Wordlist

have sth in common inherit /rn'herrt/ interact /,Int;)'ra:kt/ nurture /'n3:tf;)/ playa role

relate (to) /n'lertl

MENTAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Nouns

ability I;)'bll;)til

adolescent I,red;)]'es;)ntl behaviour /br'hervja/ childhood /'tfaIldhudl concept /'konseptl consequence l'konSIkw;)nsJ gesture J'd3estf;)J

growth /gr;)u9J

height /hart/

imagination h,Inred3I'neIJ;)n/ i nfa ncy /'mf;)nsi/

infant "rnfant.'

knowledge J'nolld3J

maturity /rna'tjuoroti/ memory /'mem;)riJ

m i lesto n e I' rnarlst aun/ mind /marnd/

peers /praz/

period /'pT;)ri;)dJ

phase /Ieiz,'

rate Irenl

reminder /rr'mamda/ social skills

skill /skil,

stage !steld3!

tod d Ie r I'todi;)/ transition /trren'zrjon.'

Adjectives

abstract I'rebstrrektl cognitive l'kDgnatlvl clumsy /'klAmzil

fond /fond!

ful.y-grown I'fuli qraun/ immature I,Im~'tju~/ independent l,mdI'pend;mtl irresponsible l,m'spons;:Jbll mature /ma'tjoe/

patient l'peJf;:Jnt/

rebellious /rr'belias/ significant /stq'nrfrkant/ tolerant /'tnhr;:)nt/

Verbs

acquire /o'kwara/ develop /dr'vclop/ gesture l'd3esti;:,/ grow /graul imitate l'rIDfteltl look back

master I'ma.:stal mature /mo'tjua' remember /rr'mernba/ remind /rr'mamd/ reminisce I,reml'msl throw a tantrum visualise l'vI3ualatzi

Adverbs

typically l'tIprkliJ

Phrases with mind bear in mind

broaden the mind

have something in mind I have something on your mind it slipped my mind

keep an open mind

my mind went blank

put your mind at ease

KEEPING FIT Nouns

allergy l'rei;:od3iJ

a nxiety Ire!) 'zaroti/ appetite l'a:pItanl

artery l'mtariJ

a sset I' reset I

benefit /'belllfItJ

cravings l'krelvIgz/ depression /dr'prej'on/ diagnosis l,daTag'n;;lusIsl diet /darat/

dietician I,dal;:o'trf;)nl disease /dr'zirz.

(eating) disorder IdI'S:):d;:o/ exercise I'eksasalzl

factor I'frekt;:ol

fast food Ifo:st fu:dl fat Ifret!

harm Iho:ml

health Ihel81

heart attack Iho:t a'trek/ infection /rn'fekj'an/ ingredients /m'qrirdionrs/ insomnia /rn'somnio/

GROWING UP Nouns

adolescence l,redJl'esantsl adulthood l'redAlthudi bond Ibondl

brotherhood l'brAClahudi character l'krer;)kt;)1 childhood l'tJaildhudi conflict I'konfllktl connection /ka'nekjon/ fatherhood l'fa:CI;:ohud/ friendship I'frendJlpl instinct "rnstinkt/ interaction /,mta'rrekJ;;lnJ motherhood l'UlAClahudi nature l'neftI;:)1

parent I'pe;:or .. ntl

relation In'lelf;:on/ relationship (between/with)

/rt'lerjcnjtp/

relative /'relatlvl

resemblance /rr'zemblons/ rivalry I'ralv;;llril

sibling I'SIbhgl

teenager l'ti:n,eld3;:o1 temperament "temperament/ ties /tarz/

upbringing I 'xpbrnj Il]l

Compound nouns active role

extended family

family gathering immediate family maternal instinct sibling rivalry

stable upbringing striking resemblance

Adjectives

close /kloos,'

close-knit I,klaus'mtl roaternal zmo'tamol/ parer.tal zpa'rental/ rewarding In'w:):dIOI stable I'stelbll

Verbs

accommodate /a'knmadert/ adopt /a'dnpt/

break down /bretk daunl develop /dr'velop/ endure /m'djuo/ establish lI'strebhfl

i nta ke J!rntelkl

junk food Id3Al]k furd/ muscle l'mAs~il nutrient I'nju:tri .. nt/ nutrition /njut'trtjon/ obesity /su'birsoti/ onset I'onsetl

portion l'p:J:fanJ

risk /rrsk/

serving I'SlVrl]!

stress /stres/

stroke /strook/ treatment /trntmont/ therapy 1'ger;)piJ variety /vs'raroti/ weight Iwelt!

