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Co-channel interference:
C/(I+N) > 9 dB
Note: when I = N (low coverage areas), the sensitivity degradation is 3 dB
Note 2: at C/(I+N) = 9 dB under fading conditions, the BER is around 7% (RxQual 6)
Adjacent Channel interference:
First adjacency (200 KHz): C/Ia1 >= - 9 dB
Second adjacency (400 KHz): C/Ia2 >= - 41 dB
Third adjacency (600 KHz): C/Ia3 >= - 49 dB
Rule: In between sites, only co-channel and adjacent channel interference are
likely to happen.
1) Frequencies in neighboring cells must never be the same when transmitting
continuously on the same frequency (see frequency hopping).
2) They should as much as possible not be adjacent (200 KHz) to each other.
Path Loss = 95 dB
MS2: f2
MS1: f1
Rule: On a same site, the frequencies should be chosen 600 KHz or more apart
regular 4-cluster pattern (1st tier of interferers) regular 7-cluster pattern (1st tier of interferers)
14 .0 0
12 .0 0
1 km/ h
3 km/ h
10 .0 0 5 km/ h
10 km/ h
FER(%)
8 .0 0 50 km/ h
6 .0 0
4 .0 0
2 .0 0
0 .0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NUMBER OF FREQUENCIES FOR HOPPING
FOR
FORHANDPORTABLES,
HANDPORTABLES,FREQUENCY
FREQUENCYHOPPING
HOPPINGBRINGS
BRINGSAAHIGH
HIGHIMPROVEMENT
IMPROVEMENT
4 sites = 3 sites =
12 9 groups
groups
==> 4*12 ==> 3*9
fully acceptable in
acceptable TCH with GSM
for BCCH features
A A A A
BCCH3 BCCH2 BCCH4 TCH3 TCH2 TCH1 TCH3 TCH2 TCH1 TCH1 TCH1 TCH1
C C C
B
BCCH7 BCCH6 BCCH5 TCH4 TCH3 TCH2 TCH1 TCH3 TCH2 TCH1 TCH1 TCH1
C B B B
BCCH9 BCCH8 BCCH10 TCH6 TCH5 TCH4 TCH3 TCH2 TCH1 TCH1 TCH1 TCH1
D D D
D
BCCH 4x12 Reuse Pattern TCH 2x6 Reuse Pattern TCH 1x3 Reuse Pattern TCH 1x1 Reuse Pattern
11TRX
TRXfor
forBCCH
BCCHnon
nonhopping
hopping 11TRX
TRXfor
forBCCH
BCCHnon
nonhopping
hopping 11TRX
TRXfor
forBCCH
BCCHnon
nonhopping
hopping
11TRX
TRX on 1 frequency(no
on 1 frequency (noFH)
FH) 22TRX hopping on 4 frequencies
TRX hopping on 4 frequencies 22TRX hopping on 12 frequencies
TRX hopping on 12 frequencies
> The power Control feature allows to decrease the global interference
level over the network by reducing the power of mobiles and the Base
Stations when full power is not necessary.
> This feature is better used together with frequency hopping in order to
spread evenly the decrease in interference level among all the users.
> This feature is not active on the downlink for the TDMAs transmitted
on the BCCH frequency.
> Downlink and Uplink power control on TCH channels
• Decreases the global interference level
• Effect depends on the user’s positioning related to the site
• Effect evenly distributed over all the hopping frequencies by use of
frequency hopping
0
1
-5
Antenna 1
-10
-15 Antenna 2
-20
-25
Time
-30 Signal
Signaldrops
dropsat
atdifferent
differenttime timeon oneach
each
antenna
antenna Nortel Confidential Information
Antenna Type, directivity and gain
0
335340 0
345350355 5 10 15
20 25
Horizontal attenuation Pattern
330 30
325 35
320 40
315 -10 45
65 degrees antenna
310 50
305 55
300
-20 60 90 degrees antenna
295 65
290 70
285
280
-30 75
80
275 85 Attenuation Angle 65 degrees 90 degrees
270 -40 90 0 0.00 dB 0.00 dB
265 95 15 -0.50 dB -0.40 dB
260 100 30 -2.60 dB -1.40 dB
255 105 45 -5.00 dB -3.00 dB
250 110 60 -8.10 dB -5.60 dB
245 115
75 -11.80 dB -8.90 dB
240 120
235 125 90 -15.90 dB -11.70 dB
230 130
225 135
220 140
215 145
210 150
205200 155
160
195190185 175170165
180
Rx Sensitivity
Specific Tx Cable Losses
Antenna Gain
Combiner losses
Rx Sensitivity
Rx Diversity Gain MS
Base Station
DLNA
Combiner
Antenna Gain Duplexor
Rx Sensitivity Rx Splitter
Power Amplifier
BS Pwr Connectors
TX/RX modules
DRXDRXDRXDRX
BTS Cabinet Link Balance -2.8 dB 0.2 dB
EIRP for Balance: 55.2 dBm 58.0dBm
Nortel Confidential Information
Diversity
Diversitygain
gain
1 After Interleaving
-5
-10
Deep fades or burst noise destroys some contigous frames
-15
-20
Spatial diversity
> Lack of diversity (disabled or defective
path) will result in a ~ 3 dB loss on the RxLev (DL - UL) distribution
reported RxLev UpLink values. Since
Link Balance is typically a median value
of the set of corresponding RxLev_DL - 3 dB
RxLev_UL, a 3 dB positive shift would
be observed indicating weaker UpLink.
Polarization diversity
• Link balance plot will be spread out due to
Case1 (Extreme)
different gains in LOS vs. non-LOS case MS with antenna almost
orthogonal to the TX
• In LOS case, different MS’s antennae can be element but aligned with
the other RX element
more aligned with one of the two cross polarized Case 2 (Extreme)
MS with antenna aligned
antenna elements of the site while being almost with the TX element and
one of the two RX elements
DownLink DownLink
44.5 dBm 44.5 dBm BTS TX / PA output power: (When no attenuation)
-1.5 dBm -4.5 dBm coupling losses with duplexor or duplexed combiner
xyz xyz common UL/DL path losses and gains
Feeder Losses: <3 dB 43 + xyz dBm 40 + xyz dBm Reported Measurement by MS
UpLink UpLink
30 dBm 30 dBm MS TX output power
3 dBm 3 dBm Rx Signal Level gain due to diversity (reported)
xyz xyz common UL/DL path losses and gains
33 + xyz dBm 33 + xyz dBm Reported Measurements by BS
Nominal TX + 0 to 2.5 dB + 0 to 2.5 dB Due to RxLev measured in Watts and averaged in dBm
Power: 44.7 dBm by the BTS in line-of-sight vs. Rayleigh fading conditions
Typical value is 1.5 to 2 dB since no LOS majority of the time. Rayleigh Fading conditions apply
Duplex. Duplex.
BS PA settings Acceptable measured Link difference Range
Combiner
Attenuation order S8000 duplexor S8000 combiner
Combiner
0 dB attenuation (Max Pwr) 8 - 10 dBm 5 - 7 dBm
LNA/Splitter
2 dB attenuation 6 - 8 dBm 3 - 5 dBm
PA PA PA PA 4 dB attenuation 4 - 6 dBm 1 - 3 dBm
DRXDRXDRXDRX
BTS Cabinet