MOBILE COMPUTING (2 marks)

1. Define Base station and Mobile station?

Base station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with mobile station. Base stations are located at the center or on
the edge of a coverage region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and
receiver antennas mounted on a tower.

Mobile Station: A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations. Mobile stations may be hand-held personal units
(Portables) or installed in vehicle (mobiles).

2. Mobile Switching center: Switching center which coordinates the routing

of calls in a large service data. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the
cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a
mobile telephone switching office (MTSO).

3. Classifications available in mobile radio transmission system:

1. Simplex. 2. Half duplex. 3. Full duplex.

4. Simplex system: In Simplex systems, communication is possible

in only one direction (Ex: Paging System).

5. Control channel: Radio channel used for transmission at call setup, call
request call initiation and other become (or) control purposes.

6. Hand Off: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or
base station to another.

7. Define the terms?

Transceiver:A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio
signals.

Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile

communication system.

8. What is the need of FDD in wireless Communication?

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) provides simultaneous radio
transmission channels for the subscriber and the base station. So that
 they both may constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving signal s
from one another.

9. What is the need of TDD in Wireless Communication?

In Time Division Duplexing (TDD) it is possible to share a single radio
channel in time, so that a portion of the time is used to transmit from the
base station to the mobile, and the remaining time is used to transmit form
the mobile to the base station.

10. Mention the disadvantages of cordless telephone system.

i) It provides the user with limited range and mobility.

ii) It is usually not possible to maintain a call if the user travels outside the
range of the base station.

11. What is DECT?

Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) is a second generation
cordless telephone standard which allows each cordless phone to
communicate with any of a no. Of base stations, by automatically selecting
the base station with the greatest signal level.

12. List out the parts of a cellular system.

Basic cellular system which consists of MS, BS and MSC.

13. What is MTSO?

The mobile switching center is sometimes called a mobile telephone
switching office (MTSO), since it sis responsible for connecting all mobiles
to the PSTN in a cellular System.

14. Mention the functions of the base station.

15. What are the functions of MSC?

16. Cell Cluster:

A group of cells that use a different set of frequencies in each cell is called
a Cell Cluster.
17. Cell?

Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels to be

used with a small geographic area called cell.

18. Advantages of cellular systems?

I) The use of low power transmitter and

II) Frequency reuse.

19. Write the frequency reuse concept?

Physical separation of two cells is sufficiently wide the same subset of
frequencies can be used in both cells. This is the concept of frequency
reuse.

20. Types of Hand Off:

i) Hard Hand off

ii) Soft Hand off

21. Write the features of hand off?

i) Fast and lossless

ii) Minimum no. Of control signal exchanges

iii) Scalable with n/w size.

iv) Efficient use of resources.

v) Capable of recovering from link Failures.

22. What are the major types of cellular interference available?

Two major types of system are,

1. Co-channel interference.

2. Adjacent Channel interference.

23. Co-channel cells:

I) In a given coverage area, there are several cells that use the same
set of frequencies. These cells are c from co-channel cells is called
co-channel interferences.
24. Adjacent channel interference:

Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signal is called adjacent channel called co-channel cells.The interference between
signals interference.

25. Why the hexagon is used a cell shape?

The hexagonal cell shape permits easy and manageable analysis of a
cellular system.

26. Name the two channels assignments?

i) Fixed channel assignment.

i) Dynamic channel assignment.

27. Define Cluster size?

Cluster size no. Of cells within a cluster.

28. Define Frequency reuse ration?

The frequency reuse ratio, q=D/R

Where R- Radius of the cell.

D- Distance between centers of the nearest co-channel cells.

29. Write the name of three basic propagation mechanisms?

i) Reflection.

ii) Diffraction.

iii) Scattering.

30. Define Modulation?

Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameters of a
high frequency signal termed as carrier, is varied in accordance with the
signal to be transmitted.

31. What is demodulation?

Demodulation or detection is the process of recovering the original
modulating signal from a modulated wave.
32. What are Digital modulation techniques?
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).

3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

33. What is multiple accesses?

Multiple accesses is a signal transmission situation in which two or more
users wish to simultaneously communicate with each other using the
same propagation channel.

34. Write the applications of multiple access methods?

The multiple access methods are used in

1) Satellite networks

2) Cellular and mobile communication networks

3) Military communication.

