PROJECT TOPIC

TO STUDY THE PRINCIPLE OF

MUTUAL INDUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic induction is the action that causes electrons to flow in a

conductor when the conductor moves across a magnetic field. When the
conductor moves up through the magnetic field, the free electrons are
pushed to the right end of the conductor. This causes an excess of electrons
at the right end of the conductor and a deficiency of electrons at the other
end. The result is a potential difference that develops between the two ends
of the conductor.

The potential difference developed in the conductor exists only while the
conductor is moving through, or cutting, the flux lines of the magnet. When
the conductor moves out of the magnetic field, the electrons return to their
original positions and the potential difference disappears. The potential
difference also disappears if the conductor stops in the magnetic field. Thus,
there must be relative movement between the conductor and the magnetic
lines of flux before a potential difference develops in the conductor.

Motion is essential to electromagnetic induction. Some outside fource must

be applied to the conductor in order to move it through the magnetic field.
This mechanical force is converted to an electromotive force (EMF) by
electromagnetic induction. In other words, an EMF is induced into the
conductor. The potential difference across the conductor is called an induced
EMF or an induced voltage.
The amount of EMF induced in a conductor is determined by four factors :
1. The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the number of lines of
flux in the field per unit area.
2. As a conductor move through a magnetic field, it cuts the magnetic
lines of force. Increasing the conductor’s speed through the field
results in a greater number of lines of flux being cut for a given time
period.
3. If one conductor MVPs perpendicular, or at right angles, to the
magnetic lines of force, it will cut a maximum number lines of force
per second and produce a maximum EMF.
4. A longer conductor must be coiled in order for it to fit into the
magnetic field.
The voltage induced in the conductor is directly proportional to the
rate at which the conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force.
HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

FARADAY’S LAW

Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction:

First Law whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with circuit
changes, an E.M.F. is induced in the circuit. This induced E.M.F. lasts so
long as the change in the magnetic flux continues.

Second Law - the magnitude of E.M.F. induced in a circuit is directly

proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

LENZ’S LAW

Lens’s Law gives the direction of current / E.M.F. induced in a circuit.

According to this law the direction of induced E.M.F. in a circuit is always
such as to oppose the change in magnetic flux responsible for it.

This means when magnetic flux through a circuit is increasing, the induced
E.M.F. tends to oppose this increase. Similarly when magnetic flux through
to a circuit is decreasing. The E.M.F. induced tends to oppose this decrease.
SELF INDUCTION

Self induction is the property of an electrical circuit by virtue of which the

circuit opposes any change in the strength of the current flowing through it
by inducing an E.M.F. in itself.

Self-inductance of a coil is numerically equal to amount of magnetic flux

linked with the coil when unit current flows through the coil.

Coefficient of self-induction.
0 I
Or 0 = LI.
Where L is called coefficient of self induction or self inductance.
e = - d0/dt = d- (Li)/dt
e = - L dI / dt
If dI / dt = 1, then e = - L * 1
Or L=-e
Hence coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to the E.M.F.
induced in the coil when the rate of change of current through the coil is
unity.
INTRODUCTION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

The principle on which transformer action is based is called mutual

inductance. When current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field builds
around the conductor. When alternating current is used, the magnetic field
constantly expands and contracts. If another conductor is placed within this
moving magnetic field, the magnetic field will induce a voltage into the
second conductor.

The transformer is a device designed to take advantage of this principle. The

two conductors are wound into coils and placed close together so the
magnetic flux lines of the other cut that one coil. Often the coils are wound
one on top of the other. When this is the case, each inductor is coated with a
thin insulator material to prevent shorts. Coil L1 is connected to an AC

voltage source. As Alternating current flows through the coil, a varying

magnetic field is set up. During one half-cycle, current will flow through L1

in the direction shown. This establishes a north magnetic pole at the top of
L1. As the current increases, the field expands outward cutting the turns of

wire in L2. This induces an EMF into L2 and, causes current to flow through

L2. Notice that the coils are wound in opposite directions. The current

flows into the top of L1. This induces a voltage that is negative at the top

and positive at the bottom of L1. This field induces a current into the

secondary (L2) that develops a voltage that is positive at the top and
negative at the bottom. The polarity of the secondary voltage causes
electrons to flow up through the load resistor.

In this type transformer, the secondary voltage is 180 degrees out-of-phase

with the input. This relationship is also known as signal inversion.
At the end of the first half cycle, the current through L1 drops to 0 for an

instant as the sine wave input passes through 180 degrees. As the current
decreases, the field collapses back into L1. When the current in L1

decreases, the current through L2 also decreases.

On the next half cycle, the direction of current thorough L1 reverses. This

causes a magnetic field of the opposite polarity to expand outward from L 1.

Once again, the field cuts the turns of L2 inducing EMF. However, because

the polarity of the magnetic field is reversed, the polarity of the voltage
induced into L2 is also reversed. Thus, the induced EMF causes current to

flow down through the load resistance.

