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Operant Conditioning
Chapter 6
Unit 4
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s Findings Explained
After several trials the neutral stimulus will gradually begin to elicit the same
response as the UCS.
=
Conditioned Stimulus
Acquisition
Strength (CS+UCS)
of CR
Spontaneous
Extinction recovery of
(CS alone) CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
Reinforcement Procedures
+ Punishment - Punishment
Punishment
The consequence
Positive Negative makes the behavior
Reinforcement Reinforcement more likely to happen
in the future.
However, punishment rarely works in the long run for four reasons:
Continuous Reinforcement:
A schedule of reinforcement
that rewards every correct
response given.
Example: A vending machine.
Example: B.F. Skinner put rats in a box with a lever connected to a feeder. It
only provided a reinforcement after 60 seconds. The rats quickly learned that it
didn’t matter how early or often it pushed the lever, it had to wait a set amount of
time. As the set amount of time came to an end, the rats became more active in
hitting the lever.
Interval Schedules
Example: A pop-quiz
Ratio Schedules
Number of
responses
250
Steady responding
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (minutes)
Primary and Secondary reinforcement