Conference Paper, September 12 2008

Kristina Börebäck

Gendered Knowledge an Intersectional

Perspective on Planning
The gendered self-evident knowledge in all planning processes and the obvious importance to
visualise it, can be negotiated.
In a democratic society we are all supposed to be included in the planning processes. All
planning contains the consideration of envisioning whom it may concern and who will be
included.
In spatial planning and territorial analysis, gendering is automatically included in the
processes of knowledge. People use the gendering in knowledge during their professions. In
all professions you need to get a space to perform. Everyone use the gendering of knowledge
as a part of the action knowledge that gives them positions to run their lives and their work
from. I am using a gender intersectional perspective and the interaction of the social and
physical contents of rooms to visualize the process of making power positions.
This involves an argument to understand the basic rules of gendering during the planning
activity. When discussing gendering of the society, I believe that it is important to focus on
the planners and the planning activity. I presume that it is possible to go from the normalised
quantitative equality thinking to a qualitative point of view for the gendered activity.
Gendered knowledge influences the planning of our future societies and how it will affect us.
A more critical consciousness can help create awareness as to whom the future society will be
available to.
1 Introduction:
The environment has influence on the human condition of life. The conditions of life affect
the opportunities in both the working life as well as everyday life.
There is a conflict in understanding the world and the will to understand how our fellow
human beings perceive and apprehend the world surrounding them. This is one of the
dilemmas planners deal with in their daily work.
In many years planning and the legislation documents where written gender-neutral or
gender-blind (the law is still often gender-neutral)1. The world is gendered and in many ways
also unequal. A lot of people look at gender-neglecting as unfair especially in relation to
women’s space of action 2 at the labour market.
To overcome the gendered problem, concerning gender-neutrality, the human beings were
separated into a normative selection of the sexes, women and men.
In pursue of equality human beings are grouped together as belonging to one of two sexes
different from each other. In the mainstream equality-work individuals in organisations (of
more then 10 people) are counted as man and woman. To overcome the distorted hierarchies,

1
The concept gender-neutral refers to the way a document “doesn’t take care” if it handles men or women. The
concept gender-blind on the other hand refers to the fact that gender-neutral document often handle all human as
the same and practice normative gender hierarchies in each situation of documentation. A gender-blind text will
in many situation practice a patriarchal hierarchy as normative.
2
The concept: space of action is firmly based on the texts by Daudi, 1986, p 124; Holmer-Nadesen, 1996

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Kristina Börebäck
where men more often have the highest positions, strategies has been developed to promote
positive treatment of women in f eg employment processes3.

1.1 The Concept Sex and Gender

In this paper I will use the concept sex and gender as a description of what is done and
defined as an action. In the study of sex and gender the field of research must be limited
contextually and discursively grasped. The discourse will be used to visualize how and where
something is experienced, the consistency. The context is the frames of references in where
and when something is experienced.
Sex is based on self-perception as well as others perception of the body shapes. Further more
sex is based on the body functions as a reproductive tool as well as a normative template to
sexuality.
Gender will be the descriptions of what is done and defines what will be normatively right
and suitable for the sex defined by humanity. Gender describes the actions happenings, legal
& moral rights and obligations “typical” of a gender.
Gendering is the way sex and gender will be processed in action space.
2 The Problems of Gendering and the Planners Profession
I will now present the gendering of the profession of city and landscape planners and their
gendered working dilemma through the following three quotations.
”One is not born, but becomes a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the
figure that the human female presents in society: it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature,
intermediate between, male and eunuch, which is described as feminine.”4
Beauvoir locates gender or sex into an environment, into the rooms of action or non-action.
Sex and gender will therefore not be a statement but a process of “doing gender”5. The rooms
of actions are landscapes that express the lodgers’ practices of the habitués 6. These
landscapes are experienced by every individual and perceived in their minds and in their
bodies7.
The habitués in the landscape are arranged as societies. A society is an organised system
delimited geographically including living creatures. It is built as the reflection of the included
creatures’ communication skills8. Communication will occur in many ways in the society not
only in the spoken or written language but also in body language and through the visual

3
One example is the so called Tham professorship from regulation (1995:36) that later was objected in the
lawsuit: Thamprofessur-målet, C- 407/98 at the EU-court.
4
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Bantham, 1952), p. 249
5
Doing gender as a concept is primary used in organizational gender studies. It reefers from a study by West &
Zimmerman, 1987, p 137: In this study West & Zimmerman refer to the separation process between individuals
as boys and girls that could not refer to circumstance as biological.; Acker, 1992 develops the concept into a
defining of how things, not only human, will be gendered in an organization.
6
Olwig, 2002 (landscape planner); see also the discussion of gendering the landscape or room, by Sassen, 1996
(political); McDowell, 1999 (geographer)
7
Davies, B., 1999: Bronwyn Davies (pedagogue) refers to human beings as bodies of reading and writing their
perception of the landscape as physical and social room.
8
We use the concept society not only referred to human being but also to insects as bees and ants. In this paper I
will refer to the by human built societies.

