A History of NATO -

The First Fifty Years

Volume 1
Edited by
A 341770
Gustav Schmidt
Professor in International Politics
Ruhr-Universitdt Bochum
Germany
 CONTENTS

Volume 1

Preface xiii
List of Tables xvii
List ofAbbreviations xix
Notes on Contributors xxiii

1 Fifty Years of NATO as History: 1

Perspectives on the Tasks Ahead
Gustav Schmidt
2 Different Securities? 15
NATO and the Transformation of the State
Alan S. Milward

PART I: NATO AND THE UNITED NATIONS

3 The United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty 29

Organization
Jack L. Granatstein
4 NATO and the UN: The Contemporary Relevance of the 39
1949 North Atlantic Treaty
Hall Gardner
5 From Operation "Maritime Monitor" to "AlliedForce": 57
Reflections on Relations Between NATO and the United
Nations in the 1990s
Mats Berdal
6 The NA TO- United Nations Link: Canada and the Balkans, 71
1991-95
Norman Hillmer and Dean Oliver
7 It's not a Question of Muscle: 85
Cultural Interoperability for NATO
Donna Winslow and Peer Everts
8 Sweden, the UNandNATO: 105
Experiences from Former Yugoslavia
Ann-Sofie Dahl
vi Contents

PART II: NATO AND OUT-OF-AREA PROBLEMS

9 The United States and NA TO Out-Of-Area-Disputes: 123

Does the Cold War Provide Precedents, or Merely Prologue?
Douglas T. Stuart
10 NATO, Cold War and the End of Empire 141
John Kent
11 NATO and Africa 1949-89: An Overview 153
Christopher Coker
12 Explaining NA TO's Non-Policy on Out-Of-Area Issues 173
During the Cold War
Frode Liland

PART III: NATO ENLARGEMENT: PAST AND PRESENT

13 NATO Enlargement: An Overview 193
Lawrence S. Kaplan
14 Germany, the United States and the Enlargement of the 207
North Atlantic Alliance
Karl-Heinz Kamp
15 NATO Enlargement: Who Gains? Who Loses? 221
Sean Kay
16 The Transformation of NATO and US Foreign Policy 235
Svein Melby
17 Enlarging Eastward: 251
NATO, the European Union and Political Conditionality
Charles Pentland
18 Partnership for Peace's Influence as an Instrument of 269
Continuity and Change in the Euro-Atlantic Region
Burak Akcapar

PART IV: ATLANTIC COMMUNITY: TRANSATLANTIC

RELATIONSHIPS

19 The Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations: 289

Forces of History and the Shadow of the Future
Michael H. Smith
20 American Sanctions and Transatlantic Relations 305
Peter Rudolf
 Contents

21 Restructuring in the Aerospace Industry 313

and Transatlantic Rivalry in High-Technology Sectors
Steven McGuire

Notes 331
Select Bibliography 393
Index 421

Volume 2

List of Tables ix
List ofAbbreviations xi

PART V: GETTING THE BALANCE RIGHT:

NATO AND THE EVOLUTION OF EC/EU
INTEGRATION, SECURITY AND DEFENCE

1 Getting the Balance Right: 3

NATO and the Evolution of EC/EU Integration,
Security and Defence Policy
Gustav Schmidt
2 Adapting NATO After the Cold War 29
Kori Schake
3 Sustaining the US Commitment to NATO 43
Robert P. Grant

PART VI: EAST-WEST CONFLICT AND INTRA-

WEST TENSIONS: MANAGING A
DECREASING THREAT

4 Defense Versus Security? 65

Reflections on the Past and Present of the "Future Tasks"
of the Alliance (1949-99)
Frederic Bozo
viii Contents

The Winning Team and the Last Failure - 81

American Preferences for NATO:
Sign in 1949, Persist in 1989
Jean-Yves Haine
The US, NATO, and East-West Relations 97
Michael Brenner
Conventional Arms Reduction in the New Europe 117
Jane M. O. Sharp
NATO and the German Question 131
Lothar Ruehl