4) Underwater acoustic networks.

35. Define Duplex.

Duplexing is nothing but two way communication in which both terminals
can transmit simultaneously.

36. What is broadcasting?

In each radio cell, the transmission from the base station in the downlink
can be heard by each and every mobile user in the cell for this reason, this
mode of transmission is referred to as broadcasting.

37. Mention the types of multiple access techniques.

1) Frequency Division Multiple Access.

2) Time Division Multiple Access.

3) Code Division Multiple Access.

4) Space Division Multiple Access.

38. Frequency Division Duplexing and Time Division Duplexing?
FDD: FDD provides two distinct bands (forward and reverse band) of
frequencies for every user. The forward band provides traffic from the
base station to the mobile. The reverse band provides traffic from the
mobile to the base station.

TDD: TDD uses time instead of frequency to provide both a forward and
reverse link. Individual users are allowed to access the channel in
assigned time slots, and each duplex channel has both a forward time slot
and a reverse time slot to facilitate bidirectional communication.

39. Define FDMA.

In FDMA, the total bandwidth is divided into non-overlapping frequency
sub bands. Each user is allocated a unique frequency sub band
(channels) for the duration of the connection, whether the connection is in
an active or idle state.

40. Define TDMA.

TDMA systems divide the radio spectrum into time slots, and in each slot
only one user is allowed to either transmit or receive.

41. Why the second generation was developed?

The second generation systems have been developed to provide higher
quality signals, higher data rates for support of digital services and greater
capacity.

42. What are second generation standards are available?

 1) Global system mobile (GSM) in Europe.

2) Interim standard 136(IS-136), also known as NADC (North American Digital

Cellular).

3) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC) in Japanese, TDMA Standard.

4) Interim Standard – 95(IS-95) in North America, also known as CDMA One.

43. What are the services offered by GSM?

GSM has defined three different categories of service

i) Telephone services

ii) Bearer (or) data services.

iii) Supplementary services.

44. What are the subsystems available in GSM?

i) Base station subsystem (BSS).

ii) Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS), and

iii) Operation Support Subsystem (OSS).

45. What are the functions of OSS in GSM?

The OSS has three main functions.

i) To maintain all telecommunications hardware and n/w operations with a

particular market.

ii) Manage all charging and billing procedures and,

iii) Manage all mobile equipment in the system.

46. Define Abis interface:

The interface which connects a base transceiver station (BTS) to a Base
Station Controller (BSC) is called The Abis interface.

47. Define A Interface.

 The interface between a BSC and a MSC is called the A interface, which
is standardized within GSM.

48. What are the databases available in NSS of GSM?

In the NSS, there are three different databases are used, They are

i) Home Location Register (HLR).

ii) Visitor Location Register (VLR) and

iii) Authentication Center (AUC).

49. What are the basic channels available in GSM?

GSM specifies two basic groups of logical channel.

i) Traffic channels (TCHs) and

ii) Control Channels (CCHs).

50. Traffic Channels:

It carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and have identical
functions and formats on both the forward and reverse link.

51. Control Channels:

It carry signaling and Synchronizing commands between the base station
and the mobile station.

52. Write the types of TCH channels in GSM?

i) Full-rate TCH(TCH/F) and

ii) Half-rate TCH (TCH/H).

53. What are the control channels available in GSM?

There are three main control channels in the GSM system, They are

i) Broadcast Channel (BCH).

ii) Common Control Channel (CCCH) and

iii) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH).

54. Define the bursts.
Data is transmitted small portions, called bursts.

55. What is the need guard period (space)?

The guard period is used to avoid overlapping with other bursts due to
different path delays and to give the transmitter time to turn on end off.

56. Why dummy burst is used?

Dummy burst is used as filler information for unused time slots on the
forward link.

57. Write the application of GSM?

i) DECT offers excellent quality and services for voice and data
applications.

ii) It supports telephone services.

iii) It is to provide local mobility to portable users in an in-building

private branch exchange (PBX).

58. What is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data
communication that was originally developed for cable replacements in
personal area networking to operate all over the word.

59. What are the main objectives of the 3G systems?

The objective of the 3G of wireless communication is to provide fairly high
speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data and video in
addition to voice.