Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011

ISSN: 0976-3759
Journal of
School SocialPriceWork
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A National School Social Work monthly dedicated to networking of parents and teachers.
Volume VII Issue 12 Contents May 2011 Pages
Editorial 02
RET – Application in Real Life Prof Visvesvaran P K 03
Basic Skills for Sadhana Adhikary
Counselling Dr Shivani Mishra 05
RET for Social Empowerment of
Women in Public Health— Dr Senthil Murugan D
A Pilot Study Dr Nalini Rao P 08
RET, Rationalism and JK Naidu P J 12
RET with Parents and Adolescents: Nisha Sangwan
Issue and Concern Dr Bigi Thomas 14
Therapies to Complement and
Supplement RET Madhavi K 17
REBT and Mental Relief Dr Dipti J Oza 19
Modern Teaching – Learning
Practices and RET in
Higher Educational System Baskaran D 24
Focus: RET and Problem Solving
Hony. Special Editor:
Rekha N Mistry, BA, BEd, MSW,PGDGC, (PhD)
Asstant Professor,
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat.
Journal of School Social W ork,
8 (New 14), Sridevi Colony, Seventh Avenue,
Ashok Nagar, Chennai 600 083
Mobile: 98406 02325 E-mail: jssw.india@gmail.com and PJ.Naidu@yahoo.in
Note: Views expressed by the contributors are not necessarily the official view of the Journal.
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 01
Editorial Beyond Feeling Better to
Actually Getting Better
When people are emotionally emotive and behavioral strategies. It
distraught, troubled, in some kind of is applied to a variety of human
distress, there is almost always a part problems, including: love, dating,
of their thinking that is irrational. mating, separating, sex, work, stress
When such people are helped to related to setting goals, care of the
modify the pattern of thinking they get body, relaxation, sleep problems,
a better feeling. “REBT” is a getting support from others,
wellknown and widely practised assertiveness, time-management,
system for helping people to feel money-management, coping with
better, be more effective, achieve change, problem-solving, with
more, and express themselves more children and parents
fully. According to REBT, change can It’s methodical. There are ways to
occur at different levels. Let’s say, for look at your experiences with the
instance, that you are anxious resulting clarity leading to better
because you think someone is decisions and lesser emotional
disapproving of you. At a superficial discomfort. You use your thinking to
level you can feel better by altering change your thinking, when irrational
your body chemistry (via exercise, beliefs and distorted interpretations
dietary change or medication); by are causing problems. Self-
changing the situation (avoiding acceptance is encouraged always.
contact with that person); or by You learn to rate your behaviour, not
changing your inferences about the yourself. Exploration of your thoughts
situation (you make yourself feel less and feelings results in alternative
anxious by convincing yourself that ways of looking at things which might
the disapproval isn’t going to work better. The interactions between
happen). For a person to go beyond your thinking, your emotions, and
feeling better to actually getting better your behaviour are understood much
involves modifying the underlying better.
core beliefs that create difficulties for Social workers can very well practise
them in a range of situations. REBT techniques and skills.
REBT uses an array of cognitive, Let’s help people in getting better.
02 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011
RET – Application in Real Life
Visvesvaran P K*
*Prof Visvesvaran P K, Editorial Consultant, JSSW.
Introduction symptoms. Frequently it is
The case narrated here is based on diagnosed only after the disease gets
real-life experiences. This true story into an advanced stage.
had an anxiety-filled beginning and Dr. RET
had a happy ending, not a little due K was too scared to tell his family
to the effectiveness of RET. members about his problem and
went to a chest clinic on his own, met
Emperor, round the corner?
K’s king-sized worries began one the doctor who wrote down in the
early morning as soon as he got up case sheet ‘sputum tinged with
from the bed. He tentatively spat blood.’ K asked if it could be lung
into the sink and was horrified to find cancer – the question that was
blood in the sputum. Fortunately uppermost in his mind. The doctor
there were no more signs of blood smiled and replied “Why do you have
after the first. Having been a to think of the worst case scenario
cigarette-smoker for sixteen long even at the first instance?” The
years in the distant past, K was doctor’s attempt at reasoning gave
greatly worried but consoled himself K the first ray of hope. Hope became
that there might not be anything reassurance when the doctor said
seriously wrong – he had given up next: “If it were lung cancer you would
smoking long ago, didn’t he? not have walked in, the way you did.
His worries came back in full force Instead you would have been
when blood reappeared a week later. brought in, on a stretcher.”
K’s greatest fear was the emperor of The lesson one can draw from the
all maladies, namely cancer of the above is: “Do something to lessen the
lungs. He went to the library and read client’s sense of panic. Use concrete
a few scientific write-ups on lung facts to contradict the client’s
cancer which further intensified his needless fears. It is a form of healthy
worries, for he learnt that cancer of and helpful denial – a laudable
the lungs often produced no warning defence.
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 03
 The next step return to normal state. Thus the Basic Skills for Counselling
As the next step the doctor moved client’s worries may be unwarranted. Sadhana Adhikary*
on to other actions that were future- The denouement Shivani Mishra**
oriented. He arranged for an X-ray After a month, with no recurrence of *Sadhana Adhikary, Placement Officer cum Field Work Supervisor in Department
and a scan. This was done and the symptoms the dosage was reduced of Social Work, S. P. University, V. V. Nagar, Gujarat. e-mail- smileinmiles@
result being negative, the future plans and the client was instructed to report gmail.com
were laid out. First and foremost once a month for three months. *Dr Shivani Mishra, Lecturer, Department of Social work, Sardar Patel University,
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat
the client was to tell his family Thereafter, the treatment would
members about his medical condition cease as it eventually did. Introduction 1.Exploration of the client’s emotive-
which is innocuous and bereft of any Conclusion Counselling in the educational behavioural difficulties, and an
danger. Secondly, he will continue Someone said that social work is system develops intellectual, social, identification/diagnosis of those
taking the medicines prescribed and nothing but common sense raised to physical and moral capacities of the irrational interpretations that create
will report to the clinic every fifteen the highest possible extent (Nth students. It aims to provide students problems.
days. The client followed to the letter degree). The same can probably be with an opportunity to explore and 2.Helping the client to gain insight
the doctor’s instructions. In order to said about RET with ample clarify their understanding so that into ones irrational ideas.
tackle the client’s residual anxiety justification. This therapeutic tool they can more successful. There are 3.Restructuring irrational ideas into
and worries the doctor narrated to helps allay anxiety, puts future- many therapies that are used for more rational interpretations.
