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RATES OF REACTION
Collision theory – indicates that a reaction takes place only when molecules collide with the proper
orientation and sufficient energy
• rate (speed) of reaction – determined by measuring the amount of a reactant used up, or the
amountof a product formed in a certain period of time
change in concentration
rate of rxn = ---------------------------
change in time
Catalysts – speed up a rxn by providing an alternate pathway that has a lower energy of activation
Chemical equilibrium – when there is no further change in the concentration of the reactants and
products
– reactants formed products as products form reactants
– rates of forward and reverse rxn are equal
1
Exercise:
Reversible rxns:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
forward rxn N2 + 3H2 N2 + 3H2
reverse rxn 2NH3 N2 + 3H2
III.EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS, Kc
• numerical value obtained by substituting molar concentation at equilibrium into the expression
[HI]2
Kc = ---------------
[H2] [I2]
Boardwork:
Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the following:
a. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3(g)
Hot Question!!
Write the balanced chemical equation that would give the following equilibrium constant expression.
[NO2]2
Kc =
[NO]2 [O2]
2
• Heterogenous Equilibrium - reactants and products are in two or more states
– concentration of pure solids and liquid are constant, therefore
they are not included in the equilibrium constant expression
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Kc = [CO2]
Exercise:
Write the equilibrium constant expression for the ff. Heterogenous equilibria:
a) Si (s) + 2Cl2 (g) SiCl4(g)
[HI]2
Kc=
Experiment [H2] [I2] [HI] [H2][I2]
Reactants Products
[H2] = 0.10M [HI] = 1.04M
[I2] = 0.20M
[products] = Large Kc
[reactants]
• The numerator (products) is greater than the concentrations of the reactants in the
denominator.
[products] = Small Kc
[reactants]
if Kc = 1 x 103 or 1000
Therefore: [B] would be 1000 times greater than [A] at equilibrium
Small Kc
if Kc = 1x 10-2
Therefore: [A] is 100 times greater than [B] at equilibrium
Table 9.4
• Large Kc
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
= 3.4 x 102
• Small Kc
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
= 2 x 10-9
If the equilibrium concentrations for the reaction are [Cl2] = 0.25 and [COCl2] = 0.8m,
What is the equilibrium concentration of CO(g)?
Need: [CO]
Solution:
[COCl2]
Kc = [Co][Cl2]
Kc[CO]pCl2] = [COCl2]
Assignment / Seatwork:
Ethanol can be produced by reacting ethylene C2H4 with water vapor. At 327o C, Kc is 9 x 103
Table 9.5
[NO]2
[N2][O2]
Less reactant
Less product
[NO]2
[N2][O2] Decrease Decrease
[NO]2
[N2][O2]
More reactant
Table 9.6
• If heat is removed, the equilibrium of an exothermic reaction favors the products, which
provides heat
• Increase T, decrease Kc
• decrease T, increase Kc
Table 9.7