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Kristina Börebäck
language in artefacts and symbols in the environment. The skill of communication can be
described in the intersection of language and culture as communicative competence9.
It is not enough to justify referring to someone as a “woman” just because she is, in fact, a woman – because
she is, by the same token, a Californian, Jewish, a mediator, a former weaver, my wife, and many others.
Similarly, the ways of formulating the context within which something occurred are multiple.10
The doings of the gendered individually is done in a gendered society within a gendered
language. Schegloff, face the trouble in formulating someone by categorizing a mind or a
body as a sex. A human being as a sex is a simplification that makes the humans complexity
indistinguishable. In the performed normalization of gender and sex as a description of
someone or something makes the effect of gendering invisible. The gendering effect will be
naturalized as innate, evident or taken for granted11. It will be a process of creating knowledge
that includes gendering as an aspect. The knowledge itself will be seen as gender-neutral and
is gender-blind. Gender as an aspect of all kinds of knowledge will be included and added in
the knowledge creation referred to as tacit knowledge12, situated cognition13, or as facienda14.
The knowledge is used as action knowledge that verifies different subject oriented power-
positions. The power-positions refer to the size in space of action for each and everyone who
use their competence of knowledge that is gendered. Accepted knowledge can be used as
normative. Normalised behaviour gives a person admission to certain rooms of inclusion in a
certain society or a certain group in one- or in multiple societies15. Individuals with small
space of action strive to get respectability in their society and thereby obtain a larger amount
of space in action in there lives16.
Different people have different experiences of the world; this is named situated knowledge17..
The learning process of situated knowledge can be described as biographical learning18.

9
Carlgren, 1999, p 19: “kommunikativ kompetens” – a persons ability or capacity to make herself understood or
understand others way of communication.
10
Schegloff, 1997, p 165-166 (linguistic)
11
Joan, 2005: Gendering is a verbalization of sex and gender which is a process oriented form of sex and gender
thinking.
12
Polanyi, 1974, 1983 – this is knowledge used to fit in and used with discretion. The Swedish the concept “tyst
kunskap” in f eg Ellström, 1999, that refer to knowledge as un-spoken.; “Förtrogenhets kunskap” in f eg
Gustavsson, 2000, that refer to knowledge as organisational or professional culture training.
13
Sierhuis & Clansey, 1997, that refer to knowledge as dynamically reconfigured – to the perceptual motor of
coordination, during transaction in an environment, within the person\s conceptions of context as a social actor.
14
Ramìrez, 2004, in the rhetorical science, facienda refers to knowledge about acting or actions as the red thread
in storytelling.
15
Ambjörnsson, 2002; Skeggs, 1997;
16
Skeggs, 1997, 2004; Ambjörnsson, 2002; Krekula, 2006
17
Harding, 1991 see also Haraway, 1997 and the discussion of objectivity.
Further look at the 1970: s when rapports of stories from women’s life were common and verified as valuable
because women often were overlooked in the historical documentation. See f eg Ekelöf, 1970, The value to
visualise situated knowledge has come back during the 2000: f eg in Sudbury, 1998, Kuosmanen, 2001,
Ambjörnsson, 2002, Juntti-Henriksson, 2008
18
Alheit, 1995, 1996; Bron, 2005, 2005b

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Kristina Börebäck
“As a woman you are supposed to understand what it means to be a woman. Many of our end-users are
women, many are low educated, many have children and there are single mothers among them. But I, in my
life have not a clue about what this really means, because that’s not what my life is. How, shall I understand
and respect these women’s´ situation in my planning just because I am a woman?” 19
My informant points out the dilemma that turns up in lack of situated knowledge, together
with the preconceived notion that all people of the same sex can be grouped as alike20. She
communicates a wish to understand, the circumstances that aren’t obvious in her own
situation. She also implicitly voices an anger of being classified in the same category as a
lower class woman by her male and fellow workers. The informant expresses a perception of
non-respect or lack of respect in working situations referred to her as a woman. This woman
is not treated gender-neutral; she is pointed out as gender specific.
Now we have separated the dilemma of gendering in the daily work of city and landscape
planners into two separate concepts. It’s partly an organizational hierarchical problem in
organizations that work within the planning processes. Partly is it a problem that the
knowledge used in practice of the working field is gendered. The knowledge has been
discussed as following: Men’s knowledge is negotiated as normal and women’s knowledge if
negotiated is referred as situated knowledge21.
I is my allegation that we have some knowledge on these features. A lot of good research has
already been done to put the inequalities of the societies out in the open. Still there are a lot to
do and I hope to put a piece of the puzzle into place.

