
They will not (won’t) come until
tomorrow.
(Ellos) no vendrán hasta mañana.
SUJETO+WILL+NOT+INFINITIVO
SIMPLE CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
She would come if she could.
(Ella) vendría si pudiera.
SUJETO+WOULD+VERBO INF.
What would you do if you were very
rich?
¿Qué harías si tuvieras mucho dinero?
WOULD+SUJETO+VERBO INF.

DO + NOT + INFINITIVO They would not live here if it were

not for you.
(Ellos) no vivirían aquí si no fuera por
He does not (doesn´t) consider that vos.
variable at all. SUJ.+WOULD+NOT+VERBO INF.
(Él) no considera para nada esa variable.
DOES + NOT + INFINITIVO (NO “s”)

1. Encerrá con los verbos en tiempos simple de los siguientes enunciados –excepto to be-
2. Expresálas en español.
Práctica Opcional:
3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del
enunciado.
4. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para familiarizarte con los infinitivos.

Ej: Zoby and Holmes (1983) reported that with extreme differences in animal size (mature cows vs stockers vs
calves), bite size values calculated indirectly from estimated herbage intake and total daily bites were different.

 Zoby y Holmes informaron que, con extremas diferencias en tamaño del animal, (vacas maduras vs vacas en
engorde vs terneros) los valores del tamaño del mordisco, calculados indirectamente a partir de la ingesta de
hierba y los mordiscos diarios, eran diferentes.
 Zoby and Holmes did not report that ….
 Did Zoby and Holmes report that …?

1. Vaccines do not always prevent infection.

 Tiempos Verbales

2. Apocrine edenomas resemble the secretory region of the apocrine glands.

3. Dry-cow therapy will cure some infections that exist at the time of drying off.

4. Basosquamous cell carcinomas do not have a tendency to develop on the head.

5. Equine Infectious Anemia tends to become an inapparent infection but occasionally results in death.

6. This observation indicates that the relationship of bite size to animal size needs further consideration.

7. Estrogen, by itself, does not contribute to the development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia or
pyometra.

8. A neoplasm of intermediate malignancy is locally infiltrative and difficult to excise but does not
metastasize.

9. Canine demodicosis is a common disease in dogs and occurs when large numbers of Demodeex canis
mites inhabit hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or apocrine sweat glands.

10. Prevention of new cases of mastitis depends on reducing exposure of uninfected cows to infected
cows during milking.
 Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria

El siguiente cuadro muestra, por su parte, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos también, cómo se
forman los tiempos verbales llamados progressive en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

I am analyzing the data now.
(Yo) estoy analizando los datos
ahora.
She (He, It) is testing the
equipment right now.
(Ella) está probando el equipo en
este momento.
We (They, You) are controlling the
plague.
(Nosotros) estamos controlando la
plaga.
SUJETO+AM, IS, ARE+ING
What is he (she, it) preparing?
¿Qué está preparando (él)
What are you (we, they) doing
there?
¿Qué estás haciendo (vos) ahí?
What am I doing?
¿Qué estoy haciendo (yo)?
AM, IS, ARE+SUBJECT+ING?
I am not (‘m not) saying that.
(Yo) no estoy diciendo eso.
He is not (isn’t) looking at that
sample.
(Él) no está mirando esa muestra.
They are not (aren’t) recording it. WAS+I, HE, SHE, IT+ING?
(Ellos) no están registrándolo.
SUJETO+ AM, IS,
ARE+NOT+ING
She (He, It) was working when they I will be travelling by the time they
arrived. arrive.
(Ella) estaba trabajando cuando (ellos)
llegaron. SUJETO+ WILL BE+ ING
I, HE, SHE, IT+WAS+ ING Will you be waiting for us?
WILL+SUJETO+BE+ ING?
You, (We, They) were talking when the
class started.
They will not (won’t) be listening to
(Vos) estabas conversando cuando la clase
you by the time you finish the class.
comenzó.
YOU, WE, THEY+WERE+VERBO+ -ING
SUJETO+WILL+NOT+BE+ ING
He was not (wasn’t) reading when the
CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE
phone rang.
(Él) no estaba leyendo cuando el teléfono
She would be studying here if she
sonó.
could.
I, HE, SHE, IT+WAS+NOT+ING
SUJETO+WOULD BE+ING
They were not (weren’t) watching the
What would you be doing if you
students when the accident happened.
were in the Caribbean now?
(Ellos) no estaban observando a los
WOULD+SUJETO+BE+ING
estudiantes cuando ocurrió el accidente.
YOU, WE, THEY+WERE+NOT+ ING
He would not (wouldn’t) be
complaining if he knew the reason.
Why was she analyzing the samples,
SUJ.+WOULD NOT BE+ING
instead of you, when I arrived?
¿Por qué estaba ella analizando las muestras,
y no vos, cuando (yo) llegué?
What were you doing when they arrived?
¿Qué estabas haciendo cuando (ellos)
llegaron?
WERE+ YOU, WE THEY+ ING?

