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Intel 8085 :
After Motorola came out with the MC6800. Intel produced
the 8085. an upgrade of the 8080 that required only a +5-V
supply.
Mototla MC 6809:
Motorola then produced the MC6809. which has a few 16-
bit instructions. but is still basically an 8-bit processor.
Intel 8086 :
In 1978 Intel came out with the 8086. which is a full 16bit
processor. Some 16-bit microprocessors. such as the
National PACE and the Texas Instruments 9900 family of
devices. had been available previously. but the market
apparently was not ready.
Motorola MC68000
Soon after Intel came out with the 8086. Motorola came out
with the 16-bit MC68000.
The 8086 and the 68000 work directly with 16-bit words instead of
with 8-bit words. they can address a million or more bytes of
memory instead of the 64 Kbytes addressable by the 8-bit
processors. and they execute instructions much faster than the 8-bit
processors. Also. these 16bit processors have single instructions for
functions such as.multiply and divtde. which required a lengthy
sequence of instructions on the 8-bit processors.
The evolution along this last path has continued on to 32-bit
processors that work with gigabytes (109 bytes) or terabytes (1012
bytes) of memory. Examples of these devices are the Intel 80386. the
Motorola MC68020, and the National 32032.
Intel 8008
Intel 8080A
Intel 8085
Motorola MC 6800
Zilog Z80
Hitachi HD64180
Intel 8008 :
In 1972 Intel came out with the 8008. which was capable of
working with 8-bit words. The 8008,however required 20 or
more additional devices to form a functional CPU. It was the
first 8 bit microprocessor.
Intel 8080A:
8080A is the predecessor of 8085. 8085 has the instruction set of
8080A plus some additional ones. Programs written for 8080A
will be executed by 8085. 8085 and 8080A are not pin
compatible.
Intel 8085:
It is capable addressing 64K of memory.
It is an enhanced version of its predecessor 8080A.
Its instruction set is upward compatible with that of
8080A.
The device has forty pins, requires a +5V single power
supply, and can operate with a 3-MHz single phase clock.
The 8085A-2 version can operate at the maximum
frequency of 5 MHz.
It has serial I/O ports viz. SID ( Serial Input port ) ,SOD
(serial Output port).
8085 is register oriented
It has 16 address lines and eight data lines.
Eight of its bus lines are multiplexed.
Motorola MC 6800
Manufactured by Motorola using N-channel MOS
technology
8080A and MC6800 were developed as improvements
over 8008
It has different architecture than its competitor, 8080A
It has 16 address lines and 8 data lines
It requires +5V power supply.
It has two interrupt lines, one is Regular interrupt, another
is Non maskable interrupt.
Instruction set includes 72 basic instructions.
No direct I/O instructions , it has only memory mapped
I/O
It has simple timing and control signals; the clock period
is the same as machine cycle.
Zilog Z80:
It is manufactured by Zilog using N-channel MOS
technology.
It is upward compatible with the 8080A.
Instruction set has 158 basic instructions, which include
8080 instrcution set. Zilog and Intel mnemonics are
different, but machine codes are identical.
It is not pin compatible with 8080A or 8085.
It dose not include two serial I/O instructions(RIM and
SIM)
It requires +5V power supply.
Clock frequency ranges from 4 MHz to 20 MHz.
It has 16 address lines and 8 data lines
Two interrupt Lines : One is compatible with 8080A
interrupt line, another is a maskable interrupt (NMI)
It uses on-board logic to refresh dynamic memories.
Instruction Set is the most powerful set among 8 bit
microprocessors.
It has an extensive set of I/O instructions that include
block I/O instructions and various modes of interrupts.
It is supported by peripheral devices such as parallel I/O,
DMA (Direct memory Access) and the Serial I/O.
Hitachi HD 64180:
It is 8 bit high integration CMOS microprocessor in a
64 pin package.
Designed for low power consumption
It can operate with 6 MHz clock.
It has 19 address lines , can address upto 512 KB of
memory .
It includes a clock generator, interrupt controller,
memory management (MMU) as support devices for the
microprocessor
MMU translates internal 64K logical addressing into
appropriate physical addressing.
It includes 4 I/O related devices.
DMA controller
Asynchronous Serial Communication Interface
Clocked Serial I/O port
Programmable Reload Timer
Instruction set is upward compatible with with Z80
instruction set.
It has additional instructions including 8 bit multiply
and sleep. The Sleep instruction reduces the power
consumption to 19 mW.
One of the powerful feature of this device is that the
opcode fetch cycle of an instruction consists of three T
states versus four T states in the Z80, resulting in faster
program execution.