2.1 The Aim of Spatial Planning

The comprehensive goal in all kinds of spatial planning is to create good, secure conditions of
life into long-term sustainable living environment. Today the planners also deal with the goals
of availability and equality in relation to sex, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, race, (mal)-
functionality22. The intention of the work has developed from a project orientation to a
strategic orientation 23. This fact makes it impossible to isolate a separate project from
consequences in the rest of the world. Spatial planners work on all levels in the society, from
private and consulting organizations throughout the municipalities of the country, the county
administrative board, the governmental Boverket and Naturvårdsverket as well as the partly
state owned infrastructural owners such as Vägverket, Banverket and different infrastructural
owners for radio, telephone and data-communication.
3 Phenomenographic Approach in Gender Studies
I made the choice to do a variation study with the purpose to visualizing the processes of
gendering instead of the gendered results. In many research documents the results reflects

19
This is a free translation from Swedish to English of an expression made by a source in an interview. The
informant is a woman in the age of about 28 and working in a project of infrastructural planning. The interview
occur in November 2004; Börebäck, 2008, bilaga 1: quotation 14.2.2
20
This could refer to other hierarchies in the societies as well not only gender-class but also ethnicity, race, (dis)-
ability, …,f eg: Sudbury, 1998; Molina, 1997; of race and gender; Reyes de los, 2001, Reyes de los, Molina,
Mulinari, 2003; 2005, ethnicity- gender; Lundahl, 2001; Lindholm & Nilsson, sexuality-gender, Krekula, 2006
age-gender …
21
Friberg & Larsson, 2000, p 38; McElroy, 2002; Fenster, 1999
22
PBL, SFS 1987: 383- SFS 2001: 320; Miljöbalken, SFS 1998:808; Arbetsmiljölagen, 1977:1160-SFS
2008:297, Expropriationslagen: SFS 1972b:719; Vaglagen SFS 1971:948; Fastighetsbildningslagen 1970:988;
Ledningsrättslagen 1973:1144; Diskriminernigslagarna SFS 1986:442 ethnicity; SFS 1979:1118 men and
women; SFS 199:133 sexuality
23
SMB-direktivet 2001/42/EG

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Kristina Börebäck
how the society “is”. The aim for many feminist and gender researchers’ is criticising the
inequalities of the society. I admire their purpose, but very often I see how their results have
been used as normative instead of critical. I believe, that showing how things are have some
unforeseen limitations though what is, that is and will hardly be changed.
If we focus on the processes of what is going on, we can be critical to the way they are done
long before they will be permanent or even exist.
Phenomenography as a method has the purpose to visualize different qualitative variations of
a phenomenon24. Approaching different ways of categorising and finding aspects in the
material is basic and unprejudiced. The openness can be compared with the way sexuality, is
handled in queer theories25. You can never predict what will be the results in an analysis. The
result of the method is its comprehensiveness in varieties of the searched phenomenon.

3.1 Open Interviews – to collect Empirical Data

The empirical data is based on nine open interviews where people from the profession of
spatial planning expressed themselves on what they see as important or as qualification of
competence in their practice of profession. They were employees in four different
organizations. These organizations are at different levels in the planning hierarchy. All
organizations do interact in planning processes. The organisations were one owner of
infrastructure (4 interview subject), one consulting organisation (3 interview subject), one
county administrative board (1 interview subject) and one University (1 interview subject).
The interview subjects are represented by four men and five women all with a university
diploma, all but one from a technical university.

3.2 Intersectional perspective as a categorisation tool in the analysis

In the analysis the intersectional perspective is used as a tool to express and to keep apart
differences in the power-hierarchies, both multiple and restricting26. I use theories from the
rhetorical argumentations analysis to handle the different ways the power-hierarchies
intersect27. To fill in the complexity of the context and discourses that is expressed in the
empirical data, I applyLefebvrés ideas of the room handled as three social dimensions are
used28.

3.3 Result
The results of the variation-study visualize different ways that individuals create space of
action to obtain to get a power-position. These power-positions were strived for, as a
expression of competence in their work – as self-interest and/or for others to acknowledge
their importance. The pattern reflects how the gendering interactively is a part of processes of
action. These processes are influenced by the performed actions of the individuals through
their reflection of what they learnt in action knowledge about the different power-hierarchies’
in the society the individual moved through.

