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Hour _________
Unit 6 Overview Packet
Chapters (12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21)
CHAPTER 12 (THE MEDIA)
1. What is the role of the Federal Communications Commission? They regulate the broadcasting
licenses of radio and television stations.
2. What are the two potential limits to the freedom of privately owned newspapers and broadcast
stations? 1. They must make a profit. 2. Media bias controls the stories and how they are
covered
a. Gatekeeper influencing what subjects become national political issuesa and for how
long
b. Scorekeeper people who keep track of and help make political reputations or who is
being mentioned in the moon
c. Watchdog the people that watch the “front runners” for slip-ups
4. What is the equal time rule? An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it
must sell equal time to other candidates
6. Do the beliefs of the national media affect how they report the news? If you ask the media,
they say no. The people say yes. All media outlets have some level of bias. Some choose to
report the news with that bias while others try to be more equal.
7. What is a trial balloon? Information leaked to the media in order to test public reaction to a
possible policy.
8. Does what the media write or say influence how their readers and viewers think? Not entirely.
Most people have selective attention and only pay attention to stories that the already agree
with. But with the time that viewers spend watching the news, they are influenced on some
issues when shown facts that they would have otherwise not known.
9. What term describes only watching one network news channel that agrees with one’s own
political views? Selective attention
10. What is the adversarial press? The tendency of the media to be suspicious of officials and
eager to reveal unflattering stories about them
11. What four ways can the press report on public officials?
d. Changes in the way political elites think and talk about politics
13.What is a cost? A burden that people believe they must bear if a policy is enacted
14.What is a benefit? A satisfaction that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted
18.What is majoritarian politics? A policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays
19.What is interest group politics? A policy in which on small group benefits and another small group pays
20.What is client politics? A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays
22.What is logrolling? A legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or
hers.
23.What is entrepreneurial politics? A policy in which almost everybody benefits and a small group pays
the cost
24.Who are policy entrepreneurs? Activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on
behalf of unorganized interests
25.What kind of politics describes legislation such as: the Sherman Act (1890), the Federal Trade
Commission Act (1914), and the Clayton Act (1914)? Majoritarian politics
26.What kind of politics describes the legislation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)?
Interest group politics
27.What kind of politics describes the legislation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (1930)? Client politics
28.What kind of politics describes the legislation of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)? Entrepreneurial
politics
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
29.What is process regulation? Rules governing commercial activities designed to improve consumer,
worker, or environmental conditions. Also called social regulation.
30.What is a deficit? What occurs when the government in one year spends more money than it takes in
from taxes.
31.What is the national debt? The total deficit from the first presidency down to the present
32.What is gross domestic product? The total of all goods and services produced in the economy during a
given year
33.Which two agencies are in control of the government’s budget? The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) in the White House and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in Congress.
34.What are two inconsistent kinds of majoritarian politics regarding taxing and spending? Everyone wants
prosperity; most want more spending on popular programs like Medicare
35.Who are the “other people” that pay for programs? Small groups of people that pay for the popular
programs. They are usually the minority of voters.
36.What is monetarism and who advocated it? It is the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is
chasing too few goods – Milton Friedman
37.What is Keynesianism and who advocated it? The belief that the government must manage the
economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation –
John Maynard Keynes
38.What is economic planning and who advocated it? The belief that government plans, such as wage and
price controls or the direction of investment, can improve the economy – Kenneth Galbraith
39.What is supply-side theory and who advocated it? the belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations will
stimulate the economy – Arthur Laffer
40.What is Reaganomics and who advocated it? The belief that a combination of monetarism, lower
federal spending, and supply-side economics will stimulate the economy – Ronald Reagan
42.Which major party would favor supply-side, monetarism, and Reaganomic economics? Republicans
43.In which Supreme Court case were minimum wages extended to women in Washington? West Coast
Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937)
44.Which three people are called the “troika,” make the economic decisions in the executive branch? The
chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), the director of the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB), and the secretary of the treasury
45.What is monetary policy? Managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates
46.What tools does the “Fed” use to implement its monetary policy? It regulates the supply of money
(circulation and bank deposits) and the price of money (interest rates)
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
47.What does Congress do to control economic policy? It approves all taxes and expenditures. There can
be no wage or price controls without its consent.
48.Why do some people oppose the North American Free Trade Agreement? They want to protect the
domestic products by placing tariffs on the imported goods
49.What is globalization? The growing integration of the economies and societies of the world.
50.What is a fiscal year? For the federal government is October 1 – September 30 when spending takes
place under the budget
51.What action did the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, require after a president submits his budget?
Budget committees in the House and Senate have to study the overall package. Each committee
submits a budget resolution with modifications on the president’s budget
52.What are examples of entitlements? Social Security, Medicare payments, veterans’ benefits, food
stamps
54.What is discretionary spending? Spending that is not required to pay for contracts, interest on the
national debt, or entitlement programs
55.When and in what legislation did the income tax become nationally established? The 16th Amendment
was ratified in 1913.
