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Copyright © , 2002
Design Details as per ACI-code 2
COVER MESH
SHOTCRETE
DIAGONAL
EPS CORE
WIND LOADS
cross wall
(shear wall)
anchored in the foundation
shear forces in the
foundation anchors
The concrete that is applied on both sides, has got the following functions:
2. Flexure
Principally it is possible to calculate the slabs made of 3D elements according to the same
standards that are also used for common reinforced concrete slabs. All rules referring to the
calculation of internal forces and to the load-bearing behavior of concrete and steel may apply
directly to the calculation of 3D cross sections. However, the reducing of the cross section
through the EPS-core has to be taken into consideration when examining the internal forces.
Floor slabs made of 3D panels can be considered generally as one-way slab systems simply
or continuously supported. Thus the tensile forces and compression forces are absorbed by the
reinforcement elements (cover mesh and additional reinforcement) and by the concrete
compression chord. These parts are designed with minor restrictions according to the
conventional rules of reinforced construction. The shear forces, however, are transferred
solely through the diagonals in case of a 3D slab without additional shear reinforcement.
0.85·fc
t2 0.85·d1 FC
d z
FT
steel (fy)
figure 3 Flexure according to ACI
The flexural strength according to ACI results from the following formulae
a AS ⋅ fy
MU = ø · AS · fy · (d- ) i.e. a= ≤ β · t2
2 b ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ fc
According to the ACI design model the maximum factored moments result in
MU = 1.4·MD + 1.7·ML
MU ≤ ø·MN (required strength ≤ design strength)
MU ≤ 0.1531 · fc · b · d² ≤ 0.6 · fc · t2 · b · (d - 0.375·t2)
In table 1 the dimensions for t2 and dEPS are indicated in mm and the moments in kNm/m.
Moments are calculated under ultimate load according to ACI at a concrete grade of
25 N/mm². For other concrete grades these values have to be multiplied with fc/25 N/mm².
The distance between the lower edge of the EPS and the centroid of tension reinforcement is
10 mm.
3. Shear
The shear strength of 3D slabs is provided by the panel’s diagonals and by possibly added
shear reinforcement. Shear strength of 3D panels is limited both by the diagonals’ buckling
strength and by the strength of the welding joint.
figure 4 Welding joint
d1 d1
welding joint
α
d2
d2
Tests allow to check the admissible shear force in the welding joint (including safety factor)
that must correspond to at least 30 % of the greatest possible force in the diagonal. This force
in the diagonal refers to the yield strength (fy) and results in a minimum force of
dDIAG 2 ⋅ π
FDIAG = 0.3 · fy ·
4
This correlation results in a limitation of the admissible maximum stress in the diagonals of
15 kN/cm². As a general recommendation the ratio between the cover mesh's diameter and the
diameter of the diagonals shouldn't be lower than 0.60.
The admissible stress in case of buckling is with a safety factor of 2.05 for calculation under
service load. Slenderness can be calculated assuming partial fixing in the concrete with a
buckling length of 75 % of the free length of the diagonal. Tests have proved that this partial
fixing of the diagonals at both ends lies on the safe side when it comes to the tested 3D cross
sections. Mainly panels with 2 different diagonal configurations are being produced.
figure 5 Inclination of
a α = arctan ( hEPSe+ 2a ) diagonals
step
hEPS
type 1 : e = 40 mm
α a type 2 : e = 60 mm
e e
For these panel types the clearance ”a” between mesh and EPS is 13, 16 or 19 mm. The
most commonly used value is 13 mm. The distance between the EPS and the reinforcing
element’s center of gravity can be determined to be about 20 mm. The inclination of the
diagonals is, of course, only a mean value since scattering of values for ”e” is, generally
speaking, a couple of millimeters.
panel type step diag./m² e [mm]
slab panels 100 mm 200 pcs. 40
wall panels 200 mm 100 pcs. 60
table 2 standard panels
However, this transfer of shear forces has to be ruled out in case of the cross direction of a
3D slab. Owing to the angle between the cover mesh and the diagonals - 90° in this case - no
shear forces and, as a consequence, no moments can be transferred.
sliding layer
In cross direction the diagonals and the EPS form just a sliding layer between the two
concrete slabs. These act separately and lead to a considerably decreased rigidity. For a slab
with a 50 mm concrete layer each on the top and bottom sandwiching a 100 mm EPS panel,
there is a moment of inertia of 58.333 cm4 per meter in main direction, and 2.083 cm4 per
meter in cross direction. Therefore, by approximation a 3D slab corresponds to a joist
construction having beams in one direction and a thin slab in the other direction.
figure 7 Structural equivalent system including beams
in main direction and a thin slab in cross direction
Thus it is possible to design also a square slab as a one-way 3D slab. In case of major
deformations only, noticeable compression forces form in the EPS. This results in a
considerably improved distribution of concentrated loads and, as a consequence, it leads to
additional safety in case of local overstressing that was not taken into consideration for
structural analyses.