24
Marton, 1981, Marton & Booth, 2000
25
Pinar, 1998; Ambjörnsson, 2006
26
Krekula, 2006; Carbin & Thornhill, 2004; Engstam, 2005; Hultman & Westerberg, 2005; Lykke, 2003; Reyes
de los, Molina & Mulinari, 2003; 2005 Ambjörnsson, 2004, m fl
27
Karlberg & Mral, 2003; Ramírez, 2003; Hellspong, 2004; Norrby, 1996, p 140-172
28
Lefebvré, 1991 p 33, 38-46; Franzen 2004, p 54-56

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The worker arguments in practice of the profession to reach a power-position, and for this
purpose use a certain action knowledge considered by the individual as useful in a specific
social- and physical room. This means that it includes the intersectional patterns that specify
the current subjective process oriented power-position. The intersectional pattern will be
specific in each situation and to each individual; even though the power-position is shown in
the relation to a bodily individual in a physical limited room or geographic space.
In the interpretation the space of action reflects the constituted power-hierarchies as a process-
oriented pattern of power-position in the physical and social rooms where they are handled.
The space of action constitutes a mirror from the surrounding society’s frames of references.
These frames of references are expressed as patterns in inclusion of the normative,
respectability and value of esteem. The inclusion reflects whom or what incorporated in the
process. The room, visualize where whom or what that is being described. These are
identified as attributes of the social or physical room it concern. The power is defined in
social artefacts and expressed as structural and cultural power-positions.
In spatial planning this includes two levels. It includes the practising individuals as part of an
organisation and as connecting link between different organisations that interact in working
processes. At the same time this has influence on all the knowledge and competence that will
be valued as important to these professionals using in their profession. This formulates two
different but parallel traces. The traces are defines as the condition in the practice of
profession and the professional planner. At the same time does it covers the ways of how the
working-material includes an active integration of sex and gender.

3.4 Body and Mind Critic of the Method

The individuals in the study do all describe how they handle the consciousness on their own
body. They communicate the body as gendered often as belonging to a specific sex. In the
variation study identifies and defines constantly these bodies and the bodies of their fellow
beings as reflections to the rooms of activity. The gendering of the bodies is used as means of
power, sometimes as a pro and sometimes as a con. The sex of the bodies will be done social
in the rooms. Gendering defines in the practice of work. Knowledge will be done in a
gendering construction and reflected in the professions and in the working materials in the
rooms it will be performed. To develop the results I take the qualitative values of the analysis
and put them back into the work of planning. Will this be an over interpretation or a circle
proof?
In the study to which I refer it is my goal to avoid judging the empirical data as better or
worse. On the other hand I do wish to envision that the conception that has been presented
isn’t ignorable but valuable to the spatial planners and their organisations.
The value will be in the different ways action of space is expressed. The action of space
reflects the variable expressions. This variation depends on social dimension of the rooms and
the physical rooms where individuals formulate their own process oriented power-position in
their practice of profession. The expressed variation is unique to each and every situation but
the way of creation the space of action returns.
The specific value of the analysis s to visualize the different ways sex and gender mirrors as
integrated in the whole process. In the specific value emerge the gendering of action-
knowledge as a keyword. In the results gender and sex appear to affect the individual during
practice of the profession. Gender and sex have an active effect in the way the individual can
complement its professional space of action. In all human relation action will become
gendered and gender will be integrated as an interactive part in all processes.

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Kristina Börebäck
Analysis of process oriented power-positions can be associated with the aim itself in the
physical planning as a profession. An example is the target to plan for an equal and available
society. The plans sets the frames for the physical room, the performing of the room will be
based on the knowledge and the competences that have highest value in the profession of
planning as a working field. It possible visualize the gendering processes during f eg official
meetings (as discrimination f eg) and express it in documents of planning.
The planner rarely (if ever) takes the decisions of what will be available, or what will be
sustainable or gender equal.
That is a political decision.
I will point out that the analyses of process based power-positions in the discussion of action
space also include a choice that illustrates in the plans. The question is always if the orders of
gender hierarchies are acceptable or it needs a renewal (an undoing of gender).
The organizations that deals with physical planning processes as well as their surroundings
will have to deal with a critical review in the phase of action, not in correlation to static view
of the world. The decision of gendering the future room will need your activity of acceptance
or opposition. Activities such as the conditions of planning will be detected as conscious
decisions related to the human life-condition in the future physical environment.

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