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EX: 2 Phases
Solid phase - ice
Liquid phase - water
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Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
EX: Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)
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Intermolecular Forces
Ion-Dipole Interaction
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Intermolecular Forces
3) Dispersion Forces: Attractive forces that arise as a
result of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or
molecules
EX:
a non-polar atom
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Intermolecular Forces
cont… Dispersion Forces
Dispersion
forces usually
increase with
molar mass.
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What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
each of the following molecules?
A H…B or A H…A
Where A & B are N, O, or F
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Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
“special” dipole-dipole interaction?
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Properties of Liquids
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
surface
tension
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Properties of Liquids
Adhesion
Cohesion
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Properties of Liquids
Strong
intermolecular
forces
High
viscosity
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Water is a Unique Substance
Maximum Density
40C
Density of Water
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Solids
1. Crystalline solid: possesses rigid and long-range order.
In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy
specific (predictable) positions
2. Amorphous solid: does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order
diamond graphite 17
Types of Crystals
Molecular Crystals:
• Lattice points occupied by molecules
• Held together by intermolecular forces
• Soft, low melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
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Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals:
• Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
• Held together by metallic bonds
• Soft to hard, low to high melting point
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal
nucleus &
inner shell e-
mobile “sea”
of e-
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Types of Crystals
20
Amorphous solid: does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order
Crystalline Non-crystalline
quartz (SiO2) quartz glass
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Least
Order
Condensation
Evaporation
Greatest
Order
T2 > T 1
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Equilibrium vapor pressure: is the vapor pressure
measured when a dynamic equilibrium exists between
condensation and evaporation
H2O (l) H2O (g)
Dynamic Equilibrium
Rate of Rate of
condensation
= evaporation
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Molar heat of vaporization ( Hvap) is the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid.
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Boiling Point: the temp at which the (equilibrium) vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure
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Critical temperature (Tc): the temp above when a gas cannot
be made to liquefy, no matter how great the applied P
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Melting point of a solid or the Freezing point of a liquid
is the temp at which the solid and liquid phases coexist in
equilibrium
Freezing
Melting
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Molar heat of fusion ( Hfus): the E required to melt 1 mole of
a solid substance
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Molar heat of sublimation ( Hsub): the E required to sublime
1 mole of a solid
Sublimation
Deposition
Hsub = Hfus + Hvap
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Phase diagram: summarizes the conditions at which a
substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
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