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Thair M.AL-Taiee
Assistant Lecturer, Saddam Dam Research Center,
Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
There are many negative side effects of the dam constructi-
on on the downstream river 's regime and on its hydraulic
structures.Before dam construction the river was in a state
of equilibrium characterized by a clear low water and a
flood was loaded with suspended matter.As the water stores
behind a constructed dam, it looses most of the material
suspended in it. The increased water velocity of pure water
in front of the dam starts to degrade the bottom and the
banks of the downstream river to compensate for the loss of
the material deposited in the reservoir. Minor degradation
below dams is sootimes desirable and beneficial since it
increases channel capacity and improves drainage of
adjoining lands.
Tremendous quantities of bed materials have been removed
from the channel below Hoover'dam.Measurements reported by
Borland and Miller,(1964) indicated that about 11,559,320
cubic metres have been removed from the channel for a dist-
153
ThairM. Al-Taiee 154
ance of 148 kilometers ailes below the dam during the peri-
od 1935 to 1951. Observation Bade at lake Mead indicated
that when the clarified water was released from the dan on
the Rio grand, the flow was carried away from the bed more
fine materials than coarse particles (lane, 1953). Several
modern dans in India of relatively low height have failed
as a result of erosion at the toe of the structure due to
the sediment carried away fron the bed by the clarified
water (Jogtefcar,1951).
The rate of degradation below reservoirs depends upon
the type of material in the channel and the hydraulic char-
acteristics of the outflow.These degradation processes will
eventually reduce the water level and increase the hydraul-
ic pressure on the structures located downstream of the dam
such as bridges.
The present case study for the above mentioned problem
was applied to observe the effect of Mosul dam on the
degradation of Tigris river bed. The dam was located on
Tigris river 60 kilometers north of Mosul city, (Fig 1).
The dam construction completed in 1985 and started to store
water behind in the beginning of 1985.
METHODOLOGY
A Tigris river profile in the entrance of Mosul city was
selected in the present work as a case study of the present
problem.
This river profile was located within Mosul discharge Meas-
urement station which was installed 150 metres upstream of
an old Mosul bridge.
The field estimates of degradation are based on observ-
ations of drops in the bed level of the studied river
profile and the decreases in water levels. Field suspended
sediment measurements, discharge measurements, measurements
of surface water slope and cross section profiles are
periodically carried out after dam construction for the
years 1985 till the end of the year 1988 by the ministry of
Irrigation (1988). Sediment samples from the Tigris river
bed at Mosul station were analyzed for grain size distribu-
tion by Nedeco (1976),Najib (1980) and Hayawi (1987). Water
temperatures from the upstream and downstream of Mosul dam
were measured and recorded too.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is natural that such a complex scheme like a dam should
have some effects. Some of those are positive whilst others
are negative.An important one of those negative effects are
the degradation processes which are the by-product of
flowing clear water from the dam to the downstream river.
This clear water has trapped its suspended sediment
material in the upstream reservoir before releasing from
the dam. The above mentioned problem was applied on Mosul
dam trying to study its effect on the downstream Tigris
river specially near one of the oldest hydraulic construct-
ion in Mosul city (old Mosul bridge).
Three important factors and indications were used in
the present work to satisfy and discuss the effect of rele-
asing clear water from Mosul dam on downstream river. One
of those indications was the sediment concentration measur-
ements in downstream river for the periods before and after
Mosul dam construction.The other two factors were the cross
section profiles of Tigris river for different periods and
the water temperature differences between the upstream and
downstream behaviour of erosion and deposition processes.
For the sediment concentration, the mean annual suspended
load transported by Tigris river prior to construction of
the dam have been amounted to about 20500 tons. The maximum
observed sediment concentration prior to construction of
Mosul dam was 6725 ppm. whilst the minimum was 29 ppo.
giving the ratio of (230 - 1 ) , (ministry of Irr. 1988).
After the construction of the dam, the mean monthly
concentration of suspended sediment in the downstream river
dropped to a range between 85 ppm. and 38 ppm. It is clear
from the above mentioned numbers that since construction of
the dam (1985),95.5% of the total suspended sediment load
carried by flood was deposited in Mosul reservoir. This
Thair M. Al-Taiee 156
Period/year J F M A M J J A S O N D
1959 - 1975 1163 2052 2427 1346 1063 903 964 807 661 516 518 785
1986 - 1988 60 65 70 81 85 62 48 42 38 40 51 70
100
90 * * Nedeco 1976 /" / /
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1980
1987
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piers with large size rock riprap which gives more stabliz-
ation to the piers and push away the vortices formed there.
Water Temperature Effects
It has been noted that the movement of bed material in mov-
Thair M. Al-Taiee 160
REFERENCES
Borland, W.M and Miller, C.R. (1964) Degradation below
reservoir. Handbook of Applied Hydrology, V.T. Chow.
Hayawi,G.A.M.(1987)A hydraulic model to study and train Ti-
gris river between Ninavah bridge and AL-Hurriya bridge
at Mosul city. Thesis presented to the University of
Mosul at Mosul.College of Engineering, Irrigation Depa-
rtment .
Jogtekar, D.V. and Wadelar, G.T.U951) The effect of weirs
and Dams on the regime of rivers. International
Association of Hydraulic Research. Bombay.
Lane, E.W and Borland, W.M.(1953) River bed scour during
floods. American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of
Hydraulic Division . Vol. 5. Ministry of Irrigation
(1988).Seasonal Reports,Mosul Irrigation Office,Iraq.
Najib, Y.E.(1980) Characteristics of Tigris river at Mosul.
Thesis presented to the University of Mosul at Mosul,
College of Engineering , Irrigation Department.
Nedeco (1976) Navigation study Tigris river, Mosul-Baghdad
Reach, Republic of Iraq, Planning report.
Walter C.Carey (1963) Effect of Water temperature on the
river bed configuration. Paper No. 31 In The
Proceeding of the Federal Inter-Agency of Sediment
Conference.Miscellaneous Publication No.970. Agricultu-
ral Research Service.