him a number of cases in which oriented plans in place, uses healthy counselling and REBT is one of them. 4.Re-education process in which
symptoms similar to his were present denial and enables the client to learn As explained by Dr Greg Mulhauser clients’ use their rational thinking to
but turned out to be innocuous and the efficacy of the agency’s services “,the main purpose of REBT is to help adapt new life patterns of emotion
the concerned clients were to day in from the benefits accruing to the clients to replace absolutist and behaviour.
the pink of health. In other words, clilents who once had problems philosophies, full of ‘musts’ and Effective counselling, depends on
reassurance can be provided by similar to his own. It is one hundred ‘shoulds’, with more flexible ones; skills and techniques of counselling.
sharing with the client the knowledge percent realistic and gives full scope part of this includes learning to accept As such there are many skills used
of others’ experiences. The doctor to that unique capability peculiar to that all human beings (including in counselling but we will discuss
also pointed out that once smoking man and man alone among all themselves) are fallible and learning three important skills:
is given the go-by, the lungs soon species, namely ratiocination. to increase their tolerance for 1. Attitudinal skills
frustration while aiming to achieve 2. Listening skills
References:
their goals. 3. Verbal communication skills
Coleman, James C (1982): Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. Bombay:
Taraporewala and Sons. p 696. Four stages of RET Attitudinal skills
Scott, M (1999): Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Dictionary of Social Work. Grieger and Boyd (1979), explain Attitude plays an important part in
(Ed. Thomas and Pierson) London: Collins Educational. p 76. that there are four stages of rational- counselling. Attitude has to be
Sugarman, Daniel (1974): Forget Your Fears. The Reader’s Digest, Nov. p 85. emotive counselling: positive. To build up positive attitude,
04 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 05
counsellor should apply the principle
of social work (accepting the person
as the person is). This will help the
counsellor to avoid being judgmental
and imposing counsellors’ value on
the student. It is also important for
the counsellor to build up
professional relationship by being
honest, maintaining transparency
and trust, which will promote open
communication, warmth and respect
for the students’ feeling. Respecting
helps the counsellor to build rapport
which in due process helps ensuring
that the student accepts one’s own
problem, starts talking freely and
understand the problem in more
concrete and realistic way. This is first
step towards behavioural change.
Listening skills
Listening is considered to be the
most important skill in counselling. It
requires empathy, self-awareness,
perception and an excellent
command over the language in order
to interpret what the student is trying
to reveal. Listening creates positive
impression on the student that he is
being understood. Furthermore, a
counsellor needs to be able to
respond to the student in such a way
that he/she feels understood.
06 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
Communication skills
Verbal communication is one of the
most important skill in counselling.
Misunderstanding occurs because
of verbal communication. There are
two phases of verbal communication:
literal and emotional. Literal phase
consists of selection of appropriate
word This means that counsellor
should have sound vocabulary.
Inappropriate words will create
misunderstanding, confusion and will
discourage the student from self
disclosure all leading to unsuccessful
counselling. Emotional phase deals
with the tone of delivering the word
along with expression. Counsellor
should also take care of the level of
communication which has its own
value when used in appropriate
context as it encourages the students
to come out with their own feeling and
the counsellor can help the students
according to their need.
Levels of communication
There are five levels of
communication namely:
a) Clichés:
Cliches are used for greetings, for
example:How is life? This is at most
superficial level but is a must for
social obligation.
May 2011
b) Facts: generates information. Counsellor
Facts can be described as transfer must understand when to use what
of information. This kind of level of communication with the
communication may generate value student. Skills need to be learned and
and promote interaction. practised. The more one practises
c) Beliefs: the better result is obtained. All the
Beliefs represent one’s value above three skills are applicable in
system. This kind of communication the process of rational-emotive
level reveals the insights and choice counselling.
of the counselee. Conclusion
d) Emotions: For effective counselling counsellors
Emotion demonstrates feelings. are expected to be masters of the
Communication is considered at three basic skills of counselling
optimum level as the counselee is namely attitudinal skills, listening
sharing personal feelings. This is the skills and verbal communication
level for effective counselling. skills. Apart from the above
e) Intimacy: counsellor must have a genuine
Intimacy can be described as interest in helping students to resolve
congruency between counsellor and their problems by involving them, the
counselee. This level of ability to comprehend with empathy
communication is important but is and understanding, excellent
rare. If not handled properly interpersonal skills, good
counsellor may promote organizational skills and should have
dependency of the counselee. tolerance for ambiguity and an ability
Each level of communication to adapt to change quickly.
References:
www.stressgroup.com
psychcentral.com/lib/.../characteristics-of-effective-counselling
Wayne Perry,”Basic Counselling Techniques: A Beginning Therapist’s Tool kit
Geldard K andGeldard D (2005): Practical Counselling Skills: An Integrative
Approach, Palgrave
Please provide all relevant information like place and year of publication
along with name of the publisher and volume number in case of journals.
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 07
 RET for Social Empowerment of Women in
Public Health— A Pilot Study
Senthil Murugan D *
Nalini Rao P **
* Dr Senthil Murugan D - Research Scholar, Madras School of
Social Work, Chennai
**Dr Nalini Rao P – Guide, Madras School of Social Work,
Chennai
Introduction Rationale of RET
Rapid urbanization, intensive rearing Specifically within Rational Emotive
of livestock due to lack of grazing Behavioural Therapy, Ellis asserts, “It
lands, close proximity with the is not a situation or activating event
animals, change in forest cover, man- which causes physical, emotional,
made ecological damages have mental or behavioural outcomes. It
made the pathogens undergo is a person’s often intensely practised
transformation in their virulence, ‘irrational beliefs’ which are the core
change in vector-host pattern indicators of healthy or unhealthy life
resulted in emergence of newer experiences” (4).This is the approach
diseases (2),that are set to infect both of rural women to treatment of
men and animals. unspecified abortions, jaundice and
There is also a growing resistance Leptospirosis (rat fever) which affects
among the microbes against children more often. Within CBT
conventional drugs causing much belief is perceived as a core motivator
concern among the health care for developing health enhancing
providers and health administrators thoughts, beliefs and practices.
both at national and international Neenan and Dryden (2002) describe
level (1). In poor communities, CBT as “helping clients to develop
zoonoses impose a dual burden on alternative and more constructive
the health of human and animal, view points to tackle their problems,
(mainly livestock) often affecting the by challenging and altering their
same household and pushing it ‘beliefs’.” (5).