PART VII: NATO AND THE WARSAW TREATY

ORGANISATION

9 Learning from the Enemy - 157

NATO as a Model for the Warsaw Pact
Vojtech Mastny
10 Interpreting Soviet Military Behaviour 179
Michael MccGwire
11 NATO in the Aftermath of the 1968 Invasion of 197
Czechoslovakia
John G. McGinn
12 NATO and the Warsaw Treaty Organisation 209
at the Time of the Euromissile Crisis, 1975 to 1985
Michael Ploetz

PART VIII: COMMITMENTS TO NATO AND

DOMESTIC POLITICS

13 Commitments to NA TO and Domestic Politics 225

Klaus Schwabe
14 Socialism and Atlanticism in Southern Europe 235
Donald Sassoon
15 The Paradoxes of'National Independence': 251
Domestic Constraints on French NATO Policy
Anand Menon
16 The German Conception of Security: Competing Views 271
Hermann-Josef Rupieper
17 The Role of NATO and the US Military Base 285
in Icelandic Domestic Politics, 1949-99
Valur Ingimundarson
 Contents

PART IX: THE PROMISE OF ALLIANCE:

THE ORIGINS AND MEANINGS OF NATO

18 "Who Could Ask for Anything More?" 305

North American Perspectives on NATO's Origins
John English
19 The Security Crisis of the Late 1940s 321
Charles G. Cogan
20 The Atlantic Congress of1959: 341
An Ambiguous Celebration of the Atlantic Community
Valeri Aubourg

Notes 359
Select Bibliography 443
Index 471

Volume 3

List of Tables ix
List of Abbreviations xi

PART X: TECHNOLOGY, ARMS PRODUCTION,

PROCUREMENT, AND EXPORTS

1 NATO's Defence Industrial Position: 3

On the Verge of American Hegemony?
Trevor Taylor
2 NATO Procurement and the Revival of European Defense, 13
1950-60
Jacqueline McGlade
3 The Fly in the Ointment? 29
Defence Production and Trade as an Element ofDivisiveness
in the Post-Cold War Alliance
David G. Haglund
4 France and the Rationalisation of the Defence Industry: 47
National, European, or Transatlantic Strategy?
Jolyon Howorth
 Contents

5 The Reconciliation of Arms Co-operation with Exports 61

Joachim-Rohde
6 Defence Industrial Globalisation - 79
'The Hidden Hand of Government'
Keith Hayward

PART XI: NATO AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS ISSUES

7 NATO and Nuclear Weapons - 101

An Introduction to Some Historical and Current Issues
Wolfgang Krieger
8 NATO Nuclear Strategy, 1949-90 121
Michael O. Wheeler
9 Intra-A lliance Conflict Related to Nuclear Weapons Politics:... 141
The French Case (1957-63)
Maurice Vaisse
10 Limiting American Nuclear Omnipotence in NATO: 155
The Canadian Method, 1951-68
Sean M. Maloney

PART XII: MILITARY STRATEGY, FORCES PLANNING,

AND COMMAND AND PERFORMANCE
CONTROL

11 Waiting for NA TO: Strategic Concepts and Force Structure .... 175
Samuel F. Wells, Jr. and Alex Danchev
12 The McNamara Era 183
Edward Drea
13 Post-Cold War NA TO Force Structure Planning 197
and the Vexatious Issue of Multinational Land Forces
Thomas-Durell Young
14 The Road to NATO's New Strategic Concept 219
Klaus Wittmann

PART XIII: NATO, THE NORTHERN FLANK,

AND THE NEUTRALS

15 NATO, the Northern Flank, and the Neutrals 241

Olav Riste
 Contents xi

16 The Strategic Importance of the High North during the 257

Cold War
RolfTamnes
17 The Dilemmas of Alliance: 275
Denmark's Fifty Years with NATO
Nikolaj Petersen
18 Sweden - Nato 's Neutral 'Ally'? A Post-Revisionist Account .... 295
Mikael af Malmborg

PART XIV: NATO AND THE SOUTHERN FLANK

19 Linchpin of the Southern Flank? 317
A General Survey of Italy in NATO, 1949-99
Leopoldo Nuti and Maurizio Cremasco
20 The Evolving Strategic Significance of Turkey's 339
Relationship with NATO
Bruce Kuniholm
21 Greece and NATO: A Nettlesome Relationship 359
S. Victor Papacosma

Notes 375
Select Bibliography •': 451
Index 479