Review of 8 bit Microprocessors
(i) Features:
Cost :
The cost per function goes on decreasing with the increasing
complexity of a chip. Volume of production is high. So, it is
responsible for the availability of microprocessor chips at fairley
low prices.
Size:
It is very small size. Because VLSI electronic circuitry has
become so dense that a tiny silicon chip can contain hundreds of
thousands of transistors constituting the microprocessors.
Power consumption:
Low power consumption. It is manufactured by metal-oxide semi
conductor (MOS) technology.
Versatility:
Versatility of microprocessor results from its ‘stored Program’
mode of operation. A microprocessor based system can be
configured for numerous applications by altering the software. It is
very flexible.
Reliability:
Reliability is high due to lower chip count in the system as
compared to its hardwired counter part.
ALE-Address Latch Enable: This is a positive going pulse generated every time
the 8085 begins an operation (machine cycle); it indicates that the bits
on AD7-AD0 are address bits. This signal is used primarily to latch the
low-order address from the multiplexed bus and generate a separate set
of eight address lines, A7-A0.
RD-Read: This is a Read control signal (active low). This signal indicates that the
selected I/O or memory device is to be read and data are available on
the data bus.
WR-Write: This is a Write control signal (active low). This signal indicates that
the data on the data bus are to be written into a selected memory or I/O
location.
IO/M: This is a status signal used to differentiate between I/O and memory
operations. When it is high, it indicates an I/O operation. when it is low,
it indicates a memory operation. This signal is combined with RD
(Read) and WR (Write) to generate I/O and memory control signals.
S1 and S0: These status signals, similar to IO/M, can identify various operations.
Power supply and Clock Frequency :
V cc: +5 V power supply.
V ss: Ground Reference.
Xl, X2: A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected at these two pins. The
frequency is internally divided by two; therefore, to operate a system
at 3 MHz, the crystal should have a frequency of 6 MHz.
CLK (OUT)-Clock Output: This signal can be used as the system clock for
other devices.
Externally Initiated Signals including Interrupts :
INTR (input) : Interrupt Request. It is used as a general purpose interrupt.
INTA (Output) : Interrupt Acknowledge It is used to acknowledge the
interrupt.
RST 7.5 (Inputs) : Restart Interrupts. These are vectored interrupts
that transfer the program control to specific memory locations. They
have higher priorities than the INTR interrupt. Among these three,
the priority order is 7.5,6.5,5.5.
TRAP (Input) : It is nonmaskable interrupt and has the highest priority.
HOLD(Input) : It indicates that a peripheral such as a DMA (Direct memory
Access) controller is requesting the use of the address and
data buses.
HLDA (Output) : Hold Acknowledge .It acknowledges the HOLD request.
READY(Input) : It is used to delay the microprocessor Read or write cycles
until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept
data.
RESET IN : When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is
set to zero, the buses are tristated, and the MPU is reset.
RESET OUT: It indicates that the MPU is being reset.It can be used to reset
other devices.
Serial I/O ports:
8085 has two signals for serial transmission : SID(Serial Input Port),
SOD(Serial Output Port)
8085 Architecture
It includes the ALU (arithmetic /Logic Unit), Timing and Control Unit,
Instruction Register and Decoder, Register Array, Interrupt Control, and
Serial I/O Control.
ALU
The arithmetic and logic unit performs the computing functions; it includes
the accumulator, the temporary register, the arithmetic and logic circuits, and
five flags. The temporary register is used to hold data during an arithmetic
and logic operation. The result is stored in the accumulator, and the flags are
set or reset according to the result of the operation.
The flags are affected by the arithmetic and logic operations in the ALU.
The flags are :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY
ix. Communication :
In the telephone Industry, microprocessors are used in digital
telephone sets, telephone exchanges and modems.
Microprocessor is used in Radio, Television and satellite
communication.
Microprocessors are making possible implementation of LAN and
WAN for communication of varied information through computer
network.
x. Robots:
It is a Numeric controlled machine. Robots are used in the Motor Car
and domestic appliance industries.
7. What do you mean by Addressing Mode ? What are the different addressing modes
supported by 8086 ? Explain each of them with suitable examples.
Definition
Data Related Addressing modes with examples
Immediate
Direct
Register
Register Indirect
Register Relative
Based Indexed
Relative Based Indexed
Branch Related Addressing modes
Intra segment Direct
Intra segment Indirect
Inter segment Direct
Inter Segment Indirect
8. Explain the maximum mode operation of 8086 in detail.
• When 8086 is in maximum mode
• Pin definitions for the maximum mode
• Diagrams used for maximum mode system
• Explanations
• Timing diagram