1. Encerrá con las frases verbales de los siguientes enunciados en tiempos progressive o continuos.
2. Expresálas en español.
Práctica Opcional:
3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del
enunciado.
4. Escribí el infinitivo del verbo principal. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para
familiarizarte con los infinitivos.

1. The cow is calving in the pen right now.

2. They are measuring the feed intake.

3. He was isolating the piglets when they arrived.

4. We were weighing the steers when the bull attacked us.

5. He will be examining the fecal samples tomorrow morning in the lab.

 Tiempos Verbales

El siguiente y último cuadro muestra, de manera muy sintética y a través de ejemplos, al igual que los anteriores, cómo
se forman los tiempos verbales llamados perfect en inglés, en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT

I (You, We They) have already finished.
(Yo) ya terminé.
He (She, It) has already started.
(Él) ya comenzó.
VERBOS REGULARES:
SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+ED
I (You, We, They) have taken a decision.
He tomado / Tomé una decisión.
They had collected the samples when it
started to rain.
(Ellos) habían juntado las muestras
cuando comenzó a llover.
She had taken everything out before the
building collapsed.
(Ella) había sacado todo antes de que el
edificio se viniera abajo.
SUJETO+HAD+PARTICIPIO
I will have finished by the time they
arrive.
(Yo) habré terminado para cuando (ellos)
lleguen.
SUJETO+WILL HAVE+PARTICIPIO
They will not (won’t) have finished
the career by the time they get married.
(Ellos) no habrán terminado la carrera
para cuando se casen.

She (He, It) has brought this new idea for
us to analyze.
(Ella) ha traído / trajo esta nueva idea para
que nosotros la analicemos.
VERBOS IRREGULARES:
SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+P ARTICIPIO: -ED
O 3º COLUMNA)
She has not (hasn’t) finished yet.
(Ella) no
They have not (haven’t) met.
SUJETO+HAVE/HAS+NOT+PARTICIPIO
What have you used here? Where has
she failed?
HAVE/ HAS+SUJETO+PARTICIPIO
We had not (hadn’t) finished when SUJETO+WILL NOT+PARTICIPIO
they arrived.
(Nosotros) no habíamos terminado cuando Will you have practiced enough when
ellos llegaron. the date of the exam finally arrives?
Habrás practicado lo suficiente para
SUJETO+HAD+NOT+PARTICIPIO cuando llegue la fecha del examen?
How many samples had you taken WILL+SUJETO+HAVE+PARTICIPIO
before we changed the method?
¿Cuántas muestras habías tomado antes CONDITIONAL PERFECT
de que (nosotros) cambiáramos el
método? We would have understood if you
had explained.
HAD+SUJETO+PARTICIPIO SUJ.+WOULD HAVE+ PARTICIPIO
PARTICIPIO: The researcher would not
VERBOS REGULARES: (wouldn’t) have told you that if he
DESINENCIA –ED had known the conditions.
VERBOS IRREGULARES: SUJ.+WOULD NOT HAVE+PART.
3º COLUMNA
How would you have reacted if you
have been in the same situation?
WOULD+SUJ.+HAVE+PARTICIPIO

