Content list

Introduction ___________________________________ 2

Power generation ________________________________ 4

Power transmission ______________________________ 4

Power distribution _______________________________ 4

History _________________________________________ 4

Distribution system _______________________________ 5

Distribution transformer __________________________ 6

Classification of distribution system _________________ 7

Design consideration in distribution system ___________ 10

Distribution system of nishtar ______________________ 11

Old and new distribution system ____________________ 12

Specifications of feeders ___________________________ 13

Conductors used in MEPCO _______________________ 14

Distribution transformer of nishtar _________________ 15

Control pannel __________________________________ 16

ATS ___________________________________________ 17

Diesel generator _________________________________ 18

Control system of generator _______________________ 19

T-off fuse _______________________________________ 21

Load calculation _________________________________ 22

Supply to ward __________________________________ 23

Billing system ___________________________________ 24

Good and bad features ___________________________ 24

References _____________________________________ 25

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Introduction:

This report is about the power distribution system of nishtar hospital, Multan. The
main purpose of this report is to understand the distribution system including
feeders, transformers, ATS, generators and control pannel. The report describes
that how power is supplied to a ward and also the good and bad features of
distribution system of nishtar hospital.

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Power distribution
system

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Electric power:

Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit
of power is the watt.

Electricity generation:

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy.

Electric power transmission:

Electric power transmission or "high voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of
electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations located near to population centers.
This is distinct from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers, which is
typically referred to as electricity distribution.

Electricity distribution:

Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity to end users.
A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to
consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines,
electrical substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution
wiring and sometimes electricity meters.

History:

In the early days of electricity distribution, direct current (DC) generators were connected to
loads at the same voltage. The generation, transmission and loads had to be of the same voltage
because there was no way of changing DC voltage levels, other than inefficient motor-generator
sets. Low DC voltages were used (on the order of 100 volts) since that was a practical voltage for
incandescent lamps, which were the primary electrical load. Low voltage also required less
insulation for safe distribution within buildings.

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The losses in a cable are proportional to the square of the current, the length of the cable, and the
resistivity of the material, and are inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. Early
transmission networks used copper, which is one of the best economically feasible conductors
for this application. To reduce the current and copper required for a given quantity of power
transmitted would require a higher transmission voltage, but no efficient method existed to
change the voltage of DC power circuits. To keep losses to an economically practical level the
Edison DC system needed thick cables and local generators. Early DC generating plants needed
to be within about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the farthest customer to avoid excessively large and
expensive conductors.

Distribution system:

That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as distribution
system. In general, the distribution system is the electrical system between the substation fed by
the transmission system and the consumer’s meters. It generally consists of feeders, distributors
and service mains.

Feeders:

A feeder is a conductor which connects the substation (or localized generating station) to the area
where power is to be distributed. Generally, not tappings are taken from the feeder so that current
in it remain the same throughout. The main consideration in the design of the feeder is the
current carrying capacity.

Distributor:

A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. Current
through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its length.
While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration since the
statutory limit of the voltage variation is plus minus 6 % of rated value at the consumers
terminal.

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Distribution transformer:

A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the
electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the
level used by the customer. If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount
transformers. If the distribution lines are located underground, distribution transformers are
mounted on concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus known as pad-mount transformers.
Because of weight restrictions transformers for pole mounting are only built for primary voltages
less than 30 kV. Distribution transformers are normally located at a service drop, where wires
run from a utility pole to a customer's premises.

Service mains:

A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s
terminals.

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Classification of a distribution system:

A distribution system may be classified according to:

1. Nature of current

According to the nature of current, distribution system may be classified as:

(a) DC distribution system

(b) AC distribution system
AC system is universally adopted for distribution of electric power as it is simpler and more
economical than DC method.

2. Type of construction

According to the type of construction, distribution system may be classified as:

(a) Overhead system

(b) Underground system
The overhead system is generally employed for distribution as it is 5-10 times cheaper than the
equivalent underground system. In general, the underground system is used at places where
overhead construction is impracticable or prohibited by the local laws.

3. Scheme of connection

According to the scheme of connection, distribution system may be classified as:

(a) Radial system

(b) Ring main system
(c) Inter connected system

AC Distribution System:

The AC distribution system is classified into

(a) Primary Distribution System

(b) Secondary Distribution System

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Primary Distribution System:

It is that part of AC distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat higher than general
utilization and handles the large blocks of electrical energy than the average low voltage
consumer uses. The voltage use for primary distribution depends upon the amount of power to be
conveyed and the distance of substation required to be fed. The most commonly used primary
distribution voltage is 11k V. Power is supplied to various substations for distribution at this
voltage through feeders.

Secondary Distribution System:

It is that part of AC distribution system which includes the range of voltages at which the
ultimate consumer utilizes the electrical energy delivered to him. The secondary distribution
employs 400/230 volts, 3 phase, 4 wire system. Voltage is stepped down through distribution
transformer.