further into poverty. This therapy is essential while
08 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011
empowering women to get trained in respondents were selected based on
changing their irrational beliefs into convenience sampling with the help
logical ones while they encounter of the local NGOs. The data tool
diseases of zoonotic origin. Dealing selected for the study was the
with these diseases thus reaps a interview schedule which carried
double harvest, saving people’s lives questions related to socio-
and securing their livelihoods, thus demographic profile, livestock
further increasing cost-effectiveness management practices and their
(3). Since the study on empowerment awareness towards zoonoses and its
of women in veterinary public health implications. The data thus obtained
is a new ground and fairly an was analysed statistically using
unexplored area in Tamil Nadu, there SPSS software and the results were
was a need for conducting an interpreted.
elaborate pilot study to arrive at the Findings and discussion
objectives and frame hypotheses for There was a mixed bag of
further research in this field of respondents for the pilot study, with
veterinary public health. women from all age groups
Methodology responding to the study. Women from
The universe for the study consists different age groups participated in
of members of the active self help the study. Majority of the respondents
group; the sampling frame consists were living in their own houses and
of one self help group each from the were agricultural labourers. Half of
fourteen blocks of Tiruvallur district. the respondents were earning a
210 members formed the universe small income. Personal and family
from which 70 respondents were medical expenses (see Table-1)
selected for the study. The were based on the intensity of the
Table -1 Place of treatment
Type of treatment Frequency Percentage
Home remedies 20 29.0
Over-the-counter drugs 38 54.0
Medical treatment 12 17.0
Total 70 100.0
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 09
 sickness and the type of treatment men and women are equally divided
logical approach particularly when to their attention. People following
required. Majority of the respondents in taking care of domestic animals. As
the treatment is aimed towards young certain faiths believe they can handle
(54%) go in for over-the-counter far as poultry rearing is concerned
children when they acquire infections venomous snakes. They have been
drugs, 29% of them undergo women are the major players and they
due to close contact with animals. bitten to death. Women should be
traditional medications while 17% of take care of them with ease since
Also RET tool can play a major role informed of such dangerous dogmas,
them alone go for medical treatment. there is no disruption in normal day-
in bringing about changes among beliefs and their futility. Incorporating
All the respondents are into livestock to-day activities. From among the
women who often practise traditional a gender perspective would result in
rearing. A little over half of the livestock rearing community it was
medications for jaundice and greater outreach to empower
respondents are willing to get their found that twenty seven percent of
abortion as they follow irrational women, who have been outside
livestock vaccinated, while the rest do them are aware of zoonoses, while
beliefs but their attempt to save the mainstream extension programmes,
not prefer to vaccinate their livestock fifty six percent are not aware and
affected persons often fails further and would foster better
since they are of the opinion that seventeen percent are partially aware
endangering their lives. Instances communication and respect between
vaccination will result in reduction in of it. It was inferred from the study that
of failure of home remedies and men and women, improving family
lactation and abortion if animal is the level of awareness as seen from
resultant loss of life could be brought wellbeing (1).
pregnant. As far as gender analysis Table-2 is very low even among the
in terms of livestock care is concerned livestock rearing community. References:
1.WHO (1975): Future Trends in Veterinary Public Health. Geneva: (WHO
Table – 2 Awareness about Zoonotic Diseases technical report series – 907).
Awareness about Frequency Percentage 2.WHO (2004),Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging
zoonotic diseases zoonotic diseases. (WHO/CDS/CPE/ZFK/2004.9),Geneva
3.WHO (2006): The Control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases, A Route to Poverty
Yes 19 27.0 Alleviation. Geneva: (WHO/SDE/FOS/2006.1).
No 39 56.0 4.Albert Ellis and Windy Dryden,(2007): The Practice of Rational Emotive
Hearsay 12 17.0 Behaviour Therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing. ISBN
Total 70 100.0 9780826122162.
5.Dryden W and Neenan M. (2003): Essential Rational Emotive Behaviour
Conclusion epidemiologists, occupational health Therapy.London: Wiley.
The researcher’s aim is to protect workers, sociologists, food
human health, animals and the technologists, specialists in
Future Focus
Month HSE Topic
environment from risks that are environmental control and laboratory Silent Children
Jun 2011 Dr Parthasarathy R
rapidly evolving as a result of various personnel (1). Psychologists do Jul 2011 Dr (Capt) Raja D V P Neglected Children
factors. There should be a close have an important role to play in this Aug 2011 Dr Paranjothi Life and Death
liaison between veterinarians, field as they will conduct REBT trials Sep 2011 Dr Sailaxmi Gandhi DBD (OBD, OCD, ODD)
medical and other health on women in changing their beliefs Oct 2011 Dr Sai Sujatha Life Style Diseases
professionals, including from conventional treatment into Nov 2011 Dr Saraswati Raju Iyer Antisocial Behaviour
10 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 11
 RET, Rationalism and JK undesirable habits. It is necessary to often aims at an improvement in
Naidu P J* demonstrate to the client by simple relationships, the question arises as
* Naidu P J, Former Social Welfare Officer, IMH and GIRM, Cognito-academic illustrations how conditioning and to what the client should do to realize
consultant and Corporate Trainer of Trainers. egocentricism affect our attitudes and this. JK says that we understand
Introduction religions breed conflicts and violence, relationships in everday life and that each other when we are actually
Jiddu Krishnamurti (popularly known we have to free ourselves from all we should try and be more rational if listening to each other, and that is
as JK), the acclaimed Indian forms of conditioning. Is it possible? we wish to be trouble-free. only possible when there is certain
Philosopher has given utterance to Try and make a bumbling attempt as Methods are illogical quality of affection and attention.
a number of truths so profound and Carl Rogers said in a different How to bring about a change in A dialogue is not an occasion to make
yet so simple that they may escape context. ourselves along the above- complaints or to show off one’s
our notice. For example, he has This does not mean that we must mentioned lines? Your friends and cleverness, but to understand. It is
repeatedly said that the observer is persuade our client to give up his well-wishers will come up with a possible only through attentive
the observed. What he means is religion or religiosity. What is meant plethora of methods to achieve the listening suffused with caringness.
that you may think that you are is that the client should be made goal – yoga, meditation, prayers, Conclusion
observing something, the sky, the aware of the pernicious effects of vows and offerings. JK says that all It s not being claimed here that JK
water or the stars. But who are “You” conditioning. It is upto him to free methods are futile and misleading. If invented solutions to all of our ills.
