Aims of Nazi economic policy: There were several overriding aims of economic policy.

These were: to reduce unemployment, increase productivity and to ensure that the currency
was safe. More specific Nazi aims include, but are not restricted to:

• To enable Germany to be ready to go to war

• Reduce to a minimum the amount of goods needing to be imported.
• Maintain a reasonable standard of living and rate of pay for Germans.

Policy in practice:

• Increased the size of the armed forces.

• Began rearmament programme (air force, naval constructions and investment in
weapons such as Panzer tanks).
• Continuation and expansion of the autobahn (motorway) building programme.
• Forced focus on manufactured goods.
• Selective importation policy. Buy from cheap, third world countries and pay ‘in kind’.

Other policies that have economic implications:

• Lebensraum (living space) and the (re)-creation of a greater Germany.

The Ruhr valley and the Rhineland were reoccupied by German troops. This meant that
industry was once more under German (Nazi0 control. Anschluss (merger with Austria) leads
to greater availability of raw materials. Cessation (taking) of parts of Czechoslovakia provides
further raw materials. Later the invasion of Poland would provide cheap labour, raw materials
and space in which to expand the economic markets.

• Anti-Semitism (anti-jewish policies). Resulted in large amounts of revenue and

resources being reassigned to the state. Also unemployed Jews would no longer be
classed as being ‘unemployed’.

Tackling unemployment: some methods

• Armed forces expanded.

• Militarisation programme leads to jobs in manufacturing.
• Public works such as the Autobahns required lots of workers.

Was Hitler successful?

• Unemployment fell to approximately half a million by the outbreak of war.

• Currency was stable and investment rose.
• Infra structure was in place to enable economic expansion.
• Manufacturing base was established and functioning relatively effectively.

BUT

• Rates of pay were no higher in 1939 than they had been in 1928. (Remember that
they had slumped though)
• Hours worked rose and workers rights were diminished.
• Few luxury items available, consumer goods also a rarity.

Other factors

• Payment of reparations ended, this enabled investment in Germany.

• German recovery from the wall street crash is comparable to that of other countries,
the world wide economy improved at a similar rate to that of Germany: so outside
factors may have influenced growth.

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Things to revise and remember:

1933. Initial policy. Cautious moves towards rearmament

1934. Four Year Plan
Investment in military increases 1936-1939.
Anti-Semitism, Jewish property confiscated and redistributed following Kristallnacht.

Social Policy

Youth and Education.

Nazis wanted to control young people and sure their support for the future. They did this by
changing what children learnt in school and creating ‘out of school’ youth movements.

EDUCATION

The German Minister of Education (Bernhard Rust) said “The whole purpose of education is
to create Nazis.” To do this the Nazis changed the school curriculum to contain what they
saw as the main needs, military skills for boys and domestic skills for the girls.

The Nazis placed great emphasis on the learning of:

• History – to show the greatness of the Nazis.
• Biology – to teach ‘race science’ which highlighted the superiority of the
Aryans.
• PE – to get boys fit for the Army and girls fit to be mothers.

To ensure that the German youth were taught corrected, all teachers had to swear loyalty to
Hitler and join the Nazis Teachers League.

YOUTH MOVEMENTS

Membership to Nazi Youth Movements was made compulsory. These were for young people
of a variety of ages. There were separate groups for boys and girls, these groups put an
emphasis on different aspects of life and they were taught different things depending upon
which group they were involved in. Boys went on outdoor activities such as hiking and
camping., and then later were taught more about ideology and military training. Girls were
taught how to care for their health and prepare for motherhood.

Boys:
Pimpf (Boys aged 6-10)
Deutschejungvolk (German Young People, boys aged 10-14)
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth, boys aged 14-18)

Girls:
Jungmadel (Young Maidens, girls to the ages of 14)
Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German Maidens, girls ages 14-21)

Activities of these groups were shown in Propaganda films as being very popular. The
numbers in the movements gradually increased but the attitudes of the members of the
groups were sometimes different to those of the Nazis.

