Origin of the Aborigines

The Aborigines in Australia consist of several peoples, tribes or clans.

To the first settlement of the Australian continent there are numerous theories.
First humans probably reached Australia during the last ice age in the Pleistocene
(plays’tsin). The sea level was at that time 60 meters lower. Thus there were numerous
land bridges between Tasmanien, the Australian continent and new Guinea. These
favorable (uygun) conditions led to migration movements, which proceeded (prisidıd)
(ilerlemek) from the asiatic (ayjiyetik) mainland. The arm broad with approximately
(ıpraksımitli) (yaklaşık) 70 km was between Timor and the Australian mainland.

A second theory proceeds (prisids) (ilerlemek) from a settlement on the country

way over a land bridge between New Guinea and the Australian mainland. This migration
probably dragged on (sürmek) over hundreds or even thousands of years. An alternative
theory states (ifade etmek) that Australia was not settled, but even the cradle (beşik) of
mankind (insanoğlu) was. The Aborigines developed (divelipıt) (genişlemek) parallel to
Urmen in Africa and spread (spred) (yayılmak) later to the north.

Before the arrival of the Europians

At the time of the first contact with Europeans lived according to estimations
(tahmin) between 300.000 and 1 million humans in Australia. The total population was
constantly over thousands of years. The wide-spread (yayılma) opinion that Aborigines
were mainly desert inhabitants (yerli), is wrong: Today the most strongly settled regions
(particularly at the coasts) were already most closely inhabited (ikamet edilmiş) also at
this time. The largest population density (demsıti) (yoğunluk) was in the southern and
eastern areas, in particular in the valley (vadi) of the Murray River. There were over the
whole continent distributes (düzenlemek) tribes, which had adapted their life.

The tradition of the Aborigines survived at most in the areas like the Great Sandy
Desert, where the Europeans didn’t settle.

Social and economic life of the Aborigines

They live in a kinship (kinşip), which consists of 30 to 50 members. It has a kind
vested (kazanılmış) title on a certain (sırtın) (süphesiz) piece country. Therein (o konuda)
everything is for its living costs. It is their hunting ground (toprak). The size of this area
is determined (belirlemek) according to its productivity (üretkenlik) and according to the
number of kinship (akraba) members. The tribe and the area are designated (belirtmek)
after the language.
The head of a tribe consists of a Council of Elders. This consists of kinship heads.
They have special abilities (yetenek). Also they know very much about myths (miths) and
the ritual actions.
 The male members play the dominating role. Women are usually considered
(düşünmek) only as workers. The man goes through lives different stages: He spends the
childhood years with his mother. If puberty (ergenlik) occurs (meydana gelmek), then the
boys and girls are separated (ayrılmak). For the boy a new period of life begins with the
initiation (başlama). That is the admission (giriş) into the federation of the men. It is
instructed (öğretmek) also into the ritual customs. It finally achieves (tamamlamak) the
ripe (olgun) man age with the marriage and its extended (verilmek) knowledge (bigi). It
may participate (paylaşmak) now actively (aktif şekilde) in the practice of the rites (ayin)
and the organization of the social life.

The Aborigines wins its food by collecting and by hunting. They operate
(çalışmak) sometimes also bartering (bartıring) (takas etme). The women carry the
collecting work out (roots, tubers, berries, seed, shellfish, insects, larvae, worms). The
men go on the hunt. To their weapons belong boomerangs.

The didgeridoo
The didgeridoo (or didjeridu) is a wind instrument of the Indigenous Australians
of northern Australia. It is sometimes described as a natural wooden trumpet.
A didgeridoo is usually cylindrical or conical in shape and can measure anywhere from 1
to 2 meters in length with most instruments measuring around 1.2 meters.

The language of the Aborigines

Each tribe has its own language. Therefore they cannot among (aralarında)
themselves converse (sohbet). They inform (bilgilendirmek) themselves however with
sign language. They don’t know a writing. It is verbally passed on everything.

Today
Today most Aboriginal People lives a compromise (uzlaşma) between its
traditional and the western life-style. About half of the natives (yerli) live in close
proximity (praksımiti) (yakın) to cities and must adapt therefore up to a certain (sırtın)
(elbette) degree (seviye). The natives of Australia belong to terms of imprisonment to the
poorest part of the Australian society, have the worst medical supply (sapli) (kaynak) and
to serve (hizmet edinmek) from all social classes most frequently (sık sık). Their life
expectancy (ikspektınsi) (ümit) is on the average 20 years under that one to the white
population, the child number of deaths is twice as high. The list of the “poverty
characteristics” could be extended (uzamak) at will. Still there is substantial (sıbstenşıl)
(gerçek) problems around alcohol and drug abuse (kötü kullanma) and very high
unemployment under Aborigines (38% on search for employment (iş); unemployment
(işsizlik) in Australia amounts to approx. 5 6% 2006).