1. Encerrá con las frases verbales de los siguientes enunciados en tiempos perfect.
2. Expresálas en español.
Práctica Opcional:
3. Transformálas al negativo y al interrogativo, para lo cual identificá correctamente el actor del
enunciado.
4. Escribí el infinitivo del verbo principal. Recordá consultar la lista de verbos irregulares para
familiarizarte con los infinitivos.

1. The infected calves will have died by next Friday.

2. No scientist has established the origin of canine parvovirus.

3. Use of penicillin in mastitis therapy has led to problems of human health.

4. Variants of the parvovirus have appeared since the disease was first recognized.
 Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria

5. Before the experiment, these animals had received the regular herd concentrate.

6. Consumer confidence in the safety of food has become a priority issue for all the people involved in the
food supply chain.

7. Advances in analytical techniques have contributed to awareness and concern about toxic residues.

8. Dry cow therapy has been part of mastitis control since the 1970s and has been one point of the five
point control plan.

9. Public concern over the presence of drug residues in edible products of food-producing animals has
reached unprecedented heights.

10. Immunoassay technology has gained rapid acceptance in veterinary and human medicine owing to its
high performance capabilities and versatility in applications.

11. Efforts to induce dairy farmers to make greater use of high-quality pastures and reduce their
dependency on imported concentrates have met with little success.

12. Certain countries have banned the use of specific compounds, whereas other countries on the base of
scientific criteria have permitted the continued the use of similar products (e.g., growth promoters are
banned in the European Community and permitted in the United States).
 Tiempos Verbales

LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES

¿Cómo utilizarla?

La columna INFINITIVE nos da el nombre del verbo, es decir el verbo sin conjugar en ningún tiempo verbal; de esta
columna formamos el simple present agregándole “s” o “es” para las terceras personas del singular (he, she, it).

La columna SIMPLE PAST nos informa acerca de los verbos irregulares en simple past (pretéritos perfecto e indefinido
del español), y la forma que se presenta es la misma para todos los pronombres. No figuran aquí los verbos regulares,
porque su simple past se forma agregando “ed” al infinitivo.

La columna PAST PARTICIPLE nos informa acerca del pasado participio (terminación –ado -ido del español) de los
verbos irregulares; una vez más, no figuran aquí los verbos regulares porque su pasado participio se forma agregando
“ed” al infinitivo.

Comúnmente se llama “primera columna” a la INFINITIVE, “segunda columna” a la SIMPLE PAST, y “tercera columna” a
la PAST PARTICIPLE.

TRADUCCIÓN INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

ser/estar: be (am, is, are) was/were been
golpear: beat beat beaten
convertirse, volverse: become became become
comenzar: begin began begun
soplar, explotar: blow blew blown
romper, estallar: break broke broken
traer: bring brought brought
construir: build built built
quemar: burn burnt burnt
comprar: buy bought bought
atrapar, tomar: catch caught caught
elegir, seleccionar: choose chose chosen
venir, llegar: come came come
cortar: cut cut cut
hacer, realizar: do did done
dibujar, deslizar, atraer: draw drew drawn
beber: drink drank drunk
conducir, manejar: drive drove driven
comer: eat ate eaten
caer: fall fell fallen
sentir: feel felt felt
encontrar, hallar: find found found
volar: fly flew flown
olvidar: forget forgot forgotten
conseguir, comprar, llegar: get got gotten
dar, otorgar: give gave given
ir, dirijirse: go went gone
crecer: grow grew grown
tener, haber: have had had
oir: hear heard heard
esconder, ocultar: hide hid hidden
golpear: hit hit hit
sostener, mantener, llevarse a cabo hold held held
herir, lastimar: hurt hurt hurt
mantener, guardar, seguir: keep kept kept
saber, conocer: know knew known
poner, colocar, recostar: lay laid laid
llevar, conducir, liderar: lead led led
aprender, enterarse: learn learnt learnt
partir, dejar, abandonar: leave left left
prestar: lend lent lent
 Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria

dejar, permitir: let let let

yacer, recostarse: lie lay lain
alumbrar, encender: light lit lit
perder, extraviar: lose lost lost
hacer, realizar: make made made
significar, querer decir: mean meant meant
encontrarse con, conocerse: meet met met
equivocarse, errar: mistake mistook mistaken
pagar, prestar (atención): pay paid paid
poner: put put put
leer: read read read
llamar, sonar: ring rang rung
elevarse, levantarse: rise rose risen
correr, administrar: run ran run
decir: say said said
ver: see saw seen
vender: sell sold sold
enviar: send sent sent
sacudir: shake shook shaken
brillar: shine shone shone
disparar: shoot shot shot
mostrar: show showed shown
cerrar: shut shut shut
hundir: sink sank sunk
sentarse: sit sat sit
dormir: sleep slept slept
oler: smell smelt smelt
gastar: spend spent spent
untar, esparcir: spread spread spread
levantar: stand stood stood
robar: steal stole stolen
golpear: strike stroke stricken
nadar: swim swam swum
tomar, llevar: take took taken
enseñar: teach taught taught
rasgar, romper: tear tore torn
narrar, decir, contar: tell told told
pensar, opinar: think thought thought
arrojar: throw threw thrown
entender, comprender: understand understood understood
despertar: wake woke waken
usar (ropa): wear wore worn
ganar: win won won
escribir: write wrote written
 Tiempos Verbales

Otros tiempos verbales:

 PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

SUJETO + TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + BEEN + VERBO + -ING

The cat has been vomiting for the last three days.
Hace tres días que el gato vomita. El gato ha estado vomitando por tres días.
TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + SUJETO + BEEN + VERBO + -ING
How long have you been studying this subject?
¿Cuánto hace que estás estudiando este tema?

SUJETO + TO HAVE (PRESENTE – PASADO – FUTURO) + NOT + BEEN + VERBO + -ING

I haven’t been following the progress of this project work, to tell you the truth.
A decir verdad, no he estado siguiendo el progreso de este trabajo de campo.

 BE + GOING TO + VERBO INFINITIVO = futuro para expresar planes e intención

They are going to build a new research hall over there.

Van a construir un nuevo pabellón de investigación allí.

Are you going to start the test next month?

¿Vas a comenzar la prueba el mes próximo?

We are not going to write a new paper on this subject.

No vamos a escribir un nuevo paper sobre este tema.

Cuadro resumen Tiempos Verbales:

