Question: A 40 MHz Processor executes a Bench Mark Program, which has the following

specifications:

Instruction Type Instruction Count Cycles per Instruction

Integer Arithmetic 45000 1
Data Transfer 32000 2
Floating Point 15000 2
Control Transfer 8000 2

Find the Processing Power (MIPS) of the Processor.

Solution:
F = 40 MHz Therefore = 0.025 x 10-6 = 0.025 Micro-Sec
Ic = 100,000 Instructions
C = (45000 x 1) + (32000 x 2) + (15000 x 2) + (8000 x 2) = 155000 Cycles
CPI = C/Ic = 155000/100000 = 1.55
T = Ic x CPI x = 100000 x 1.55 x 0.025 x 10-6 = 3.875 x 10-3
MIPS = Ic / (T x 106 ) = 25.8 Answer

Remember, this is the processing power of the processor only. The

performance decreases in the case of whole system, due to slow I/O devices
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 MIPS Performances of some well-known
Processors
Processor BIT Year Tr.Used Clock Speed Performance
4004/4008 4 1971 10,000 2 MHz 0.1 MIPS
8080/8085 8 1975 15,000 4 MHz 0.2 MIPS

8086 16 1979 30,000 5 MHz 0.5 MIPS

80286 16 1982 140,000 6-12 MHz 2.0 MIPS

80386 32 1985 275,000 35-40 MHz 5.0 MIPS

80486 32 1993/94 2 million 66-100 MHz 20.0 MIPS

Pentium-I 64 1995 10-13 million 100-133-166 MHz 70 MIPS

Pentium-I I 64 1998 15 million 233 MHz 100 MIPS

Pentium-III 64 1999 20 million 450 MHz 120 – 140 MIPS

Pentium-IV 64 2000/01 42-80 million 1.5 to 3.8 GHz > 230 MIPS
Question: A certain Processor working at 300MHz executed a Bench Mark Program
which had the following specifications:

Instruction Cycles per

Instruction Type
Count Instruction
Integer Arithmetic 5000 1
Data Transfer b/w registers 5000 2
Data Transfer b/w memory locations 5000 5
Control Transfer 5000 2

Find the Processing Power (MIPS) of the Processor & Identify the Processor.
Solution:
F = 300 MHz Therefore = 0.00333 Micro-Sec
Ic = 20000 Instructions
C = (5000 x 1) + (5000 x 2) + (5000 x 5) + (5000 x 2) = 50,000 Cycles
CPI = C/IC = 50000/20000 = 2.5
T = Ic x CPI x = 20000 x 2.5 x 0.00333 x 10-6 = 166.5 x 10-6

MIPS = IC / (T x 106 ) = 20000/(166.5 x 10-6 ) = 120 MIPS Answer

It is a P-III Processor
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Question: The Three Computers have the following specifications:
# OF
COMPUTER A COMPUTER B COMPUTER C
INSTRUCTION
200 MHz 233 MHz 300 MHz S
Average CPI of
CPU dependent 3 2 2 30,000
Instructions
Average CPI of
Memory dependent 8 8 12 20,000
Instructions

Which Computer is the BEST in Organization? WHY? Give Reasons

Solution:

For Computer A: C = 3 x 30000 + 8 x 20000 = 250,000 Clock Cycles

CPI = C/Ic = 250000/50000 = 5 cycles/instruction
T = (Ic x CPI)/f = (50000 x 5)/200 x 10-6 = 0.00125
MIPS = Ic/(T x 106) = 50000/(0.00125 x 106)
MIPS = 40
 # OF
COMPUTER A COMPUTER B COMPUTER C
INSTRUCTION
200 MHz 233 MHz 300 MHz S
Average CPI of
CPU dependent 3 2 2 30,000
Instructions
Average CPI of
Memory dependent 8 8 12 20,000
Instructions