Adjectives

acute Ig'kju:tl

allergic la'b:d3lkJ alternate /nl'tarnat/ brisk I'bnskl

chronic I'krnnrkl hannful z'hurrnfcl/ healthy l'bei8iJ infectious /m'fekjas/ moderate I'mudar;:otl obese /ou'birs/ overweight I';;,uv;)wertl persistent /pa'srstont/ regular Iregjulal

vital l'vaJt ;;,II

Verbs

avoid /a'vord/

counteract I,kaunt;;,r'rekt( curb/b:bl

cure Ikju;;,1

diminish /dr'mrmj/ disrupt /drs'rxpt/ eliminate /r'ltmmert/ maintain /mem'tem/ overdo lauva'du:1

overeat I,;:ouvar'i:tl prevent Ipn'ventl recommend I,rek;;,'mendl recover InkA v;)1

reduce /rr'djurs/

skip /skrp/

stimulate /'stImj;)leltl trigger I'tng;:ol

167

Word list

II UNII1il

LIFESTYlE.S

Nouns

activity /aek't rvati/ aspect I'respektl attitude i'retltjmdf

(achieve a) balance f'brel;;msi competition l,komp;)'tIJanl creativity l,kn.:er'tJv;'Itil daily routine

desire !dl'Zal;)i disappointment

I, drso 'pomtmont/ experience /rk'sprorions/ fulfillment /ful'frlmant/ goal/g;)ul/

hobby I'bobil

in sig h t I' rnsatt/

leisure l'le3;')/

lifestyle /'larfstaIlf

optimist l'optlmISt/

outlook I'autlukl

opportur.ty z.epa'tjumati/ personality i,p3:s;')n'rel;')til pessimist l'peSlrnlst/

priority /prar'or;')til

pressure l'preJ:l1

realist I'nallst!

risk-taker /rrsk 'teiko/ self-expression Iself rk'sprejon/ se nse /sens/

Adjectives active I'rektrv/ bored fb:J:d/

confused /ken'tjurzd' dissatisfied /drs'sretrsfard/ intense /m'tens/

materialistic /m«, tJ;'Iria'l!st!k/ negative l'negallVl

outdoor I,aut 'dJ:1

positive I'pozatlvl recreational z.rekri'erj'anol/ si.ccessful zsok'sesfal.

Verbs

achieve (a goal) fa'tJi:vl appeal Za'pirl/

attract /o'trtekt/

choose /tJu:zl

express /rk'spres/

enjoy Im'd3J11 fulfil/ful'flll

improve /rm'prurv/ motivate I'm;'lutlveltl participate /por'nsrpert.' regret In'gretl

relax In' lreks/

satisfy /'sretlsfml

Verb phrases

lead a happy life

live life on the edge

live life to the full

168

make a choice make a decision make a living meet a need

miss (an opportunity] playa role

put pressure on set (a goal) take part (in)

work hard for a living

Phrases with life or living all walks of life

cost of living

lifelong ambition

living expenses

once in a lifetime opportunlty standard of living

way of life

STUDENT LIFE Nouns

assignment /a'salOmaotl college I' knlrdg/ controversy 1'k:Dntfdv3:sil curriculum /ko'nkjolom/ dissertation /,dlsa'terJ;mi education l,ed3u'keIJan! exam !Jg'zrem/

field (of study) I'fhld! findings !'famdlgzl funding l'fAndll)1 grade Igreld!

graduation l,gnect3u'eIJ;ml grant /gra:ntl

high school/hal skurl/ homework !'h;;,umw3:kI junior sc iool z'dgumia sku.I/ kindergarten I'krnda,go:t;;,u/ learning disorder

lectu fer 1'lektJ ;;,ral

li b ra ry I' [at brori/

limits /'hmltsl

Masters I'mo:stazl

nursery f'n3:srif

PhD /,pi:ertJ'di:1

primary school I'prarill;'lfi sku:1I program I'praugrrernl

project /'prod3ektf

research In's3:tJI

resources /rr'zo.srz/

results /rr'zxlts,

scholarship l'skolaJrpl

scope /skoup/

secondary school z'sekondri

skutl/

sources !'s:'J:SJz( syllabus l'sIlabas( task Ita:skl theory 1'6I;'Iril thesis f'6i:SISI

tutor I'tju:la! topic !'toprkl

university Iju:nr'v3:satil

Adjectives

academic !,reb'demlk! eligible /'elrd3abll mixed f'mlkstl

postgraduate l,paus'gned3uatl relevant "relsvont/

senior I'simia!

si ngle- sex /sIl)gl' seks/ studious f'stju:diasl work-related /waik rr'lertrd/

Verbs

adopt (an approach) /o'dupt/ analyse I'ren;'llalzl

conduct l'kAndAktl concentrate f'konsantrert! consider /kon'stdc/

find out Ifarnd aut!

graduate /'grrect3uatl

learn (about) l13ml

organise !':nganarzl overcome l,auva'kAmJ review /rr'vjur/

revise /n'valzl

struggle l'slr,o,.gall

take (a course) /terk/

Adverbs

relatively l'rel;)llvjil

II UNIJ1i

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Nouns

accuracy l'rekjaf8sil communication

/ka.rnjumr'kerj'on/ concept l'konseptJ conjecture /kon'dgektja/ dia lect l'dal81ektl fluency I'flu:ansil gesture l'd3estJai hesitation /,hezl'teIJ;)nl language lilrel)gwld31 language barrier

Ii nguist (' lrl)gwIstl linguisticslhg'gwlstrksl means of communication mother tongue

native speaker

pronunciation /prc.nxnsi'erjan/ sign language /sam 'lreggwld3/ vocabu la ry /vo'krebjalori/