and “I”? Each is an idea put himself or herself from it to the extent you follow a system “you would be We place a greated reliance on the
together by our thoughts. So there they feel comfortable to do so. merely copying, imitating and ideas of foreign authorities like
is no observer but only observation. Are we egocentric? conforming (3)”. This will lead to Sigmund Freud, Alberat Ellis, Carl
This is an irrefutable logic, hence When you are looking at someone, frustration and hypocrisy. What JK Rogers and other theorists than on
relevant to our discussion of RET. “you are looking from a centre. The hints at is, if you want to change, the wisdom found in the writings and
The bane of conditioned centre creates the space between change immediately and instantly, speeches of indigenous thinkers like
resposnse yourself and the person. And to whole-heartedly and unhesitatingly. JK and Valluvar. This is a mistake
Man-made differences make for overcome the space, people are ‘Method’ is an illusion and intrusion. that foreigners hardly ever make.
conflicts. Take for example, religion. taking drugs like LSD. This makes The logic of JK’s prescription for They usually celebrate their
“When you accept the authority of the mind extraordinarily sensitive and change is as simple as it is original. indigenous thinkers and writers first
Gita and I accept that of Koran, you that space disappears completely. Aim of intervention and then only the others.
and I are bound to be separated by (2)”. According to JK we are Finally, since therapeutic intervention It is time we followed suit.
our beliefs, by our dogmas.” (1). egocentric most of the time and References:
What we believe, how we worship, therefore our relationships are 1. Talks by Krishnamurthi In India 1967, Madras: Krishnamurthi writings Inc.p
how we carry out various rituals are unsatisfactory. This dissatisfaction 138.
all the results of conditioning. Since leads to drug addiction and other 2. Ibid, p 62.
3. Ibid, p 69.
12 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 13
 RET with Parents and Adolescents:
Issue and Concern
Nisha Sangwan*
Bigi Thomas**
*Nisha Sangwan, Lecturer , Department of Social Work, Vallabh Vidhyanagar,
Gujarat.
**Dr. Bigi Thomas, Lecturer Department of Social Work, Vallabh
Vidhyanagar,Gujarat
Introduction classroom. Adolescence is a period
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is of transition from childhood to
a pragmatic, present-oriented adulthood. The adolescents, due to
technique that centres on present these changes often face a number
beliefs, dysfunctional emotions, and of crises and dilemmas. Thus, the
maladaptive behaviours and the most difficult developmental period is
relationship among them. REBT’s probably adolescence. As a result,
utility has regularly been examined psychologists have described
in terms of its ability to lead to adolescence as a period of ‘storm
cognitive, emotional, and and stress’. It is the period when
behavioural changes across a the child moves from dependency to
number of people and for various autonomy. It is the period of
diagnoses. Overall, the notion that cognitive, emotional, attitudinal,
REBT is an effective intervention for behavioural, body image and
both adults (Lyons and Woods, interpersonal changes. If a teen is
1991; Silverman, McCarthy and to make it as an adult, they cannot
McGovern, 1992) and children be rushing home for loving hugs after
(Gonzales et al., 2004) has been well every little setback, nor can they
supported. continue to rely on parental
RET and adaptive behaviour relationships to get them to work on
Rational Emotive Therapy assists time or to remind them of other duties
emotionally disadvantaged and obligations. Thus, one of the
adolescents to develop adaptive most important developmental tasks
behaviour within and outside the that teens face in their relationships
14 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011
with parents and others is to achieve largely generated by their beliefs
a mature level of interaction and the (Ellis, 1994). The emotionally
capacity to make own decisions and maladjusted adolescent is an
to manage life tasks without being unhappy adolescent. And his
overly dependent on other people. problems certainly demand attention
Thus, the tensions between the if for no other reason at least on
parents and the teens increase and humanitarian grounds. Adima traces
sparks fly! the problem of emotional adjustment
Research findings in adolescents to the following
There has been a considerable factors, namely, brain injury, negative
quantum of research on the role of environmental influence, poor
cognition and irrational beliefs, in academic performance, parental
particular, in contributing to emotions deprivation, loose or excessively
not only in adults but also in children strict upbringing, unfavourable school
(Bernard and Cronan, 1999). condition, adults’ negative influence
It is interesting to note that while and excessive use of psychoactive
many cognitively-oriented behaviour drugs (Adomeh, 1997).
therapists date the beginnings of Benefits of RET with parents
cognitive-behavioural movement RET with parents recognizes that
around the late 1960s and early parents who are experiencing
1970s (Mahoney, 1974), the unhealthy negative emotions could
application of cognitive methods in be engaging in negative parenting
the form of RET to parenting and to practices that create, maintain, or
the psychological treatment of young contribute to social-emotional
people was pioneered by Albert Ellis difficulties in children. To change
in the mid-1950s. Anxiety, depression these unhealthy negative emotions
and stress are emotional adjustment and behaviours into more adaptive
problems that affect the adolescents ones that increase the likelihood of
and the society, which this article more positive child outcomes, RET
focuses on. As with adults, rational- therapists must examine the irrational
emotive therapy (RET) hypothesizes beliefs sustaining these conditions in
that children’s disturbed emotions are parents. The RET model posits that
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 15
these irrational and evaluative beliefs parents and children. That is when Therapies to Complement and Supplement RET
and not the activating event itself, parents learn what types of parent
Madhavi K*
lead to unhealthy negative emotions strategies are associated with child *Madhavi K, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Stella Maris College,
and behaviours. outcomes, they will be able to Chennai.
Conclusion evaluate their own strategies and Introduction Ensuring a supportive
RET can be used with parents in recognize how their behaviour When attention is focussed on one environment
several ways that may lead to impacts their child’s social-emotional particular theme or therapeutic Altering one’s perception and
positive outcomes for both parents problems. Furthermore, an increased technique and when different writers behaviour is facilitated and speeded
and children. First, when working with understanding of these practices present their view-points from varying up when those in one’s environment
parents whose children are having may place parents at a better position perspectives, the reader may tend to lend a helping hand. That is why, a
social-emotional problems; parents to understand how the beliefs that a think that it is a cure-all and a person wishing to give up smoking
can first benefit from psycho- child endorses may be related to their panacea for all ills. Therefore it is is advised to do so in tandem with a
education about parenting and about emotional and behavioural necessary to disillusion the unwary friend so that both of them could lend
the model of RET as it applies to both responses as well. reader and help him veer round to each other moral support. Further, let
References: the true position that the RET the would-be kicker of this habit
Adima E E (1989): Special Education. Ibadan: NPS Educational Publisher Ltd.
Bandura A(1993): Perceived Self-efficacy in Cognitive Development and
intervention yields the best results announce to his family and friends
Functioning. Educational Psychology, 28 (2), 117-148. when combined with other treatment that he has quit smoking. They will
Bernard M E (1990): Rational-emotive therapy with Children and Adolescents: strategies which are equally effective see you over the worst time (3).