PRESENT
I (You, We, They) need some more tests.
She (He, It) works perfectly in this environment.
How do you (I, we, they) prepare the samples?
DO + I, WE, THEY + INFINITIVE VERB.
What does she (he, it) measure?
DOES + SHE, HE, IT + INFINITIVE VERB (NO
“S”)
They do not (don´t) understand the reason.
DO + NOT + INFINITIVE VERB
He does not (doesn´t) consider that variable at all.
DOES + NOT + INFINITIVE VERB (NO “s”)
I am analyzing the data now.
She (He, It) is testing the equipment right now.
We (They, You) are controlling the plague.
SUBJECT + AM, IS, ARE, + VERBO + -ING
What is he (she, it) preparing?
What are you (we, they) doing there?
What am I doing?
AM, IS, ARE + SUBJECT + VERBO + -ING
I am not (‘m not) saying that.
He is not (isn’t) looking at that sample.
They are not (aren’t) recording it.
SUBJECT + AM, IS, ARE + NOT + VERBO + -ING What were you doing when they arrived?
I (You, We They) have already finished.
He (She, It) has already started.
VERBOS REGULARES:
SUJETO + HAVE / HAS + VERBO + -ED
I (You, We, They) have taken a decision.
She (He, It) has brought this new idea for us to
analyze.
VERBOS IRREGULARES:
SUJETO + HAVE / HAS + VERBO (PASADO
PARTICIPIO: -ED O 3º COLUMNA)
She has not (hasn’t) finished yet.
They have not (haven’t) met.
SUJETO + HAVE / HAS + NOT + VERBO (PAS.
PART.)
PAST FUTURE (will) CONDITIONAL (would)
I worked all night yesterday. She will decide soon. I would like to test the place.
VERBOS REGULARES (terminación –ed) SUJETO + WILL + VERBO SUJETO + WOULD + VERBO
INFINITIVO INFINITIVO
They took it to the laboratory.
VERBOS IRREGULARES (2º columna) What will you write in the abstract? How would you carry this
WILL + SUJETO + VERBO out?
What did you bring to the field last week? INFINITIVO WOULD + SUJETO + VERBO
DID + SUJETO + VERBO INFINITIVO INFINITIVO
SIMPLE
They will not (won’t) come until
We did not (didn’t) believe it. tomorrow. I would not (wouldn’t)
DID + NOT + VERBO INFINITIVO SUJETO + WILL + NOT + VERBO measure here.
INFINITIVO SUJETO + WOULD + NOT +
VERBO INFINITIVO
She (He, It) was working when they arrived. I will be traveling by the time they She would be doing research
I, HE, SHE, IT + WAS + VERBO + -ING arrive. here if she could.
SUJETO + WILL BE + VERBO +-ING SUJETO + WOULD + BE +
You, (We, They) were talking when the class started. VERBO + -ING
YOU, WE, THEY + WERE + VERBO + -ING Will you be waiting for us?
WILL + SUJETO + BE + VERBO + - What would they be studying
He was not (wasn’t) reading when the phone rang. ING now if they had come?
They were not (weren’t) watching the students when WOULD + SUJETO + BE +
the accident happened. They will not (won’t) be listening to VERBO + -ING
you by the time you finish the class.
Why was she analyzing the samples, instead of you, when SUJETO + WILL + NOT + BE + He would not (wouldn’t) be
I arrived? VERBO + -ING complaining if he knew the
reason.
SUJETO + WOULD + NOT +
PROGRESSIVE (-ing: -ando, -endo)
BE + VERBO + -ING
They had collected the samples when it started to rain. I will have finished by the time they We would have understood if
She had taken everything out before the building arrive. you had explained.
collapsed. SUJETO + WILL HAVE + VERBO SUJETO + WOULD HAVE +
SUJETO + HAD + VERBO (PAS. PART.) (PAS. PART.) VERBO (PAS. PART.)
We had not (hadn’t) finished when they arrived. They will not (won’t) have finished The researcher would not
SUJETO + HAD + NOT + VERBO (PAS. PART.) the career by the time they get married. (wouldn’t) have told you that
Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria
SUJETO + WILL NOT + VERBO (PAS. if he had known the conditions.
How many samples had you taken before we changed the PART.) SUJETO + WOULD NOT
method? HAVE + VERBO (PAS. PART.)
PERFECT
HAD + SUJETO + VERBO (PAS. PART.) Will you have practiced enough when
the date of the exam finally arrives? How would you have reacted
PASADO PARTICIPIO: WILL + SUJETO + HAVE + VERBO if you have been in the same
VERBOS REGULARES: TERMINACIÓN –ED (PAS. PART.) situation?
VERBOS IRREGULARES: 3º COLUMNA WOULD + SUJETO + HAVE +
VERBO (PAS. PART.)