Adjectives

incoherent I,rnk;;,'hlar;mtl inherent /m'herant/ sophisticated /sa'frstrkertrd/ spontaneous /spon'temios/

Verbs

cia rify I'klrenfarl communicate /ko'rnjumrkert/ comprehend l,kDrnpn'hend/ conclude /kan'klu.d/

confirm /kon'f'arm/

converse l'konv3:sl

define /dr'farn/

demonstrate l'dern;'lnstreJtI distinguish /dr'stnjqwrj? emerge lr'm3:d31

evolve /r'volv/

explain /tk'spletn/

express /rk'spres/

gesture /'d3estJal

illustrate ('d;;,strertl

imply /irn'plai/

indicate I'mdlkeltl pronounce /pra'naons/ recallrr'koil/

refer (to) In'b:f

signify /'srgnrfall

state /steit/

stutter l'stAtal

suggest Isa'd3estl

tra n slat e It rsenz'Iert/

Idioms

there is something to be said for needless to say

have a say

when all is said and dnne having said that

to say the least

you can say that again! that is to say

II UNIT 7

ON THE MOVE Nouns

accommodation /o.komo'deijan/ attraction /a'trzekjan/ community /ko'rnjumoti/ countryside l'kAntnsardl destination l,destr'neIJan/ eco-tou rism l'i:k;;,u,tu;;,rIZam/ effect /r'fekt/

facilities If;'l'srlatiz! identification

/ar .dentrft 'ker] ani inhabitant /rn'heebrtont/ itinerary /ar'tmorari/ journey l'd33:nil landscape I'lrenskelpl luggage !'IAgld31

peak /pi:k!

tourism I'tuaflzaml tourist 1'luanstl transport I'trrensp::l:tl travel i'trrev;'I1/

trave lli ng f'trrevaitl)l trend Itrendl

trip /trrp/ village IVlhd31

Adjectives

adventurous /od'ventjaras/ budget f'bAd3rtl breathtaking /'bre9,terkrl)l coastal/tkousrol/

cosmopolitan l,kozmg'poiIt;)nl diverse /dar'vars/

flexi ble l'fleksrblJ

foreign I'forln!

loca 1/']::lUblJ

luxurious 11Ag'3U<lri<lS/ mountainous I'mauntlo<ls/ peaceful z'pirsfal/

pictu resq ue f,PlktJ or'esk/ polluted /pa'lurtrd/

quaint /kwemt/

remote /rr'moot.'

rough IrAU

rural z'rooral/

scenic I'si:mkl

stunning l'stAllrl)l

tough ItAII

tradtttc-raf /tro'dtjonol/ unspoilt IAn'sp:lJltl urban /'3:b;}nl

Verbs

affect Ig'fekt/ fluctuate l'flAktfuertl

1IIImlI,_._I ~8 . ....____

THROUGH THE AGES Nouns

age ICld3f

archaeologist l,u:k.i'o];}d3rstl century I'senfaril

decade I'dekerd!

era /'I<l[<l/

evidence /'evld<lns/ excavation l,eksk;;l'veIJ;:ln/ generation /,d3en;;l'rerJ~llll the Middle Ages

millennia /nu'Ienia/

period /'pI;;lri;;ld/

phase Iferzl

pioneer I,pam'nml timeline I'tarmlarnf

Adjectives

ancient l'emJ;;mtl

chronological Zkrona'Iodgrkal/ consecutive /kon'sekjetrv/ historicaf /hr'stonkol' imminent 1'lmlO;}ntl middle-aged f,mrdal'eld3dl nostalgic /nns'treldgtk/ prehistoric I,pri:r'stonkl

pr ior (to) /praro/

punctual !'pAI]ktjualJ time-consuming

l'tmmk;;lO .sjurmm/

Verb

erode /rroud/ infer Im'f:1

predate I,pri:'dertl spa n /spren,'

Phrases with time in time

lose track of time on time

save time

spend time

take so long

the right time

Adverbs chronologically

l,krong'Iod31k:llil formerly l'b:m~liI

previously f'pri:vi;;lSli! subsequently Z'sxbstkwcntli/

THE NATURAL WORLD Nouns

agriculture !'regrrkAltJa/ animal kingdom

bu rrow l'bAf<lu!

climate /'klmmat/ cropfs) /krop/

dedi ne /dt 'klarn!

den !den!

disaster /dt'zcrstc/ ecological balance ecology !i:'kDl~d3i! evolution !,i:va'lu:J;;lol extinction /rk'stnjkjan/ fauna f'b:n;}1

flora f'fb:r;;l/

genetics !d3;:J'netrksl habitat !'hrebrtret! human nature

insect I'msekt!