Although the Nazis killed off many other official youth groups which had been attached to
other political parties. But during the war several other groups developed in Germany which
the Nazis saw as rebellious and a threat because they didn’t behave as the Nazis wanted
them to.

POLICIES FOR WOMEN

Most of the advances towards equal rights and opportunities made by women in the Weimar
Republic were removed. There was no equality. Laws were made to ensure that women

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stayed at home and many employers were encouraged to give all jobs to men. Therefore
many women were forced out of their jobs, the first women this happened to were women
doctors and civil servants. The number of teachers declined and no more were allowed to
become lecturers at universities. From 1936 no woman was allowed to be a judge or
prosecutor as they were unable to think logically.

Nazis had definite idea about the role of women in society, their place was very much in the
home as child-bearers and supporters of their husbands. Nazi Policies for women were based
on the 3 K’s, Kinder, Kirche, Kuche (Children, Church and the Kitchen)

• Encouraged by loans, family allowances and child subsides to stay at home

• Women were also given medals if they had a large family (Motherhood Cross
System)
• Nazis banned birth control clinics, contraceptive and abortion
• Word “family” was only given to households with 4 or more children
Reactions

• some always believed that their role was a domestic one and would have voted for
Hitler in the first place
• others may have been converted to the Nazi idea and been proud of the new status
of motherhood.
• others were resentful because they had no choice in their new role
• and some protested, and joined opposition groups because they believed:
o Women would remain unfulfilled
o Women were deprived of vital experience
o Women had talents of particular types of employment.

BUT by the end of the 30’s and during the war years many women were employed as factory
workers because of the shortage of labour and the special advantages to employers because
women could be paid less

WERE THERE ANY BENEFITS FOR THE FAMILY?

Fulfilled two main purposes

1) it was the basic social unit in which Nazi ideas would be put in practice
2) it the means by which Hitler could achieve one of his main objectives
- the rapid expansion of the German population

BUT
• Sterilization of those seen as not racially pure (i.e. those who suffered from mental
illness, epilepsy of blindness
• Pressures on couple might have been psychologically damaging

Minority Groups (Social Outcasts)

Those who threatened the ‘purity’ of the Aryan Race in any way.

1) Jews
- main target of persecution
- relatively quiet periods but some sudden upturns
- importance of Nuremberg Laws 1935
- relevance of the Olympic games, - removal of public signs against Jews
- increased persecution 1937 onwards

2) Gypsies
- were targets because of mixed race and travelling lifestyle
- two attacks on personal freedom
1) were made to give up travelling
2) were sterilized to prevent them having families

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 - majority of gypsies were exterminated along side the Jews

3) The Insane
- mentally ill were also considered a threat to Aryan purity.
- each patient was sterilized
- measures also included euthanasia and ‘mercy killings’ by use of injection of
carbon monoxide gas.

4) Tramps and Beggars

- they had no fixed home or work
- called ‘community aliens’
- forcibly integrated or removed from society
- up to 500,000 were put to forced labour
- some were also sterilized

5) Homosexuals
- homosexuality despised by the Nazis
- Many homosexuals in SA (including Rohm), but they were protected by
being members of huge organisations which choose to ignore their activities.
- individual homosexuals were arrested by the Gestapo and sent to concentration
camps and forced to wear a pink badges
- often beaten up by other prisoners
- some also compulsorily sterilized

6) Alcoholics
- heavy drinking discouraged
- decline in alcohol consumption
-suspects humiliated by having their heads shaved
- persistent offenders were sent to concentration camps.
Nazi Anti-Semitism

Anti-Semitism is dislike or hatred of the Jews.

Background

• Hitler’s believes have many links with Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is a belief
in the survival of the fittest. Hitler applied this to race and national politics.
• Hitler believed that the Germanic or ‘Aryan’ race were a ‘master race’. His belief in
Social Darwinism led him to conclude that as such other races were inferior. The
Jews were one of the most inferior races in Hitler’s eyes.

Why did Hitler hate the Jews?