Treatment Strategies. School Psychology Review, 19 (3), 294-304. if not more.. In other words, RET alone may not
Casey R J and Berman J S (1985): The Outcome of Psychotherapy with Children. RET’s unique strength be able to do the trick. You need
Psychological Bulletin, 98 (2), 388-400.
Elliott S N (1988): Acceptability of Behavioural Treatments: Review of Variables
One of the aims of RET is to enable social props too, however temporary.
that Influence Treatment Selection. Professional Psychology: Research and the client to achieve a correct Being interested in one’s
Practice, 19 (1), 68-80. perception of reality which is so environment will pay unexpected
Joyce M R(1990): Rational-emotive Parent Consultation. School Psychology essential for mental health (1). You dividend, says another writer. If you
Review, 19 (3), 304-315. cannot change the past namely the keep worrying about yourself all the
Looke J W(1968): Adolescent Fears. Adolescence 2, (8) 459-468
antecedent events but you can time, try doing something for
Attention Contributors! change your beliefs, namely the way somebody else. “This will take the
Original articles based on research or field study, evidence based articles you look at it (2). If you change your steam out of your worries and give
supported by professional experience are welcome. Preference will be perception, this action will perhaps you a warm feeling of having done
given to subscribers’ articles over nonsubscribers’. Articles pertaining to reduce your misery and may even well (4)”. In other words, while dealing
school social work will be accorded the top priority followed by articles end it. In other words, you are what with the individual, we should not lose
from other specialities. ~Ed. you see. sight of the environment.
16 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 17
 Carrots and sticks insight development and for self- REBT and Mental Relief
Rewarding desirable behaviour with correction through observation of and Dipti J Oza*
both material and nonmaterial gifts, identification with others. *Dr Dipti J Oza, M A, M.Ed., Ph.D, M B A (HRM) , PGDHE., Associate Professor
such as verbal appreciation or a pat Conclusion Department of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, The Maharaja
on the back encourages and bolsters While RET is admittedly useful and Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002
up such behaviour. Conversely, mild effective, it has to be supplemented Introduction trained in psychoanalysis, became
punishments will discourage the with other forms of intervention, for The most basic premise of REBT is
disillusioned with the slow progress
client’s undesirable behaviour, best results. This is especially true that almost all human emotions and
of his clients. He observed that they
especially when they are forthcoming for young clients whose capacity for behaviours are the result of what
tended to get better when they
from the loved ones such as one’s independent reasoning is limited and people think, assume or believe
changed their ways of thinking about
own parents. Unlike in RET where who depend on adults whom they (about themselves, other people, and
themselves, their problems, and the
you reason with the client, in look to for guidance. Many-sided the world in general). It is what people
world. Ellis reasoned that therapy
behaviour modification you take approach to problem-solving is at the believe about situations they face –
would progress faster if the focus was
recourse to rewards and very heart of teamwork as eclecticism not the situations themselves – that
directly on the client’s beliefs, and
punishments (5). should be at the very core of determines how they feel and
thus was born the method now
Other valuable aids intervention. behave. Rational Emotive Behaviour
known as Rational Emotive
Psychological problems like It is a cliché that man is a complex Therapy (REBT) is based on the
Behaviour Therapy.
obsessive-compulsive disorders animal. No single school of thought concept that emotions and Factors basic to REBT
(OCD) are today treated with drugs. can provide answers for all aspects behaviours result from cognitive
à Ellis recognized that individuals’
Group therapy is also helpful to of an individual’s problem. What may processes; and that it is possible for
personality development and their
provide insight, and opportunities for be needed is a variety of techniques human beings to modify such emotional disturbances were not
catharsis, sublimation, reality-testing, that may fill the bill. processes to achieve different ways
independent of biological and social
References: of feeling and behaving. aspects.
1.Jahoda, Marie (1955):Community Programmes for Mental Health, Ed. Kotinsky Birth of REBT àEllis believed that individuals have
and Witmer, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
REBT is one of a number of a biological tendency to severely
2.Coleman, James C (1982): Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, Bombay:
Taraporevalah Sons Co. ‘cognitive-behavioural’ therapies,
disturb themselves and to prolong
3.The London Health Education Council (1971): The Reader’s Digest, Nov. p.182 which, although developed their emotional dysfunctioning.
4.Stevenson, George (Dr.) (1969):Free Yourself from Tension, The Reader’s separately, have many similarities –
àOne reason that Ellis used such
Digest, May p. 34 such as Cognitive Therapy (CT),
5.Coleman, op.cit.
powerful and direct therapeutic
developed by Psychiatrist Aaron
techniques is his view of the strength
Subscriptionscan be sent through EMO from any postoffice in India or Beck in the 1960s. In the mid-1950s
in which individuals hold irrational
alternatively by crossed at par cheques payable in Chennai. ~Ed. Dr. Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologist
beliefs. Some of this is due to
18 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 19
biological factors. Social factors
refer to the effect of interpersonal
relationships on beliefs about self.
àCriticism from others contributes
to negative self-beliefs.
àLikewise, caring too much about
what others think of you can
negatively affect your own beliefs
about yourself.
àRET holds that virtually all serious
emotional problems directly stem
form magical, non-empirical
thinking. If disturbance-creating
ideas are vigorously disputed by
logical / empirical thinking, they can
be eliminated or minimized and will
ultimately cease to reoccur.
Rational emotive theory of
personality
àPhilosophical viewpoints as well
as attention to biological and social
factors have influenced the
development of rational emotive
behaviour theory of personality.
àEllis’ A-B-C model is the basis of
his personality theory.
à Responsible hedonism,
humanism, and rationality are
philosophical ideas that can be seen
in REBT’s approach to
psychotherapy. (Hedonism: A
philosophical term referring to the
20 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
concept of seeking pleasure and
avoiding pain). In REBT, responsible
hedonism refers to maintaining
pleasure over the long-term by
avoiding short-term pleasures that
may lead to pain, such as alcohol
or cocaine (deferred gratification
pattern).
REBT’s philosophical viewpoints
Humanism: A philosophy or value
system in which human interests and
dignity are valued and that takes an
individualist, critical and secular as
opposed to a religious or spiritual
perspective.
Unconditional Self Acceptance
(USA): Individuals have worth. They
should accept that they make
mistakes and that some of their
assets and qualities are stronger than
others. Individual’s acts or
performances should be criticized,
not their personal worth.
Rationality: Thinking, feeling, and
acting in ways that will help
individuals attain their goals. This is
in contrast to irrationality in which
thinking, feeling and acting are self-
defeating and interfere with goal
attainment.