Mother Nature pesticides l'pesUsardzf predator !'predatgl prey /prei,'

repercussions !,ri:pg'kAfanzl scent Isent!

species l'spi:Ji:z!

soil zsorl/

vegetation /vedgr'terjan/ vermin l'v3:mrn/

weed /wird/

Adjectives

arid I'rend!

catastrophic I,kreta'strnhk! disastrous /dr'zarstras/ domesticated /do'mesnkertrd/ endangered /m'deindgad/ extinct /tk'stmkt.'

genetics lly-modified

Wordlist

introduced I,mtr~'d.iu:stl native !'nertrv!

natural !'nretJ;;lfall resistant /rr'zrstont/ semi-arid !'semi 'rendl tropical !'trnprbJI vulnerable I'YAlnambgll wild IwaIld!

Verbs

adapt /o'dsept.

combat f'kombretl cultivate l'kAltIveltl eradicate /r'raidrkert/ evolve /r'vnlv/ hibernate I'hmb:meltl tolerate !'tol<lreltl

REACHING FOR THE SKIES

Nouns

asteroid l'rest:J[:Jldi astronaut I'restr;;ln~:tl atmosphere l'retm;;lsfl:;J1 cosmos ('kozmos! crater !'krert;}1

debris I'delbri:!

Earth 13:9!

exploration !,ckspbjrelf~n! explorer /rk'splora'

galaxy !'grel~ksil

gas !gresl

gravity l'grrevQtif horizon /ha'rarzan/ launch Ib:nJI meteor !'mi:ti;;ll moon !mu:n!

ocean 1'8UJ~n! orbit I'~:bltl

outer space I'aut~ spers. planet !'plremtl

radiation I,reldi'elf;}nl rocket I'rokrtl

satellite I'sret;:l!alt! simulator !'sImj;;llert~1

solar system I'saula 'srstom/ space /spers/

spacecraft l'speIskra:ft/

space shuttle /speis 'J At;;l]! space station /spers 'sterj'on/ surface I'S3:frsl

universe I'ju:nrY3:sf weightlessness' l'weTtl;)Sn;;ls!

Adjectives commercial/b'm3:J;;l11 cosmic /'kOZfnlkl

extreme /rk'strirm/ gravitationa I l,grrevI 'ter] onal/ honzortal z.horr'znntel/ inevitable /r'nevrtobl,'

lunar 1'lum;;l1

meteoric limi:ti'nrlkl outer I'aut~!

solar I' s;;lul~1 terrestrial /ta'restriol/ toxic I'tukslkl

uninhabitable I,Allm'hrebnabll universal z.jurru'vaisol/ unmanned IAn'mrend!

Verbs

acclimatise /o'klaunotarz/ colonise !'koianarzi explore /rk'sploi.

float /fl;)ut!

orbit !':l:bltl

propel zpra'pel/

rotate /ro'teu/

sustain /sa'stern/

simulate !'slmj;;lleltl undergo I,Andg'gaul

DESIGN A.ND INNOVATION

Nouns

balcony f'brelbnil

brick Ibnk!

building l'bdd11J!

ceiling l'si:lrlJl

concrete l'kDl)kri:tl construction /kon'strxkjon/ cottage l'kotrd31

design !dr'zaml

device /dr'vars/

elevator I'elrvelta! engineering l,end31'nrQflI]1 frame /freim/

gadget !'gred3Itl

housing !'hauz.TI]! innovation l,ma'veIfanl invention /m'venjen/ landmark I'lrendma:kl

lift shaft /lrft Ja:ft! occupant I'ukjap;;lntl platform I'plretf~:ml

quarry I'kworil

residence !'rezrd~nsl skyscraper I' skar, skrerpo/ staircase I'ste;}kelsl

steel Isti:1/

storage !'st;,:nd3/

structure l'strAktJgl

tension !'ten/;;ln!

timber l'trmb;}1

Adjectives

a\ry l'e.;;l[iJ

conventional /kon'venjanal/ cosy !'buzil

cramped /krternpt/

curved 1k3: vdl

disposable /dt'spouzabl/ domestic /da'mestrk/

169

Word list

exterior /rk'stroria'

functional r'fxrjkjanal/ futuristic l,fju:tJg'nstlkl high-rise I,hal'ralzi

innovative I'mgvauvl

internat zrn'tarnal/ mass-produced I,ma:spr;)'dju:stl modern l'IDod;ml

multi-storey !,mAlti'st~:ril old-fashioned l,aul'freJandl ornate zor'nert/

prefabricated I,pri:'frebrrkeltldl single-storey I'SllJg;)1 'stoiri/ spacious l'spelJasl state-of-the-art

tradtttonal ztro'drjonol/ two-storey !tu: 'storri/ typical/'tJplbll

ultra-modern l'Altra 'mndon/

Verbs

activate I'a:ktlvertl automate l':Jlt;)meltl

build /btld/

condemn /kan'dem/ construct l'kanstrAktl decorate !'deh)rertl demolish /dr'moh]?

design /dr'zarn/

develop /dr'velop/

devise /dr'vaiz/

haul/hJ:l1

hoist /horst/

invent /m'vent/

maintain /mern'tern/ occupy I'okjaparl reconstruct I,ri: kan' str Aktl renovate I'renavertl support /sa'po.t.'