Buckling load of the diagonals is determined for an effective length of 75 % of the free
length.
Assumption:
angle of diagonals according to figure 5.
steel grade ST 500
dEPS
buckling length lge = 0.75·lg = 0.75·
sin α
lge 4 ⋅ lge
λ= = → buckling stress acc. to Euler
r dDIAG
For calculations under service load a safety factor of 2.05 has to be taken into consideration
FDIAG = fk,adm · As
It is possible to consider shear force as a product of the horizontal shear force and the lever
arm of the internal forces as it is done in case of common reinforced concrete beams.
Horizontal shear force S seen as the change of tensile force per length unit corresponds
exactly to the horizontal component of the diagonal.
figure 8 Shear force
compression tension H C = FC × cos α model
horiz. shear force H T = FT × cos α
α i.e. FC = compression force
HC HT FT = tension force
V
The total horizontal shear force is formed by the sum of the horizontal components of the
diagonals HC and HT. Thus horizontal shear force is
S = Σ(HC + HT)
i.e. z......... lever arm of the internal forces. This value is generally assumed to be
0.95 d. In case of very thick concrete slabs this value may become high
accordingly. Since the cross section acts like a vault, the theoretical
lever arm in the vicinity of the support, however, cannot be chosen to
be higher than the diagonals’ theoretical point of intersection.
d d
point of intersection
support
z
compression zone
tension chord
Theoretical correlations are evaluated in the following for both panel types. These panel types
correspond to table 2.
Stresses in case of buckling were assumed for lge = 0.75 lg and ø 3.8 mm for ST500. The
effective depths apply to 50 and 100 mm EPS at a pitch between mesh and EPS of 13 mm. A
concrete layer of 50 to 80 mm was assumed as a topping slab. In tables 3 and 4 the lever arm
of the internal forces is worked out up to the theoretical point of intersection of the diagonals
at most.
The max. factored shear force results in
EPS 100
concrete layer diagonals per m²
(compression) 200 100
50 mm 24.9 17.0
60 mm 24.9 18.0
70 mm 24.9 19.0
80 mm 24.9 19.1
table 3 Factored shear forces øVn for EPS 100 in [kN/m]
EPS 50
concrete layer diagonals per m²
(compression) 200 100
50 mm 24.0 19.2
60 mm 24.0 19.2
70 mm 24.0 19.2
80 mm 24.0 19.2
table 4 Factored shear forces øVn for EPS 50 in [kN/m]
5 ⋅ q ⋅ lg 4
∆=
lg 384 ⋅ EC ⋅ I E
M CR
3
M 3
IE = ⋅ I G + 1- CR ⋅ I CR
MAX
M M MAX
reinf. (fy)
fR ⋅ I G
MCR =
yt
Additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
shall be determined by multiplying the immediate deflection caused by the sustained load
considered, by the factor
ξ
λ=
1+ 50ρ'
Thus factor δ is
1
δ=
PU
1-
øPC
i.e.
PU ...... max. factored load
PC ...... buckling load acc. to the theory of Euler
ø......... strength reduction factor = 0.70
π 2 ⋅ EC ⋅ IE
PC =
(lge)2 × (1 + βd )
i.e.
IE ....... effective moment of inertia of the cross section. This effective moment
of inertia corresponds to 1/5 of the moment of inertia of the gross cross
section.
The moment is multiplied by the resultant value for δ. Afterwards the internal forces (moment
and vertical load) are compared with the load bearing capacity of the wall cross section. In
general, the influence of the reinforcement can be neglected in this context. Owing to the
complex calculation the evaluation of the mathematical correlation is done by means of a
computer program.
The following abridged print-out refers to wall tables with an eccentricity of 30 mm. The
concrete grades used for the following tables correspond to cube strengths of 15, 20 and
25 N/mm². Coefficient βd is assumed to be 0.7.