Irrational belief: Unreasonable views
or convictions that produce emotional
May 2011
and behavioural problems. Being
vulnerable to emotional disturbance
for both social and biological reasons
is a core view of Ellis. Although
individuals desire to be successful
and happy, many irrational beliefs
interfere with these goals.
Methodology
This paper is developed on the basis
of 30 students who have undergone
the learning of REBT through
experiential approach in the process
of becoming counsellors. The
students have undergone training for
3 months and maintaining
systematically the anecdotes for the
same.
First the students were asked to
share their beliefs which often restrict
their decisions or behaviours.
Next they were asked to share why
it restricts? Any explanations?
Here they were helped to give
clarification on rational and irrational
thinking and act.
Irrational thinking
To describe a belief as ‘irrational’ is
to say that:
1.It blocks people from achieving
their goals, creates extreme
emotions that persist and which
distress and immobilize, and leads
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
to behaviours that harm oneself,
others, and one’s life in general.
2.It distorts reality (it is a
misinterpretation of what is
happening and is not supported by
the available evidence)
3.It contains illogical ways of
evaluating oneself, others, and the
world: demandingness, awfulizing ,
discomfort-intolerance and people-
rating.
A-B-C theory of personality
The A-B-C model refers to what
happens when an activating event
(A) leads to emotional and
behavioural consequences (C). The
emotional and behavioural
consequences are not caused by (A)
the activating event but by the
individual’s belief system (B).
Irrational beliefs occur when the
activating event (A) is an unpleasant
one. Irrational beliefs (B) can then
partly cause difficult emotional and
behavioural consequences (C).
The rational emotive behaviour
A-B-C theory of personality
A – activating event
B – belief system
C – consequences
A-B-C Premise
Ellis believes that it is not the
May 2011 21
activating event (A) that causes
positive or negative emotional and
behavioural consequences (C), but
rather it is that they interpret these
events unrealistically and therefore
have irrational belief system (B) that
helps cause the consequences (C).
The “real” cause of upsets is
themselves and not what happens to
them.
Disturbances about
disturbances
According to Ellis, it is bad enough
that individuals have irrational beliefs,
but they turn these beliefs into new
activating events which cause new
irrational beliefs.
Ellis refers to this as disturbances
about disturbances.
Thus, if an individual does not get a
job promotion that he wants, he may
say to himself, “I feel terrible and
hopeless,” and feels depressed.
This consequence can then turn into
a new activating event, and the
individual can say, “This is really
awful that I’m so depressed and
hopeless.” Now a new consequence
is even greater than the original
consequence. For Ellis, words such
as “have to” and “must” are
consequences that lead to more
22 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
irrational beliefs.
Low frustration tolerance
Inability or difficulty in dealing with
events or situations that do not go
as planned, for example, getting very
angry because someone does not do
as you ask.
REBT theory of psychotherapy
The A-B-C theory of personality
affects the way REBT therapists
determine goals for their clients,
assess their clients, and select
therapeutic techniques. Disputing
irrational beliefs is a most important
therapeutic intervention.
Goals of therapy
A general goal of REBT is to help
clients minimize emotional
disturbances, decrease self-
defeating behaviours, and become
happier. If individuals can think
rationally and have fewer irrational
beliefs, Ellis believes they will live
happier lives. REBT teaches clients
how to deal with negative feelings
such as sorrow, regret, frustration,
depression, and anxiety. Virtually all
client problems are viewed from the
perspective of the contribution of their
irrational beliefs.
Conclusion
Miracle has taken place. Most of the
May 2011
students expressed that very small generalized anxiety and
or petty things were disturbing them, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating
creating misunderstanding, disorders, anger, impulse control
onloading tensions in relationships. disorders, sexual dysfunction,
Even now the things or environment addictions, hypochondriasis,
have remained the same but with the antisocial behaviour, jealousy, sexual
shift in paradigm and clarity in one’s abuse recovery, personality
own thinking, feeling, perceiving and disorders, adjustment to chronic
action life becomes more meaningful, health problem, physical disability, or
purposeful to live. It was a great mental disorder, pain management,
experience and precious moments of general stress management, child or
change in life, totally unforgeting adolescent behaviour disorders,
experiences of new transformed life relationship and family problems.
and relationships. Ellis believes that when clients have
This can be very successfully used achieved all three types of insight,
with clients having depression, “elegant” change takes place.
anxiety disorders, including Clients have thus made changes
obsessive-compulsive disorder, themselves and know why they have
agoraphobia, specific phobias, made the changes.
References:
Kaila H L (2002): Counselling for Growth, Mumbai:Himalaya Publishing House.
Ellis A, Abrams M and Dengelegi L(1992):The Art and Science of Rational
Eating. Fott Lee, NJ: Barricade Books
Bernard M E(1986): Staying Rational in an Irrational World: Albert Ellis and
Rational- Emotive Therapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
Gratitude
Hearty thanks to honorary special editor, Smt RekhaNishikant Mistry
Assistant Professor, in MSW Programme at Veer Narmad South Gujarat
University, Surat, for timely editorial, prioritizing the articles and for
co-opting Dr (Smt) Snehal D Rajyaguru and Miss Jayalaxmi R Mahanty,
Lecturers, Anand Institute of Social Work, Gujarat as honorary co-opted
members for the month of May 2011 ~Ed.
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 23
 Modern Teaching – Learning Practices and
RET in Higher Educational System
Baskaran D*
*Dr Baskaran D, Assistant Professor of English, Department of English, College
of Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-3. 94425-33321 and e-mail:
drdbaskaran@gmail.com
Introduction process is the instrument and
Teaching is instrumental in socio- learning is the mean and the
economic changes in any society. utilization of right channel and
Teaching is the value delivery sources are the means.
process which changes individuals Process of teaching and learning
and society through transferring the The commencement of teaching –
values that stand for ultimate life learning process includes various
purpose. The process of teaching will forms of resources in the system
not be completed without learning. according the learners’ requirement
The total value of any teaching and availability of resources. While
system comes to an end by the way adding supporting resources in the
of ideal teaching – learning process. core of teaching – learning process
The act of teaching is for the purpose should consider the skill of teachers,
of social cause make both provider the interest of learners and the
and learners to attain the level of situation of utilization. But every
propitiation once the process goes in stage of teaching – learning process
right way. The teaching process in right from the four decades occupied
any form to anyone at anyplace and with ideal resources and which had
at any time being shaped and a perfect transformation stages at
reshaped by the adoption perfect every decade to date.