Notice that the current in L2 follows the current in L1. Each time the current

in L1 reverses direction, the current in L2 also reverses. Therefore, the

alternating current in L2 has the same frequency as the alternating current in

L1. Energy is transferred from one circuit to another even though the two

circuits are electrically insulated (physically separated) from each other.

The coil to which the AC voltage is applied is called the primary winding.
Current in this winding is caused by the AC voltage source and is called the
primary current. The coil into which current is induced is called the
secondary winding, and the induced current is called the secondary current.

The amount of EMF induced into the secondary winding depends on the
amount of mutual induction between the two coils. In turn, the amount of
mutual induction is determined by the degree of flux linkage between the
two coils. The flux linkage can be thought of as the percentage of primary
flux lines, which cut the secondary winding. Another expression, which
means approximately the same thing, is the coefficient of coupling. The
coefficient of coupling is a number between 0 and 1. When all the primary
flux lines cut the secondary coil, the coefficient of coupling is 1. If the two
coils are positioned so that some of the primary flux lines do not cut the
secondary, then the coefficient of coupling is less than one.

It is impossible to create a transformer where the exact amount of primary

power is transferred to the secondary winding. The two windings are
separated, and the resistance of the windings will never allow 100% of the
primary power to be transferred to the secondary. Thus, we can conclude
that:

INPUT POWER IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN THE OUTPUT

POWER

The amount of mutual inductance depends on the flux linkage or the

coefficient of coupling. In fig., The secondary coil, L2, is wound directly
onto the primary coil, L1. Using this arrangement, nearly all of the flux lines

produced by the primary cut the secondary windings. Therefore, the

coefficient of coupling is close to one.

The transformer consists of two coils. Only a few lines of flux from the
primary cut the secondary. Therefore, the coefficient of coupling is low.

When the two windings are placed far enough apart, there is no flux linkage
between them. In this case, there is no mutual inductance and the coefficient
of coupling is zero. While this arrangement has no practical purpose, it
illustrates the importance of the coefficient of coupling. Remember also that
when coils are mounted perpendicular to each other the coefficient of
coupling is zero.
The step-by-step sequence of events that occur within a transformer are
outlined below:
1. A switch is closed, connecting an EMF across the primary windings
of the transformer.
2. The alternating EMF causes an alternating current to flow through the
coils of the primary winding.
3. The current flowing through the coils causes a magnetic field around
both the primary and secondary windings that constantly expands and
contracts.
4. The magnetic field continuously cuts across the secondary windings,
inducing an EMF.
5. The induced EMF across the secondary winding causes current to
flow through the secondary coils, and the load.
The transformer is not used in DC circuits because there is no movement of
flux lines in the circuit, except at power on or off. Without relative motion of
the magnetic field, there is no induced voltage. Therefore, the transformer is
considered to be AC components. pa

PRINCIPLE OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

APPARATUS

1. One step down transformer for low voltage A.C. sources.

2. Straight ferrite rod (THREE Piece)
3. Copper wire ( No. 40 )
4. Microampere voltmeter / L.E.D.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Firstly wound the copper wire on straight rod and connect to a step down
transformer. We know that the flowing electric current produces a magnetic
field the coil of wire wound around a core in our experiment is called a
solenoid. This solenoid produces a magnet field. If we supply a AC voltage
to the coil then one end of the coil is North pole and second is south pole.
North pole depends upon the direction of AC voltage. On reversing the
voltage, pole changes automatically. If we supply a AC voltage then due to
alternating voltage pole changes automatically.

Consider two coil P and S placed near each other .If the coil P carries a
current .It produced a magnet field which produces a magnetic flux through
S. If the current in the coil P, called the primary is changed it would carry an
induced E.M.F. in the coil S, called secondary.

Let the current through primary coil at any instant be I. Then the magnetic
flux at any part of the secondary coil will be proportional to I i.e.

0 I
Therefore induced E.M.F. in the secondary when I changes is given By :-
E = - d0 / dt
or E = - d0 / dt
or E = - M d0 / dt
 INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. CERTIFICATE

3. PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

4. HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

5. INTRODUCTION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

6. PRINCIPLE OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE APPARATUS

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Mutual Induction
Question: Suppose that two insulated wires are wound onto a common
cylindrical former of length m and cross-sectional area .
The number of turns in the first wire is and the number of turns in
the second wire is . What is the mutual inductance of the two
wires? If the current flowing in the first wire increases uniformly from 0
to A in s, what emf is generated in the second wire? Does this
emf act to drive a current in the second wire which circulates in the same
sense as the current in the first wire, or the opposite sense?

Answer: From Eq. (8.10), the mutual inductance of the two wires is

From Eq. (8.6), the emf generated around the second loop by the changing
current in the first loop is

The minus sign indicates that this emf acts so as to drive a current in the
second wire which circulates in the opposite sense to the current flowing in
the first wire, in accordance with Lenz's law. If the current in the first wire
were decreased, instead of increased, then the emf in the second wire would
act to drive a current which circulates in the same sense as the former
current.