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Trend´s E1/T1 Guide Pocket Guide for E1 and PDH Testing

AuroraTango E1
PDH T-Carrier A hand-held Telecom and Datacom
tester up to 2 Mbit/s with double
worldwide U.S. and Canada Japan analyser. G.703
balanced and
unbalanced, V.11,
V.24, V.35, V.36 and
E4 139264 kbps 97728 Kbps J4
97728 kbps EIA530 interfaces. All
the features needed for
x4 x3 x3 in-depth analysis, from
Pulse mask check to
jitter generation and
E3 34368
34368 kbps
Kbps T3 44736 kbps 32064 kbps J3 analysis, including
transfer and tolerance tests.
x4 x7 x5 VictorPlus
A hand-held analyzer and generator
E2 8448
8448 kbps
Kbps T2 6312 Kbps J2
6312 kbps for Telecoms and Data networks of
2 Mbps and below, with physical
interfaces for G.703,
x2 V.11, V.24, V.35 and
V.36, it can perform in-
x4 x3 T1c 3152 kbps J1c service and out-of-
service measurements.
x2 It can be remotely
managed through a
TCP/IP network.
E1 2048 kbps T1 1544 kbps J1
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x30 x24 A touch-screen hand-held family of
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Single Channel 64 kbps interfaces up to 2.5 Gbps with func-
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alarms G.783 sequences, fre-
quency deviation and n x 64 and
Figure 1 PDH and T-carrier hierarchies n x 56kbps tests at E1 and DS1 lev-
els. Remote control through a TCP/
IP network.

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Figure 2 The E1 frame is the first hierarchy level.

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Multiplexer A Multiplexer B
Errors
64 2
64 kbps 64 kbps

. 2 Mbps .
. .
. .
REBE (bit E=1)
2 64
CRC-4 Writer CRC-4 Reader
Error Indication Reader Error Indication Writer

Figure 3 The A multiplexer calculates and writes the CRC code, and the multiplexer B reads and
checks the code.

E1 E2 E3 E4
64 kbps .64 2 Mbps 2 8 Mbps 8 34 Mbps 34
x 30 140 Mbps
or x4 x4 x4
x 31
2 8 34 140

E1 E3 E4
2 Mbps 2 34 Mbps 34
140 Mbps
x 16
34 140

E1 E4
2 Mbps 2
140 Mbps
x 64
140
Figure 4 The PDH hierarchy
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Standard Binary Rate Size Frame/s Code Amplitude Attenuation

G.704/732 2,048 kbps±50 ppm 256 bits 8,000 HDB3 2.37-3.00V 6 dB
G.742 8,448 kbps±30 ppm 848 bits 9,962.2 HDB3 2.37V 6 dB
G.751 34,368 kbps±20 ppm 1536 bits 22,375.0 HDB3 1.00V 12 dB
G.751 139,264 kbps±15 ppm 2928 bits 47,562.8 CMI 1.00V 12 dB

Table 1 The PDH hierarchy figures

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Figure 5 The higher PDH hierarchies. A bit-oriented justification process is used to fit tributaries
created with clock impairments.
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Multiplexer

8448 kbps (+5 ppm)

8

8448 kbps (+7 ppm) 34368 kbps (-10 ppm)

8448 kbps (+2 ppm)
8448 kbps (-10 ppm)
34

1 n

FAS A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 R1 R2 R3 R4 T1 T4

R1 R2 R3 R4 4 justification bits, one per tributary

Ji Justification control bit of the ith tributary

Figure 6 PDH hierarchies are not synchronous, and variations can be expected in the bit rate clock -
in this case a justification mechanism is implemented. If all Ji=1, then the Ri bit does not con-
tain information. If all Ji=0, then Ri contains information.

Alarm Management:
Network Element Multiplexer A Multiplexer B Network Element

LOF AIS
NE NE

RAI (bit A=1)

AIS Formats:

1 n
:X
:1
2 Mbps 2 Mbps CAS 8, 34, 140 Mbps
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RAI Formats:
Time Slot 0 Time Slot 16 1 n
Frame 0 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 S A S S
1 0 1 A S S S S S a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 a16 b16 c16 d16 FAS A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1
2 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 a17 b17 c17 d17
3 0 1 A S S S S S a 3 b 3 c 3 d 3 a18 b18 c18 d18

Figure 7 When a multiplexer detects an LOS or LOF, it sends an RAI to its partner multiplexer
and forwards an AIS to the next NE.
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ID Detection Criteria

AIS Alarm Indication Signal. It is detected if there are two or less zeros (ITU-T G.775).