A number of possibilities. A Jewish master at Art College rejected Hitler. This may have
sparked his hatred, as he was a very keen artist. Jews were prominent within the Communist
party of the Soviet Union; this led to a political reason to turn Jews into scapegoats. Many
Germans blamed the Jews for ‘stabbing Germany in the back’ after the First World War; the
hatred may have been fostered by his involvement in this conflict and a belief in this theory.

Political gains from anti-semiticism

The Jews were accused of exploiting ordinary German workers and for being communists.
Both the communists and war profiteers were disliked by the German populace, blaming the
Jews and promising to rid Germany of the problem could gain political support from the
oppressed masses.

Anti-Semitic policies 1933-1945

Upon gaining power Hitler set about establishing a programme of selective breeding and
racial indoctrination.

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 • The SS were in charge of a selective breeding policy. This involved selecting racially
pure women for SS officers to father the children of.
• Important positions could only be filled by people who were racially pure.
• Educational programmes were introduced that taught Race studies and Eugenics
(study of controlled reproduction). School curriculum was rewritten to teach about
racial superiority: example being the Old Testament taught as being a struggle
between the Jews and the Aryan race.
• Government sponsored boycotts of Jewish owned shops and businesses took place
as early as April 1933.

Persecution of the Jews

Stage 1: Denial of rights 1933 -1938

• 1933. Jews lose the right to be German citizens.

• 1933. Refused the right to protection from the police.
• 1933. Illegal for Jews to inherit land.
• 1935. Enforced segregation. Jews banned from: parks, swimming baths, restaurants
and public buildings.
• 1935. Nuremberg Laws. Illegal for Jews to marry Germans or to have sexual
intercourse with a German.
• 1933-39. Government propaganda against the Jews.
• 1933-39. Jewish schoolchildren ridiculed and humiliated in front of classes on regular
basis (indoctrination process).

During the period 1933 –1938 Jews were also sent to concentration camps. This was not in
the large numbers that were to follow, nor were the camps ‘Death Camps’ at this stage. Jews
sent to concentration camps in this period were imprisoned due to their response to the Nazi
rule or a perceived threat of aggressive reaction to Nazi rule.

Stage 2: Acceleration of persecution 1938 –1941

November 1938: Kristallnacht (Crystal Night: so named because of the amount of glass
smashed).
Kristallnacht was a massive pogrom (uprising against the Jews). Across Germany Jewish
property, homes and synagogues were vandalised, burnt down and defaced. Thousands of
Jews were injured and there were deaths. The SA probably organised and implemented this,
although no official order has been found: the government said that it was a spontaneous
uprising.

By 1941 the Jews had lost all civil liberties including: the right to choose their children’s
names (official list of permissible names); forced to live in a ‘ghetto’ (sealed area of a town or
city) and they had to wear a Yellow Star of David on their clothes.

Stage 3: 1941 –1945 The Holocaust.

After the conquest of Eastern Europe the Jewish population of ‘Germany’ had grown to in the
region of 8 million (an exact figure is impossible to calculate). Many areas of Eastern Europe
were highly populated with Jews. The Wannsee Conference in 1942 decided how to deal with
these Jews.

At Wannsee the Nazi leadership decided upon the ‘Final Solution’ of the ‘Jewish problem’.
Jews were to be exploited as far as possible (i.e. forced to work to the point of death on
starvation diets) and, if incapable of or unsuitable for demeaning (dirty/ undesirable) jobs they
were to be terminated.

The ‘Final Solution’ was therefore a policy designed to rid the third Reich of the Jews. This
would be achieved through initially the deployment of Einsatzgruppen (Mobile Death Squads)

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and later the introduction of Death Camps such as Auschwitz, which were essentially
factories designed for the purpose of killing as many people as possible and disposing of their
remains. Other Jews would die as a result of sheer hard work.

The Holocaust is estimated to have resulted in the mass murder of an estimated 6 Million
Jews. In addition to this there were many Gypsies, Homosexuals, Communists and Russian
(Soviet) prisoners who perished at the hands of the SS in death camps or via the use of
Einsatzgruppen.

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