trigger I'tng:ll

-_UNIT 12

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Nouns

automatic pilot computerisation

Ibm ,pj urtorar' zcr] on/ connection /ka'nekjon/ data l'deJt:l1

device /dr'vais/

function f'fA.IJkj:lnl

gadget 1'9red3Itf

the Internet

keyboard l'ki:b;):d1

keypad I'ki:predl

laptop (computer) !'lreptopl the latest

memory I'mem;)ril monitor I'momta! patent I'pelt;mtl

p rogr a m I' pr:lugrremf

170

prototype I'pr:mt:ltarpl remote control /rr'msot

kan'troul/

silicon chip I'SllIk;)n tfrpl technology Itek'nolgd3il telecommunications

l,tellka,mju;nI'keIJ;)nzl vision I'VI3:ln/

wireless connection

Adjectives

compact I'komprektl computerised

/kornpju.tararzd/ cutting-edge l'kAlIl)ed31 cyber /sai b;J1

dated /'demd/ digital/'dld31t;llf labour-saving l'lelb:l,SeIVI!)1 portable I'p~rtablf state-of-the-art

up-to-date I,Apt;l'dertl user-friendly I,ju:z;)'frendlil virtual z'vsrtjual/

wireless connection

Verbs

access I'rekses!

co n ne ct Ib 'nektl

download l,daun'J;ludl

display /di'spler/

envisage /m'vrzrdg/

operate I'opare!tl revolutionise l,reval'u:Janalzl scroll /skrcul/

speculate I'spekjuleltl

store Ist':!:1

surpass /so'pars/

Adverbs

automatically /orta'rruenkli/

IIIInHlT 13

THE MODERN WORLD

Nouns

attitude I'retrtju:d/ brand /breend/ culture l'kAltJ;)1 cycle I'salbll demographics

l,dem;lU'gra:frksl development /dt'velcpmont/ diversity /dar'vatsoti/ globalisation I,gl;lub;llar'zerj;m! hindsight l'hamdsaIlI

icon I'alkonl

identity /at'dentoti/

implication I,rliplr'kelj:ln/ impact I'lliprektl

increase I'rnkri:sl

influence I'mfluansl

industry I'md;)stril

isolation l,aIS;)]'eIJ;)nl

joint venture

(have a) monopoly /mo'nnpali/ market I"ma:kltl modernisation

I,mod:mal'zerj;ln/ multiculturalism

I, mxlti 'kAltj aralrzorn/ percentage /po'sentrdg/ population l,popju'leIfan/ prediction /prr'drkjon/ projection /pra'dgekjon/ proportion /pra'porjon/ rate Irertl

statistics /sto'trstrks/

trend It rend!

Adjectives

agei ng l'eId3I1JI

current l'kAr;)ntl

demographic I,dema'gneflkl elderly I'eldalil

ethnic l'e9mkl

exotic /rq'zottk/

global r'qloubol/

lccal z'laukal/

long-term IlDlJt3:mJ

mid-term /,mId't3lm/ rnulticultural r.rnxlti'kxltj'oral/ productive /pro'dxktrv/ sceptical z'skeptrkal/ short-term 1,J:l:t't3:ml subsequent l'sAbsrkW;lntl wealthy l'wel9il

worldwide l,w3l1d'waIdl

Verbs

compound l'kAmpaund/ contribute /kon'tnbjurt/ decline /dr'klarn/ diminish /dr'numj/ dominate I'dolimelt/ dwindle I'dwmd;llf factor l'frekt;}1

indicate l'mdrkertl merge Im3:d31

migrate Imar'grert/

URBANISATION

Nouns

benefit I'bemfrtl

challenge l'tJrelmd31 compromise /'komprgmalZI difficulty I'dlhbltil

dilemma /dr'lemo/

inhabitant /m'hzebrtant/ infrastructure l'mfra,strAktj;:JI isolation /,aIs;ll'elJan/

issue l'rJu:1

megacity ImegasItIl

migrant I'malgrantl

obstacle /'nbstokol/ overpopulation

I,auva,popju'lerf;ln/

population I,PDpju'JerJgnl pave rty l'pnV:ltil resolution l,rezal'u:Jan/ setback I' setbrekl

slum IsLAml

solution /sa'Iurjan/ tolerance l'tnJafansl

traffic Itrreflkl

urbanisation /arbonar'zerjon/

Adjectives

adequate l'redJkwgtl

basic /'beIsrkl

booming I'bu:mll)! catastrophic I,kreta'stmflkl crowded I'kraudldl

decent I'di:sgntl

developing /dr'velapnj/ double-edged /dxbl'edjd' isolated l'alS;)lertrdl one-sided Iwon 'satdrd/ long-sighted /lonsatrrd/ long-term Ilo1]t3:mf overpriced 1,::luva'praJstl overworked 1,;:JUV;)'W3:ktl pressing l'preSI!)1

rural l'w;I[;l11

short-sighted IJ;):t 'sartrd/ short-term 1.J~:t't3:mI staggering I'streg;:JH!)!