56.What is loophole politics? Gaining financial benefits from analyzing and using the loopholes in tax laws
58. What are four differences between the American social welfare system, and that of others in the world?
59. What were two types of programs that began with the FDR administration to assist the common man?
b. Assistance program for the blind, dependent children, and the aged
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
60.What is the means test? An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for
benefits under government programs reserved for lower income groups
a. Hospital insurance
b. Medical insurance
62.What are some proposals for reforming Social Security? Raise the retirement age, reduce benefits for
high-earners, raise payroll taxes, increase the wage cap, have the government make investments, let
individuals make investments,
63.What were the goals of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)? It was a federal program
to assist the states who provide benefits to one-parent families
64.What is the Earned Income Tax Credit (ETIC)? A program that entitles working families to receive
benefits if their income level is below a certain level
65.What were the goals of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)? To reduce the
expenditures of the federal government’s welfare programs.
66. What are the two strategies for assisting welfare recipients in job transitions? (include a brief definition)
a. Service strategy – a policy for providing poor people with education and job training to help lift
them out of poverty
b. Income strategy – a policy of giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty
67.How has American support for helping the “deserving poor” changed over time? The support for the
deserving poor has been steady for those who can show disability. The public generally wants the
programs to exist as long as they are not being taken advantage of
68. Who is the leader of foreign policy when the nature of politics is:
b. Client: Congress
69.What are four three ways that Congress checks the foreign affairs powers of the president?
c. Intelligence Oversight
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
70.Compared to other nations, how limited are the president’s war powers? Many other democratic nations
have leaders who act with much more freedom
71. What are the four major provisions of the War Powers Act (1973)?
b. After 60 days, Congress must authorize further action using U.S. troops
c. If Congress does not authorize the use of force, the president must withdraw the troops
d. If Congress passes a concurrent resolution to remove troops, the president must comply
72.Which committees in Congress oversee intelligence? The House and Senate Intelligence Committees
73.Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. v. United States (1936) Foreign policy is vested entirely in the federal
government where the president has plenary power
74.Korematsu v. United States (1944) Sending Japanese-Americans to relocation camps during WWII was
based on acceptable military justification
75.Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) An American involved in extremist groups should have access to neutral
decision makers
76.Rasul v. Bush (2004) Foreign nationals held at Guantanamo Bay have the right to be heard before
American courts
77.Which president(s) saw a decline in public approval following a foreign policy crisis? Bill Clinton
78.Which people generally oppose war? Highly educated people and most liberals are usually opposed
79.What are worldviews? A comprehensive opinion of how the United States should respond to world
problems
80. What are four worldviews that America has implemented in handling world conflicts? (include definition)
c. Disengagement - the belief that we should not get involved in events that have little benefit
(Vietnam)
d. Human rights – the view that we should try to improve the lives of people in other countries
81.What is polarization? A deep and wide conflict over some government policy
82.When was American military spending the lowest and highest? Highest during WWII; lowest 1949.
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
83.What structure of decision making did the National Security Act of 1947 establish? It created the
Department of Defense headed by the secretary of defense, secretaries of each military branch, and
the joint chiefs of staff
84.Why do our uniformed armed services act as separate entities? The people fear that the military may
become too powerful if merged; the separation is also strongly based around traditional autonomy
85.What are cost overruns? When the money actually paid to military suppliers exceeds the estimated
costs
88.What is the most expensive part of the defense budget? The personnel of the armed forces
d. Client Farmers manage to minimize federal controls over the use of pesticides
91.How is environmental policy in America different from that of other governments? In America, our law
making process has not included the industry members. Our regulation depends heavily on the states
whereas other nations regulate pollution at the national level.
a. There is no measure of how much human activity has impacted the environment.
b. What would it cost it production and income to reduce human impact on the environment?
93.What did the Clean Air Act of 1970 regulate? Automobile emissions
94.What is an environmental impact statement? A report required by federal law that assesses the
possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal
funds.
95.What was decided in Union Electric Co. v. EPA (1976)? EPA rules must be observed without regard to
their cost or technological feasibility.
Name _______________________________________
Hour _________
96.What was decided in Chevron v. National Resources Defense Council (1984)? States should comply
with EPA decisions, even if not explicitly authorized by statute, provided they are reasonable efforts to
attain the goal of the law.
97.What was decided in Whitman v. American Trucking Association (2001)? Allows Congress to delegate
broad authority to regulatory agencies.
98.What is command-and-control strategy? A strategy to improve air and water quality, involving the
setting of detailed pollution standards and rules.
99. How did the EPA give incentives to companies during the Carter administration?
a. Offsets – the pollution of a new factory must be offset by a reduction in pollution in the same
area
b. Bubble standard – the total of air pollution that can be generated by a factory
c. Pollution allowances – if a company produces less pollution than they are allowed, they can
transfer it to another factory or sell it to another company as an offset
100. What is the best way for the government to achieve an environmental goal?
a. Issuing orders
b. Offering incentives