Distribution network configurations:

Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial or interconnected. A radial network
leaves the station and passes through the network area with no normal connection to any other
supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolated load areas. An interconnected network is
generally found in more urban areas and will have multiple connections to other points of supply.
These points of connection are normally open but allow various configurations by the operating
utility by closing and opening switches. Operation of these switches may be by remote control
from a control center or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnected model is that in the
event of a fault or required maintenance a small area of network can be isolated and the
remainder kept on supply.

Within these networks there may be a mix of overhead line construction utilizing traditional
utility poles and wires and, increasingly, underground construction with cables and indoor or
cabinet substations. However, underground distribution is significantly more expensive than
overhead construction. In part to reduce this cost, underground power lines are sometimes co-
located with other utility lines in what are called common utility ducts. Distribution feeders

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emanating from a substation are generally controlled by a circuit breaker which will open when a
fault is detected. Automatic circuit reclosers may be installed to further segregate the feeder thus
minimizing the impact of faults.

Long feeders experience voltage drop requiring capacitors or voltage regulators to be installed.

Characteristics of the supply given to customers are generally mandated by contract between
the supplier and customer. Variables of the supply include:

• AC or DC - Virtually all public electricity supplies are AC today. Users of large amounts
of DC power such as some electric railways, telephone exchanges and industrial
processes such as aluminium smelting usually either operate their own or have adjacent
dedicated generating equipment, or use rectifiers to derive DC from the public AC supply
• Voltage, including tolerance (usually +10 or -15 percent)
• Frequency, commonly 50 or 60 Hz, 16.6 Hz for some railways and, in a few older
industrial and mining locations, 25 Hz.
• Phase configuration (single phase, poly phase including two-phase and three phase)
• Maximum demand (usually measured as the largest amount of power delivered within a
15 or 30 minute period during a billing period)
• Load factor, expressed as a ratio of average load to peak load over a period of time. Load
factor indicates the degree of effective utilization of equipment (and capital investment)
of distribution line or system.
• Power factor of connected load
• Earthing arrangements
• Prospective short circuit current
• Maximum level and frequency of occurrence of transients

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Design Considerations in Distribution System

Good voltage regulation of a distribution network is probably the most important factor
responsible for delivering good service to the consumer. For this purpose, design of feeders and
distributors requires careful consideration.

(a)Feeders:

A feeder is designed from point of view of its current carrying capacity while the voltage drop
consideration is relatively unimportant. It is because voltage drop in a feeder can be compensated
by means of voltage regulating equipment at the substation.

(b) Distributors:

A distributor is designed from point of view of voltage drop in it. It is because a distributor
supplies power to the consumer and there is a statutory limit of voltage variations at the
consumer’s terminals (plus, minus 6% of rated value). The size and length of the distributor
should be such that voltage at the consumer’s terminals is within the permissible limits.

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Power distribution
system of nishtar
hospital, Multan.

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Old distribution system:
The old distribution system of nishtar hospital consists of three feeders:

1. Industrial feeder.

2. MESCO (Multan Electric Supply Company) feeder.

3. High court feeder.

The high court feeder is obsolete (no longer used) now. Copper conductor was used in high court
feeder.

New distribution system:

New distribution system of nishtar hospital consists of two feeders:

1. Industrial feeder.

2. MESCO feeder.

Both feeders supply 11 kV. But MESCO feeder is mostly used because the distance of this
feeder from MESCO grid station is only 4-5 km resulting in less voltage drop whereas the
distance of industrial feeder from industrial state grid station is 12-13 km causing greater voltage
drop. So, industrial feeder is used as backup feeder.

MESCO feeder is also called primary feeder

Industrial feeder is called secondary feeder.

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Specifications of Industrial feeder (N1):

• DOG conductor is used.

• Current carrying capacity of the conductor is 250-350 A.

• It can bear load of 250-350 A.

• 500 MCM power cable is used

• Disk type insulators are used at the end.

Specifications of MESCO feeder (N2):

• OSPREY conductor is used.

• Current carrying capacity of the conductor is 600-800 A.

• It is the high quality conductor.

• 500 MCM power cable is used.

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Distribution transformer:

Transformer of 200 kVA rating is used.

Oil cooling system is used.

Bushing type insulators are used.

There are two portions of a transformer:

HT (high tension)

LT (low tension)

Three bushing type insulators are used for HT as there are three phases only.

Four bushing type insulator are used for LT as there are three phases and one neutral.

Current carrying capacity is 260 A/phase

PEL or Siemens transformers are used as they are considered best.

Re winding wires:

There are three types of rewinding wires:

1. Modern

2. Mujahid

3. Lahore

Modern wire is used in rewinding as it is of pure copper and gives accurate voltage (i.e. 440 V)

Mujahid and Lahore wires are made up of 80% copper and 20% alloy. So, their current carrying
capacity is less and losses are greater. They give low voltage.

Importance of Modern wire:

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CT scan machine operates at 420-440 V. So, accurate voltage is desired. That is obtained by
high quality pure copper Modern rewinding wire.

Control pannel:

• Pannel is a manual changer that acts as a switch.

• It is used to change the supplying feeder.

• Feeders are changed at no load.

• The pannel ratings are 600A/5MW.