tolera nt I't olarant/

Verbs

address /o'dres/

adjust 1;)'d3Astl aggravate I'regr:lveItI cause Ik::>:zl

compete /kom'piit/ compound l'kAmpaundl deal with

deteriorate /dt'trariarert/ enhance /rn'hums/ exacerbate Irg' zassabert/ exclude /tks'klurd/

face Ifelsl

flourish l'flAnfl

identify /ar'dentrfar/ improve Irm'pru:vl include /m'kluid/

linger 1'!JlJgal

modify l'modlfaJI overcome l,auva'kAml present /prez'ont/

rai se Irerzl

reform /rr'fonn/

regulate I'regjalelt! remedy /'rem;)diJ

resolve In'zolv!

tackle I'trekalf

tolerate !'to!:lreltl transform /trrens'f'orm/ worsen I'W3:S;)n/

Verb phrases

lind a solution overcome a difficulty

reach/lind a compromise remedy a situation resolve an issue

RuNIT15

THE GREEN REVOLUTION Nouns

acid rain 1':oesJd rem! biodiversity l,balaudaJ'v3:s;itil climate change

contamination

/kon, teenu' net] anJ deforestation /dir.Iorrsteijan/ disposal zdrspouzal/

drought !drautl

ecosystem l'i:k;)u,slst;nnJ emission !1'm!J;ml

the environment

erosion /i'r;)U3anJ

exhaust (fumes) flg'z;mtf fertilizer f'f3:tilalzaf

flood ffLull

food chain ffu:d tj'ern/ fumes !fju:mzf

g ree n house ga ses

im pact f'lrnp:oektf

polluta nt /pa'lu:tantf

pollution /po'lurjan/

process I'prausesf

refuse f'refju:s!

strain /strem/

threat/Sretl

waste (werst!

Adjectives

achievable fa'tJi:vabl/ advantageous 1,:oedvan'terd3as! at risk l:oet rtsk/ beneficialv.benr'ftjol/

chronic f'krODlkl

conceivable /kon'sirvabl/ contaminated /kan'tremrneitrd/ devastating I'dev;'lstertrgl doubtful!'dautfalf environmental

/m, varran'mentol/ environmentally friendly

feasi ble !'fi:zabl/

fru it less l'fru:t1asl

futile l'fju:tal1J

immune /r'mjum/ impracticable /rm'prasktrkabl/ improbable /rm'probobl/

in danger (of)

insoluble /rn'snljabl/ irreparable /r'reprobl/ irreplaceable l,m'pleJsabll irreversible l,m'v3:S:lbJ/

liable !'laJabli

Ii fe- th rea te ni ng I' larf ,Sret allIgl pervasive /po'versrv/

pointless j'p;)rntlasl

pristine I'pnsti:n!

questionable l'kwestJan;)bV recyclable l,ri:'salklabV sustainable /so'sternobk

taxing l't:oeksJl]1

unattainable f,An;)'temabV unlikely IAn'lalkli/ unprecedented IAn'presldantldl useless Iju:slas/

viable I'valabll

vita I/'valtaU

worthwhile I, ws.G'warl/

Verbs

confront zkon 'fr Anti contaminate Ikan't~rntneltJ dispose of

dump /dxmp'

threaten J'Sretanl

Adverbs

inexorably /r'neksarabli/ inevitably /r'nevirobli/

limn I 16

THE ENERGY CRISIS Nouns

atmosphere I':oetmasfl;'l! ba la nce I'b:oelansl biofuel !baiaufjuall carbon /'ko:banJ

carbon dioxide J'ko:ball

dai 'oksard/ crisis I'kralslsl

e lectri city I, rlek 'trrs nil emissions /r'rnijanz/ exhaust /iq'zorst.'

fossil fuell'fosal 'fjurol/ fUel/'fju:;)J/

fumes /fjurmz/

gas Ig:oesl

greenhouse gas I'gri:nhaos g:oesl hybrid I' harbrrd/

hydrogen I' hardrodgon/ petrol/'petral!

resources /rr'zcrsrz/

turbine /'t3:balnJ

vehicle l'vlabJ/

Adjectives

alternative /ol'tamotrv/ cnticcl z'krrukol/ disposable /dt'spcuzabl/ drastic !'dr:oestrkl eco-friendly I'i:kau,frendlil efficient II'frJanti

effective /i'fektrv/ environmentally friendly nuclear I'nju:klial rechargeable /rrrtjcrdjabl/ renewable /rr'njurobl/

so [a r I' soulo/

unleaded (petrol) /xn'Iedrd/

Word list

Verbs

absorb lab' zo: bl conserve /kon'satv/ consume /kon'sjuim/ convert l'kAnV3:tl counter I'kaunt:ll deplete /dr'plirt/ diminish /dr'rmmj/ discharge l'drstJo:d31 dwindle l'dwmda1J em't zr'rmt/

expend /rk 'spend/ limit 1'!tmItl

maintain /mern'tern/ outweigh I,aut'werl preserve /prr'zarv/ retain /rr'tern/

waste /werst/

RuNIT 17

TALKING BUSINESS Nouns

advertisement /od'varusmont/ advertising 1':oedvataIZll]1

boss !bosl

campaign /krern'pem/ candidate l'k:oendJdat/ career Ik;)'f[;}/

clerk Jklo:kI

client /klarant/

colleague I'koli:gl company l'kAmpanil consumer /kon'sjunno' credibility l,kreda'bJlati/ customer l'kAstamal earnings 1'3:11Il]zl employee /rm'plorir/ employer /nn'ploro/ employment /rrn'plormont/ experience /rk'sprorions/ goods Igudzl

income l'rnkAml

industry I'mdastril interview /'rntavju:1

job Id30bl

job satisfaction

[a bou rer l'IeJbafal management l'm:oemd3mantl manual work /'rn:oenjual wark/ market l'mo:k1tf

marketing I'rna:kltlgl

meeting l'mi:tII]!