supporting and complimentary Indian contribution
sources and materials to the core of India is a country ever referred for
teaching process. The inclusion of her centre of excellence in learning
supporting sources and materials and it is the country till date produces
should be mutually acceptable by the the learners with both theoretical and
system and learners. The teaching application knowledge can be utilized
24 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011
as the human resource in any part of psychological component through
the world. which the learners cultivate their
ICT introduced thoughts, beliefs, personality and
In Indian educational system ICT has attitude. Learning is generally termed
been included during the last two as any relatively permanent change
decades and the level of penetration in beahviour of any individual. The
of ICT and its relative sources have learning among individuals will
been augmented in recent decade. happen through various sources like
The globalization of Indian listening, reading, observation and
educational system with commercial experience sharing.
and social entity made out teaching Behavioural components of
and learning system to couple with teaching – learning
ideal ICT elements in various For any learning process the stimulus
combination plans. The adoption of and response are the two cognitive
advanced ICT system in our components are needed. The
teaching- learning process in modern matching of stimulus and response
days has brought overwhelming through various instruments brings
response among the learners in changes in behaviour among the
terms of understanding, updation and learners. In this aspect teaching is
acceptance, but at the same time the the strongest stimulate fetch the
addition of present day ICT system needy responses among the learners
in Indian higher education teaching- in different forms. Among the various
learning process made some cultural forms of learning like observation,
and social changes at the venue of experience sharing, reading and
learning centres. listening, listening and observation
Teaching – learning process : are the powerful learning sources
An overview which electrify immediate learning
Teaching is the source of imparting and behaviour change process in any
knowledge and skills to learners by individual. The optimum combination
imposing the understanding of of teaching – learning process at any
theoretical and practical blend. level and at any location needs the
Teaching is also known for the process of behaviour changes,
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 25
 profession must continually assess calls it a ‘quiet crisis’, the Human
psychological understanding at requirements of a profession. The
itself to impart to the learner a given Resource Minister calls higher
physical and social level. capacity to effectively alter or change
body of knowledge and nourish the education ‘a sick child’.
Role of RET attitudes is dependent upon being
development of skills in such a way àIndustries routinely point towards
Rational emotive behaviour therapy able to look at one’s set of values and
as to motivate the developing huge skill shortages and are of the
(‘REBT’) views human beings as beliefs critically and objectively, to
professional to creatively elucidate opinion that growth momentum may
‘responsibly hedonistic’ in the sense come to have some understanding
and expand concepts; develop and not be sustained unless the problem
that they strive to avoid pain and to of self, developing an identity and
test new hypotheses; continually of skill shortages is addressed.
achieve some degree of happiness. integrity sufficient to enable learning
enhance and refine skills and thus à The higher education system
The learning and teaching process and growth to occur. Thus learning
contribute to the growth and produces graduates that are
in higher education system work needs to occur within a setting and
maturation of that profession. The unemployable, though there are
under insurmountable pressure in such a manner as to support and
traditional learing system of listening mounting skill shortages in a
because of the atitude of career foster these perspectives and
and writing has been totally number of sectors.
advancement and the teachers’ concomitant growth in a rational
revamped with simulation exercises à The standards of academic
inclination of ‘managing’ classes. manner.
at the level of teaching-learning research are low and declining.
The cognitive and behavioural Phases and growth of Indian
process in the higher education à An unwieldy affiliating system,
components play a predominant role teaching – learning process
system. inflexible academic structure and
in the teaching – learning process of The rapidly changing, complex world
Indian higher education system: uneven capacity across subjects
higher education so that the students of today creates new and increasing
gains and pitfalls erode autonomy of academic
will be empowered to shed their demands upon and expectations for
India is well known for its large pool institutions.
irrational belief system and take the higher education to deliver quality
of technical manpower and has àLow level of public funding.
responsibility for their actions in a human skills matches the
recently witnessed a big boom in the à Archaic and dysfunctional
rational and mature manner. requirements of social expectations.
BPO/ KPO sector. In order to sustain regulatory environment
Students in the level of higher The development and maintenance
this trend, and to ensure that India are some of its many problems that
education systems bring to the of vitality essential to the existence
does not throw away this key plague the Indian higher education
learning experience a variety of of a profession and to the fulfillment
advantage, it is imperative that India system.
attitudes, values and previously of its obligations to society is
continue to produce a critical mass Information and communication
learned responses. Some of these inextricably bound to its philosophy
of highly skilled manpower at an technology (ICT)
will need to undergo change, others of education and those processes
accelerated pace. sector boom. ICTdeals with digital data and the
be enhanced and broadened if the directed toward attaining
A quiet crisis ways of storing, retrieval,
learner is to achieve the personal professional competency. In a
National Knowledge Commission transmission and receipt. More
growth and the critical human changing society, roles need to be
(NKC) set up by the Prime Minister importantly ITC deals with the ways
perception essential for meeting the constantly assessed and a teaching
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 27
26
these concepts work when put
together. The C in ICT stands for
Communication of data over some
distance by electronic means. This
is achieved by the use of networks
connecting different hardware to
send and receive data like, personal
computers; digital television and so
on. Networks are further divided into
(LAN) local area networks usually
linked within an office building and
(WAN) Wide area network, a very
common example of the WAN is the
internet which is connected over a
vast distance
The main purpose of ICT in
Education means implementing of
ICT Equipments and Tools in
Teaching-Learning process as a
media and methodology. The
purpose of ICT in education is
generally to familiarise students with
the use and workings of computers,
and related social and ethical issues.
ICT has also enabled learning
through multiple intelligence as ICT
has introduced learning through
simulation games; this enables active
teaching - learning through all
senses.ICT’s allow faster delivery of
change in a variety of sectors
including distance education,
28 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
telemedicine, environmental
management, trade, and in
strengthening the participation of
social groups and the creation of new
livelihoods. ICT facilitates the
reaching and embracing of more
people being involved and interacting
with greater numbers of the citizens.
ICT opens up access to information
sources worldwide, promotes
networking that transcends the
limitations of being a small island. ICT
can foster the empowerment of
communities, women, youths and
socially disadvantaged groups, and
helps spread knowledge about “best
practices” and experiences. ICT is
indispensable in realizing the new
information society and the national
knowledge-based economy.