• Vacuum circuit breaker is used.

• Power factor of incoming and outgoing is 0.9

• Power factor is improved by connecting capacitor bank in parallel with the line.

• Two incomings, one outgoing.

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ATS (auto transfer switch):

ATS has direct connection with transformer and generator. The supply is provided to a ward
through ATS. Magnetic separators are connected between WAPDA main and generator in ATS
pannel. They sense the interruption in supply through WAPDA main and convert the load on
generator.

A timer is placed in ATS pannel which indicates the time to shift the load.

After 30 sec, the load is shifted from WAPDA to generator.

Relays and switches are present in ATS pannel to sense the interruption and they are connected
to generator through control cable.

A battery charger is places in ATS pannel to charge the battery of the generator.

ATS can be controlled manually or automatically.

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Diesel Generator:

In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy.

14 diesel generators are used in nishtar hospital.

Specifications:

• Output power is 450 kVA, 360 kW.

• (240 mm^2) 4 core power cable is used.

• (2.5 mm^2) 8 core control cable is used.

Parts of generator:

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Alternator:

An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy in the form of alternating current.

Radiator:

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for
the purpose of cooling.

Filters:

Three types of filters are used:

1. Oil filter.

2. Air filter.

3. Water separator.

Air and oil filters are used for the purification of air and oil respectively.

Water separator is used to separate the water from fuel/diesel.

Sensors:

Three types of sensors are used:

1. Heat sensor.

2. Air sensor. (pink, when dirty)

3. Water sensor.

Turbo:

It is used to exhaust the fumes.

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Canopy:

It is used to reduce the sound of generator.

Control system of generator:

Generator can be controlled by manually or automatically. It can also be controlled from ATS
pannel.

Running condition:

L-L voltage 403 403 403

Per Phase current 48 54 56 (fluctuate)

Frequency 50 Hz

Rpm (speed) 1500

Temperature 36 degree (increase with time)

Battery voltage 25.3 V

Hrs 87.6

Cool down time:

Cool down time is 5 minutes. Cool down can be skipped and generator can be stopped
immediately.

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Grounding:

The generator is grounded for the safety of equipment.

Precautions:

Temperature of generator should not exceed 98 degree centigrade. At this temperature, the
generator is automatically shut down.

If speed is 1200-1400 rpm then a fault has occurred in rewinding.

Battery voltage should not less than 24 V. at voltage less than 24 V, generator is not started.

T-off fuse:

It is used for better availability of supply.

The span for applying T-off fuse in WAPDA is 10 poles whereas the span in nishtar hospital is
2-3 poles.

The front section has no connection with the previous one.

If a fault has occurred then T-off fuse is cut off and the supply of previous section connected to
T-off fuse is not interrupted.

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Load calculation:

There are 8 blocks in nishtar hospital.

Each block contains 3 wards.

Each ward requires one transformer of 200 kVA.

Three transformers are required for one block.

One generator is used for one block (i.e. 3 wards)

6 generators (one for each section) are used for MRI section, Emergency, Nishtar outdoor,
Nephrology center, Admin and MINAR.

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Total 14 generators are present in nishtar hospital.

12 generators are of the rating 360 kW or 450 kVA.

Other two are of the rating 250 kW.

Each ward has average load of 110 kW.

Each block has average load of 330 kW.

Power is supplied from transformer to ward through 120 mm^2 load cables.

Future extension:

One block has load of 330 kW while the generator has the capacity of 360 kW.

30 kW load can be increased in future.

Supply to ward:

• Supply to a ward starts with the termination of ATS pannel lines into a main switch of
500A rating.

• Each ward contains a main switch of 500A.

• The main switch is sub divided into 2 sub mains.

• Each sub main switch has the capacity of 300 A.

• The ward is sub divided into three parts and each part is controlled by separate main or
sub main switch.

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 • HRC (high rupturing capacity) fuses are used in main pannel.

• The size of conductor used in main is 120 mm^2.

• The size of conductor used in sub mains is 70 mm^2.

Billing system:

24 hours of the day are divided into two categories according to the consumption of load.

• Peak hours:

12 Rs/unit

• Peak-off hours:

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 7 Rs/unit

Good features of nishtar distribution system:

Whole system is newly installed with advanced features.

Two supplies are used to ensure the maximum availability of electricity.

Generators are used as backup.

System is reliable.

15-25% ability to increase the load in future.

Disadvantages of nishtar distribution system:

Feeder changer is manual, causing small interruption in supply.

Diesel generators are using expensive fuel.

References:

http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/radiator-for-generator.html

http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/cooling-system-for-generators.html

http://www.cat.com/power-generation/automatic-transfer-switches

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 Acknowledgment:

All glory and honor is for Allah, the Supreme Being who bestowed profound perseverance and
ability on us to accomplish this work.

We express our profound and cordial gratitude to offer thanks to our learned, kind and
experienced teacher “Engr. Tauheed-ur-Rehman” for his valuable guidance, constructive
comments and continuous encouragement throughout the research.

A special thanks to our class fellows “Ali raza and Ali yasir” for their cooperation.

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