LOF Loss of Frame alarm. It is raised after three consecutive frames with FAS error or
three consecutive signalling bits (ITU-T G.706).

LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm.

RAI Remote Alarm Indication. It is detected after three consecutive frames with the A bit
equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732).

FAS error Frame Alignment Signal error, indicating an incorrect bit in the alignment word.

Bit error Bit sequence mismatch (when the transmitted pattern is known).

Code error Violation on coding sequence.

CRC-LOM Cyclic Redundancy Checksum - Loss of Multiframe. Activated if there is LOF, and
deactivated after one correct FAS and two correct CRC-MFAS (ITU-T G.706).

CAS-LOM Channel-Associated Signalling - Loss of Multiframe. Raised after two consecutive

MFAS errors or two multiframes with time slot 16 bits equal to 0 (ITU-T G.732).

CAS-MRAI Channel-Associated Signalling - Multiframe Remote Alarm Indication. Detected after

two consecutive frames with the MRAI bit equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732).

CAS-MAIS Channel-Associated Signaling - Multiframe Alarm Indication Signal. Detected if

there are less than three zeros in the time slot 16 during two consecutive
multiframes.

CRC error Cyclic Redundancy Check error. Raised if one or more bits are erroneous,
whenever CRC-LOM is off (ITU-T G.706).

REBE Remote End Block Error. Raised if the first bit of the frames 14 and 16 is 0
(ITU-T G.706).

Table 1 2 Mbps events: alarms, errors and event indications

ID Explanation

AIS Alarm Indication Signal. This is detected if less than six zeros in a frame in the
case of 140 Mbps, or less than three zeros in 34 Mbps and 8 Mbps.
LOF Loss of Frame alarm. Raised after four consecutive frames with FAS error

LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm

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RAI Remote Alarm Indication. Detected after two consecutive frames with A equals1

FAS error Frame alignment signal error. One or more incorrect bits in the alignment word.

Table 2 PDH events: alarms, errors and event indications for all the hierarchies
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DS0 T1 T2
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 6.312 Mbps DS2 T3
44.736 Mbps
M1 M12 M23
x 24 x4 x7
DS1 DS2 DS3

DS0 T1
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 T1c
3.152 Mbps
x 24 M1 M11c
x2
DS1 DS1c

DS0 T1
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 T3
44.736 Mbps
x 24 M1 M13
x 28
DS1 DS3

Figure 8 T-Carrier hierarchy (US)

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Figure 9 The T1 frame and superframe

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Figure 10 The DS2 frame or M12 multiplexing and DS3 frame.

Code Event Type Explanation

00110010 11111111 DS3 equipment failure Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention
00011110 11111111 DS3 equipment failure Non-Service Affecting (NSA)
00000000 11111111 DS1 equipment failure Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention
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00001010 11111111 DS1 equipment failure Non-Service Affecting (NSA)

00011100 11111111 DS3 LOS Loss of Signal
00101010 11111111 Multiple DS1 LOS Multiple Loss of Signal in the DS1 tributaries
00111100 11111111 Single DS1 LOS Loss of Signal received from a DS1
00000000 11111111 DS3 OOF Out of Frame in the DS3 signal
00101100 11111111 DS2 AIS Alarm Indication Signal received from a DS2

Table 3 C-bit parity: alarm and status signal codes

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Test and Measurement

Ref: 700706 02 05.05

2 2
E1 E4 E1
In-Service-Measurement NE NE
(ISM)
140 140

Double or simple,
frame analyzer Test Equipment

2 2 E1
E1 E4
Out-of-Service-Measurement
NE NE
(OOSM)
140 140

Pattern Generation Error Detection

Performance Measurement

% ROUTE ALLOCATION

OK DEGRADED BAD

LIMIT LIMIT
SERIAL OK BAD
OUTPUT

Acronyms
AIS Alarm Indication Signal LOS Loss of Signal
CAS Channel-Associated Signalling NE Network Element
CCS Common Channel Signalling PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check RAI Remote Alarm Indication

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