CONTENTS:

• Introduction
• Properties of hot and cold drawing
process
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Bibliography
Introduction:

Drawing is a metalworking process which uses tensile

forces to stretch metal. It is broken up into two types: sheet
metal drawing and wire, bar, and tube drawing. The specific
definition for sheet metal drawing is that it involves plastic
deformation over a curved axis. For wire, bar, and tube drawing
the starting stock is drawn through a die to reduce its diameter
and increase its length. Drawing is usually done at room
temperature, thus classified a cold working process, however it
may be performed at elevated temperatures to hot work large
wires, rods or hollow
sections in order to
reduce forces.
The resistance of
metals to plastic
deformation generally
falls with temperature.
For this reason, larger
massive sections are always worked hot by forging, rolling, or
extrusion. Metals display distinctly viscous characteristics at
sufficiently high temperatures, and their resistance to flow
increases at high forming rates. This occurs not only because
it is a characteristic of viscous substances, but because the rate
of recrystallization may not be fast enough.

Hot Drawing:
 This process is widely used for the production of thicker
walled seamless tubes and cylinders. It is usually performed in
two stages. The first stage consists of drawing a cup shape out
of a hot circular plate with the help of a die and a punch. The
second stage consists of reheating the drawn cup and drawing
is further to the desired length having the required wall
thickness. The second drawing operation is performed through
a number of dies, which are arranged in a descending order of
their diameters, so that the reduction in wall thickness is
gradual in various stages. The farther end of the drawn object
is always blind, which may be cut off to produce a through hole,
if required.

Cold Drawing:
Plastic deformation which is carried out in a temperature
region and over a time interval such that the strain hardening is
not relieved is called cold work. Considerable knowledge on
the structure of the cold-worked state has been obtained. In
the early stages of plastic deformation, slip is essentially on
primary glide planes and the dislocations form coplanar arrays.
As deformation proceeds, cross slip takes place. The cold-
worked structure forms high dislocation density regions that
soon develop into networks. The grain size decreases with
strain at low deformation but soon reaches a fixed size. Cold
working will decrease ductility.

Hot working refers to the process where metals are

deformed above their recrystallization temperature and
strain hardening does not occur. Hot working is usually
performed at elevated temperatures. Lead, however, is hot-
worked at room temperature because of its low melting
temperature. At the other extreme, molybdenum is cold-
worked when deformed even at red heat because of its high
recrystallization temperature.

Properties of Hot & Cold Drawing

Process:

• Above the re-crystallisation temperature, the metal

becomes plastic and causes the growth of grains. By hot
working, the grains are broken up and their parts are
deformed into small and more numerous crystals or in
other words the refinement of grain occurs. Metals
possess little elasticity and low load is required to shape
the metal as the strength and hardness decrease at
elevated temperatures.
• The porosity of the steel ingot can be eliminated to a
greater extent.
• Great latitude in shape and size of form is possible due to
reduction of elastic limit.
• A uniformity is established either by squeezing other
impurities into fiber sla gs or distributing them throughout
the mass.
• Directional property resulting from a fiber structure is
obtained.
 • Due to refinement of grains, mechanical properties such
as toughness, ductility, elongation and reduction in area
are improved.
• The power required to finish the part ingot is less.
• It can be used on most of the metals, because it is a rapid
and economical process.

Advantages & Disadvantages of

Drawing Process :

Advantages :

1. Larger deformation can be accomplished and more rapidly

by hot working since the metal is in plastic state.

2. Porosity of the metal is considerably minimised.

3. Concentrated impurities, if any in the metal are disintegrated

and distributed throughout the metal.

4. Grain structure of the metal is refined and physical

properties improved.

Disadvantages :

1. Due to high temperature a rapid oxidation or scale formation

takes place on the metal surface, leading to poor surface finish
and loss of metal.
2. On account of the lost of carbon from the surface of the steel
piece being worked the surface layer loses its strength, which is
a disadvantage when the part is put to service.

3. This weakening of the surface layer may give rise to a latigue

crack which may ultimately result in fatigue failure of the part.

4. Close tolerances cannot be maintained.

5. It involves excessive expenditure on account of high cost of

tooling. This, however, is compensated by the high production
rate and better quality of products.
Bibliography:
• www.wikipedia.com
• ASM Publications