For Computer B: C = 2 x 30000 + 8 x 20000 = 220,000 Clock Cycles

CPI = C/Ic = 220000/50000 = 4.4 cycles/instruction
T = (Ic x CPI)/f = (50000 x 4.4)/233 x 10-6 = 0.000944206
MIPS = Ic/(T x 106) = 50000/(0.000944206 x 106)
MIPS = 52.95
For Computer C: C = 2 x 30000 + 12 x 20000 = 300,000 Clock Cycles
CPI = C/Ic = 300000/50000 = 6 cycles/instruction
T = (Ic x CPI)/f = (50000 x 6)/300 x 10-6 = 0.001
MIPS = Ic/(T x 106) = 50000/(0.001 x 106)
MIPS = 50
 # OF
COMPUTER A COMPUTER B COMPUTER C
INSTRUCTION
200 MHz 233 MHz 300 MHz S
Average CPI of
CPU dependent 3 2 2 30,000
Instructions
Average CPI of
Memory dependent 8 8 12 20,000
Instructions

• Why Computer B gives the best performance whereas Computer C is

working with the highest clock among these Computers?

• If we attach Memory chip of Computer B in Computer C, what will be

improvement in performance in Computer C? Express improvement
in percentage.

Conclusion: The performance (efficiency) of any computer, not only

depends on efficiency of the processor but also depends on the efficiency
of all the attached devices, including Memories.
Question: In a certain Heterogeneous Parallel System, four computers with the
MIPS ratings of 3.125, 6.25, 25 and 31.25 are used. A program having 25000
instructions is to be executed on the system. What will be the time of execution
of the program, if:
(a) It is equally partitioned
(b) The instructions are divided among four computers proportional to their MIPS
ratings.
(c) Will there be any improvement in (b) than (a), if yes find the percentage
improvement.

Solution:

T = IC/(MIPS x 106)  (a) If all the instructions are equally divided, each computer will

have to execute 6250 instructions.

Computer A  T = 6250/(3.125 x 106) = 2 msec.
Computer B  T = 6250/(6.25 x 106) = 1 msec.

Computer C  T = 6250/(25 x 106) = 250 micro-sec.

Computer D  T = 6250/(31.25 x 106) = 200 micro-sec.

Time of Execution: ????? Answer is 2 mili second.

WHY? The execution time depends on the most slowest Computer.
Improper allocation of resources  Computer B, C & D remains Idle

(Part B on next slide)

(b) When the program is partitioned according to the MIPS ratings

i.e. Higher MIPS Computer executes more instructions

Computer A  Executes 1190 Instructions

Computer B  Executes 2381 Instructions
Computer C  Executes 9524 Instructions
Computer D  Executes 11905 Instructions

T = 1190/(3.125 x 106) = 380.80 Micro-Sec.

Improvement in percentage: 81%

Efficient Resource Management

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 THROUGHPUT Formula Derivation

It is a measure of how many programs a Normally used for Main Frame

given processor can process in one second Systems

Throughput measured at Processor Level, is called Processor Throughput (Wp)

Throughput measured at System Level, is called System Throughput (Ws)

Always Wp >> Ws WHY? Ws is always less due to additional overheads

Derivation:

We know OR OR

OR OR
Ws (System Throughput) can not be found through any formula

Ws varies from installation to installation, depending upon System

Overheads at the given Installation

Since Throughput is generally used on Main Frame Systems, where

Hundreds and Thousands of programs are executed every day, one can
easily find the average length of programs at a given installation
Question:
At a certain Main Frame Installation, the average size of each program executed is 80
Instructions, where each instruction of a program, on an average, takes 16 clock
cycles. The processor of the system is working at 100 MHz. What is Wp? If the
processor remains idle for 70% time, what will be the System Throughput (Ws) ?

Solution: = 78125 Prog./Sec

70% idle means, Processor actually works for 30% time

Therefore Ws = 78125 x 0.30 = 23437 Prog./Sec