Modern process of
teaching – learning
Teaching and learning in the 21st
century, an ICT-driven age, are
undergoing innovations as a result of
the changing demands in the
education enterprise. Classrooms
have become more inclusive with
respect to the diverse needs of
gender, cultural and individual
differences. Also classrooms have
become largely ICT integrated and
May 2011
the run is towards effective use of ICT
materials to enhance learning and
teaching. Students in the level of
higher education systems bring to the
learning experience a variety of
attitudes, values and previously
learned responses. Some of these
will need to undergo change, others
be enhanced and broadened if the
learner is to achieve the personal
growth and the critical human
perception essential for meeting the
requirements of a profession. The
capacity to effectively alter or change
attitudes is dependent upon being
able to look at one’s set of values and
beliefs critically and objectively, to
come to have some understanding
of self, developing an identity and
integrity sufficient to enable learning
and growth to occur. Thus learning
needs to occur within a setting and
in such a manner as to support and
foster these perspectives and
concomitant growth. These changing
dynamics of classroom situations
have also made way for evolving
teacher and learner interactive
behaviour and strategies.
Changes in educational goal
Education goals have transformed so
that emphasis in higher learning now
Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K
falls on the learner’s responsibility for
their own learning. As such
educational objectives for learning
are being changed to focus more on
skills-based learning. Ensuing from
the integration of ICT and the digital
demands of this century, eight
defining principles set a platform from
which the learners and other
educators will have to meet in order
to satisfy market demands in the
knowledge economy. These
principles suggest the implications of
changes on setting objectives. Based
on these, the following need to be
encouraged and built into our
learning objectives:
1.Lifelong learning;
2.Learner-directed learning - with
the facilitator, diagnostician and
therapist
3.Learning to learn so that
individuals can plan and realize their
own learning
4.Contextualized learning
5.Customized learning
The different needs, preferences and
cultural practices; transformative
learning - enabling the changing of
belief systems to overcome disability
and disadvantage; collabourative or
cooperative learning; and just-in-time
May 2011 29
learning, as individuals choose from of cost and learning, in creating and influence the way students are taught Impact on learners
the global realm of opportunities. distributing quality learning in ICT and how they learn as now the 1.Updated learning process
These technology-fostered cognitive integrated classrooms. Also in the processes are learner-driven and not 2.Technically savvy class rooms
objectives can help teachers use ICT shift from a transmission pedagogical by teachers. 3.Future reference sources and
to foster significant learning model to more interactive and Benefits of data bases
experiences. manipulative models with use of new technology driven process 4.Feeling of skilled learning
ICT working process technologies, reflective critical In the era of global economy this 5.Enhanced application, thought
Teaching and Learning Process thinking becomes a key issue in century foresees a technology driven and knowledge
through ICT integration is an evaluating teaching and learning. society where “knowledge will be the Impact on institutions
important resource providing more Along with basic thinking skills - such key differentiator” and human 1. Brand building exercises
equal access and use opportunities. as problem solving, making resource development will be the 2. Learners’ satisfaction
The lessons are constructed into ICT decisions, or concept building - and main driving force for the growth 3. Knowledge and research centric
materials - well designed learning meta-cognitive regulating skills, engine. A social dimension of the setup
tasks enjoin learners to effective critical thinking skills are necessary education, in higher education, is a Conclusion
manipulation of and interaction with to actively investigate problems and pre-requisite to enhance the social ICT is the foundation of this
such materials. For example using to formulate hypotheses, judgments cohesion and equity. An integrated knowledge-based world. It allows
Power Point presentations, video or conclusions based on available approach should, therefore, be made economies to acquire and share
graphs, radio and TV information. for the societal transformation to ideas, expertise, services, and
programmememes, and so on Role of ICT in ensure participation of various technologies locally, regionally, and
thereby meeting the needs of visual teaching – learning process sectors. Knowledge-based activities across the world. It also contributes
and auditory learners. At the same The increasing use of information have become increasingly important to making the global economy more
time, the intermix with opportunities and communication technologies and pervasive worldwide. integrated than ever before. ICT can
for the learners to manipulate and (ICTs) has brought changes to Impact of using ICT on help create and sustain new
interact with ICT materials. The teaching and learning at all levels of teaching community opportunities for economic
integration of ICT into higher learning higher education systems (HES). 1.Comprehensive Teaching development. Accelerated
has also set new orientations to Traditional forms of teaching and Process knowledge transfer and technological
evaluating teaching and learning. A learning are increasingly being 2.Student-centric pedagogy diffusion amplify the competitive
great number of theoretical models converted to online and virtual 3.Supportive and conducive working advantages of fast-learning
and evaluation instruments have environments. ICT increases the environment economies. The prevailing higher
been created as a result - to delineate flexibility of delivery of education so 4.More real time delivery patterns education and its teaching- learning
which models, methods, activities that learners can access knowledge 5.Interactive and collaborative process cannot move the delivery
and actors are most effective in terms anytime and from anywhere. It can learning pattern at various levels without the

30 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 31
 Journal of School Social Work English Monthly. ISSN: 0976-3759
Registered with Registrar of Newspapers for India underNo.TNENG/2004/14389.
Postal Registration TN/CC(S) Dn/ 47 / 09-11.
Licensed to post under WPP No. TN/CC(S) Dn/ 34/09-11.
support of ICT. The role and the of its technological front and once if
application of ICT gains more the process of promulgating the uses
inclusion among the teacher and of ICT in higher educative teaching
learner in higher education system and learning process will make the
of India. But the inclusion on add on comfortable learning system among
sources of ICT components learners and enriched teaching
continuously to be updated because novelties among teachers.
References:
Bauer J and Kenton (2005): Toward Technology Integration in the Schools:
Why it isn’t Happening. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education. 13(4),
2005, Pp. 519-546.
Higher Education: Free degrees to fly, Economist, February 26th-March 4th,
2005, Pp63-65.
Long term Advantages for the Indian IT Sector, Business Today, 4 December
2005.
‘India and the Knowledge Economy; Leveraging Strength and Opportunities’,
The World Bank, Report number 31267-IN, April 2005.
info Dev/World Bank. (2007). ICT-in-Education Toolkit for Decision Makers,
Planners & Practitioners Version 2.0. Retrieved 1 August 2008 from
www.ictinedtoolkit.org
AIMA (All India Management Association). 2003. India’s New Opportunity, 2020:
Report of the High-Level Strategic Group. Prepared with the Boston Consulting
Group. Mumbai and New Delhi, India.
Dr Parthasarathy R, Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatric Social
Work, NIMHANS will be the honorary special editor for the month of June
2011. Focus: Silent Children. Send articles before 20-May-2011.
Published and owned by P. Jayachandran Naidu. Published from
8, Sridevi Colony, 7th Avenue, Ashok Nagar, Chennai 600083 and
printed by T. Rajaguru at TRK Press, 39, Saidapet Road, Vadapalani,
Chennai 600026. Editor: P. Jayachandran Naidu.
32 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011 Journal of SCHOOL SOCIAL W O R K May 2011