money l'mAnil

niche /nir]?

occupation l,okja'peIJ;ml offi ce I' ofrsl

overtime 1';'Iuvatarrni packaging l'p:oekJd3lIJI pay Iperl

perk Ip3:kl

product l'prodAktl profession /prc'Iejon/

prospects J'prospektsJ qualifications l,kwolJfl'kerJaflZl retirement /rr'taramont/

salary I's:oelari.!

shares IJeazl

shift work IJlft waik/ skills /skrlz/

staff Isto.:[1

supervisor l'su:p;"Jvalzal takeover !'telk,:mv;:)1 target I'to:glt!

trade Itrerd!

t ren d ftrendl

unemployment I,Anrm'pknmant! wages l'weld3lz1

workforce I'W3:kb:sl

workplace l'w3:kplers!

Adjectives

casual.I'k:oe3ju8J/

demanding /dr'rnumduj/ economic l,i:k::l'nOmlki economical I,i:ka'nomlkall exhausting Irg'z:l:strl)l hospitality /Jmspr'tselcti/ monotonous /ma'nntonos/ part-ti me J,po:t 'tatrn/ retail/'ri:terll

redundant /rr'dxndant/ rewarding /rr'woidnj. unemployed I,Anrm'pl::nd/ unskilled lAn'skll.dJ

Verbs

apply Ia'plml

co m pete /kam pi :tl earn I3ml

endorse /tn'dors/ invest (in) Im'vestl persuade /ps'swerd/ to be promoted request In'kwest! retire /rttaro/

THE LAW Nouns

actions 1':oekJanzl

arson I' 0 :sanl autho-ity/or'Oorati/

burglary l'b3:g1aril consequences l'kontsrkwJnts]z/ convict I'konvlktl

cri me /krarm/

crime rate /kraun rertl criminal z'krrmmol/ deterrent /dr'terant/ evidence l'eVld;)nsl nne Ifaml

fraud Ifr;):d/

imprisonment /rm'prtzonmant/ inequality 1,lm'kwDlati.!

in te nt Im'tentl

171

Word list

intrusion !m'trU:3;:,nl judge fd3Ad3! jury!'d3u;:,ri!

kidnapping f'krdmepillf lawyer I'br;:,(

motive (' mautrv/

murder f'm3:d;:,/

offence /a'Iens/ pickpocketing /prkpnkrtnj/ prevention /prr'venjon/ prison !'pnz;:,n(

prisoner f'pnz;:'ll;')!

property crime I'prop;:,ti krarm/ prosecutor I'proslkju:t"f protection /pra'tekjon/ punishment l'pAnrJm;:mtf recklessness l'rekl8snas( smuggling I' sffiJ\ghl)!

social system l's;:,uJ,,]'slst;:,m/ sweari ng l'swe;"lrIl)f

the accused

toxic waste f'toksrk werstl vandalism "vsendahzem/ victim I'vrktrm/

violation f,va[;)'ierJ;"InJ

Adjectives

criminal f'krrmm;"l]( drug-related IdrAg rr'Iertrd/ evil f'i:V8l!

guilty f'gJlti!

harsh Iho:JI

innocent !'m8S;:lnti intentional /m'tenjonol/ law-abiding l'b:;:J,baldrl)f non-violent l,non'val;:,18ntf offensive /a'fensrv/

on trial Ion trarol/

petty (crime) I'peti/ punishable f'pAnTJ;;.bll random I'rrend"m/

stnct !stnktf

unintentional f,Anrn'tenJan;:,1/ victimless I'Vlktlml;)sf

Verbs

abide (by) /a'bard/ abolish /o'bolr]? combat f'kombretl deter Idr't3:!

enforce IIn'b:s! imprison /rm'prrzon/ monitor I'momt"f

obey /a'ber/

offend /o'fend/ perpetrate l'p3:pltreltl prevent /prr'vent/ protect /pro'tekt/ prove /prurv/

punish l'pAmJ/

resent fn'zentll

respect In' spekt/ violate /'var8Iertl

172

Verb phrases

accept the consequences commit a crime

convict a criminal impose a fine

pass a law

solve a crime

THE MEDIA Nouns

access /';;eksesl

atti tude I' eerrtj urd/

author 1''3:8al

bias f'bards(

censorship !'sens(lJlp! challenge l'tJre1md3! credibility l,kred8'bI18til current affairs J'kJ\fanf ;:,'fe;}z! editor ('edIt;}/

expose /ek'spauzer/

exposure Ilk'sP8U3;:'!

fame /Ierrn/

free press liri.: pres/ ideology l,aldin'];;.d3i! influence I'mflu;}nsf the Internet

investigation /m.vestt'qerjon, issue /'IJml

journal/'d331nall

journalism l'd33mdlIZ;:,m/ mass media /mees 'mirdio/ media I'mbdi,,(

network /'netw3:kl

the news

newspaper l'nju:s,pelp,,1 newsstand I'nju:zstrendl opinion /c'pmjon/

pa pa razzi I,prepar';;etsif press (pres!

privacy I' prrvosi/ publication l,pAbh'keIJ;:,nl publicity!pAb'hs8til publisher I'PAbhJgI relevance I'relav"ns( safegua rd /sertqord/

sou rce 180:81

speculation /,spekja'lelf;:,nl tabloid !'trebbldl

the Web

Adjectives

alternative /nl'tamatrv/ arttficial z.cttr'frjal/ attention-grabbing /o'tenj'sn

'grrebll)(

biased !'bal;}stl celebrity /ss'Iebroti/

co n trove rs i al/,kontr:3 'V31J::01l distorted /dt'stortrd/ entertaining l,ent8'temll)l lactuel z'frektjuol/

informative /m'fonnotrv/ intrusive /m'trursrv/ investigative /rn'vestrqatrv/ mainstream !'memstri:ml pervasive /pc'vetsrv/ realistic I,na'llstlki

se n sa tio na list /sen' SCIJ anolrst/ superfictalv.surpo'frjol' unbiased /An'balgstl well-informed I,wehn'f;):mdl

Verbs

affect I;) 'f ekt/

broadcast I'bro:dko:stl censor I'sens;:,/

control /kantrool/ exploit f'ekspblt!

expose Ilk' spsuz/

inform /m'Io.m/

intrude /m'trurd/

invade 1m 'verdi investigate /rn'vesttqert/ publicize l'pAbilsalz( publish I'PAblrJI

report /rr'port/

review /rr'vjur/

verify ('venfal/

IIIJrillT 20

THE ARTS Nouns

actor l'rekt8(

actress I'rektr:lsl

aesthetics /irs'Betrks/ appreciation /a.prirji'erjon' artefact I'o:trfrektl

artist I'omstl

atmosphere f<retm:lsfr;;)1 audience I'J:di8nsl

ba lIeri na I, btelor'imo/

ba lIet /'brelell

carving !'ko:v1lJl conception /ksn'sepjon/ concert l'kons;)!1

crafts /kruifts/

creation /kri'eijan/ culture l'kAltJ;;.1

emotion h'm;)uJ"nJ exhibition l,ekSI'blJgnJ expression /ik'sprejcn/ testtval /'tesnval/

ga lIery I'grelari/

image 1'lmld31

imagination fr,mred3!'ne!J8nJ influence /' mffuons/ inspiration l,msplr'elJ:lnJ intimacy /'mtlm;)sil

literature f'htr::otJ;;I1

mood Imu:dl

musician ImjU:'ZlJ8n1 opera l'OP8I;:,1 orchestra 1':J:klstr,,/

pai nti ng I'pemtrl)! performance /pc'fonnons/ the performing arts

play /plei/

portrait ('po:tr;)Jtl proportion /prc'potjon/ reflection /rt'flekjon/ response /rr'spnns/ sculptor l'skAlpt;}! sculpture l'skAlptJ,,1 stimulus ('strmj;;ll;:,s/ style /starl/

taste /terst/

theatre ('81"t,,1

theme /8i:ml

venue I'venju:!

works /w3:ksl

writer I'rart;;)/

Adjectives

abstract f'rebstrrekt! accomplished (8'kAmphJtl aesthetic li:s'8ettkl burgeoning ('b:d3gml)! classtcel z'kleesrkol/ creative /kri'ertrv/ cultural/'kAltJ;;II"l!

d i stra cti n g /dr' srrreknn/ eclectic /ek'lekt ik/

electric /i'Iektrrk/

emotional h'm8uJ"n81/ fundamental !,fAnd8'ment,,1/ imaginative h'm;;ed3m:ltlvl influential (,mflu'eoJ,,11 inspira-ional Zmspor'erjonol/ interactive (,lnt;)'rektJvl literary f'lrt;)r~ril

live Ilmv/ magical/'mred3Ik811 monotonot.s zma'nntcnas/ mundane /mxn'dern/ passionate l'p;;eJ;:,n;)tl

popular I 'pnpjolo/

prominent !'pmmIllant/ relaxing In'lreksll)! stimulating l'stlmj;}Iell!l)( visuall'Vl3u;:,1/

vivid /'VIVldl

Verbs

choreograph l'kori8gro:fl create /kri'ert/

depict /dt'ptkt/

enrich /m'rrt]?

escape fr'skelp(

imagine Ir'mred3m! influence I'mflu;)nsl inspire /m'spaio/ participate /por'ttsrpert/ perform /pa'Iorm/ provoke /pro'vook/ transcend /treen'send/